{"id":149,"date":"2018-11-09T04:16:38","date_gmt":"2018-11-09T04:16:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/phyp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=149"},"modified":"2019-04-29T09:24:22","modified_gmt":"2019-04-29T09:24:22","slug":"nuclear-force-and-its-proparties-6","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/chapter\/nuclear-force-and-its-proparties-6\/","title":{"rendered":"Nuclear Force and its Proparties &#8211; 6"},"content":{"raw":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/3tmYddep85o\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 Learning Outcomes<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nFrom this module students may get to know about the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The knowledge of basic nuclear properties.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The importance of nuclear properties.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The experimental ways of determining nuclear properties.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0 \u00a0 1.3<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Properties of nuclear interaction\r\n<\/strong>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Based on the low-energy properties described in the previous module, we can discuss about many properties of nuclear interaction. Here we can summarize the main features of internucleon force.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Nuclear interaction has the following properties:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Finite range<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Intermediate-range attraction<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Short-range repulsion (\u201chard core\u201d)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Spin-dependent non-central forces Tensor force - Spin-orbit force<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Charge independence<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 Finite Range :<\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"alignnone wp-image-153 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/phyp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-77.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"838\" height=\"66\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Intermediate range attaraction:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Nuclei are bound and the average distance between nucleons in nuclei is ~ 2 fm which roughly corresponds to the range of the attractive force.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Short range repulsion (Hard core) :<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-154 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/phyp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-78.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"836\" height=\"351\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Fig. 1: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">A graph between phase shift and lab. Energy showing the comparison of 1S0 phase shifts to 1D2 phase shifts.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Spin dependent non-central forces:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Tensor force:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The first evidence of tensor component in the nuclear force came from the study of deuteron.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-155 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/phyp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-79-216x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"216\" height=\"300\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Fig. 2: <\/strong>Oblate and prolate nuclei with spin pointing in the z-direction. Here the nuclei are symmetric along z-direction.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Spin-orbit force:<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-156 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/phyp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-80.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"588\" height=\"390\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Fig. 3: <\/strong>Scattering of spin-polarized nucleons indicates that nuclear force has a component which depends on the spin and angular momentum of the interacting nucleon.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-157 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/phyp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-81.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"705\" height=\"303\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Fig. 4: <\/strong>The tensor force in the deuteron is attractive in the cigar-shaped configuration and repulsive in the disk shaped configuration. Two bar magnets provide a classical example of a tensor force.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Symmetry properties of nuclear force<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Nuclear interaction must be invariant under translation, called translational invariance.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Interaction may depend on momenta <strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">P<\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">1<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> &amp; <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">P<\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of two particles, but the only possible term showing this dependence is P = \u00bd <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">(P<\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">1<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> - <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">P<\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">), called Galilean invariance.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>The interaction must remain unchanged under rotation of coordinate system, called rotational invariance.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Also it must assume time-reversal, space reflection (parity) and isospin invariances.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 Most general two-body nuclear potential under the symmetry conditions is given by\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-158 size-full alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/phyp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-82.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"837\" height=\"636\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-159 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/phyp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-83.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"492\" height=\"563\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Fig. 5: <\/strong>Nuclear potential curve showing the nature of potential in different ranges. Nuclear force is repulsive at very short range.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<ol start=\"2\">\r\n \t<li><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The nuclear interaction unlike other interactions is a complicated function of various terms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">At short range within the nuclear volume, the force becomes repulsive also.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The nuclear interaction satisfies various symmetry properties, like translational, Galilean and rotational invariance.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The parameters of the nuclear interaction are obtained semi-empirically by fitting the experimental data with some assumed forms.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>you can view video on Nuclear Force and its Proparties - 6<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/3tmYddep85o\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n\r\n<strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"><em>\u00a0 \u00a0 References:<\/em><\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Introduction to Nuclear Physics \u2013 by Keneth S Krane.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Introductory Nuclear Physics \u2013 by Samuel S M Wong.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nuclear Physics \u2013 by R R Roy &amp; B P Nigam.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Elementary Nuclear Theory by Hans A. Bethe and Phillip Morrison.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Introduction to Nuclear Physics, 2nd Edition, W.N.Cottingham &amp; D.A. Greenwood.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Concept of Nuclear Physics by B L Cohen, McGraw Hill.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nuclear Physics ; an Introduction by S.B. Patel.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The Origin of the Concept of Nuclear Force by L.M. Brown and Rechenberg.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Theoretical Nuclear Physics by John M. Blatt and Victor F. Weisskopf.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Experimental techniques in Nuclear Physics by Dorin N. Poenaru &amp; Walter Greiner<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Exotic Nuclear Excitation by S.C. Pancholi<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nuclear spectroscopy Part B, by Fay Ajzenberg- Selove<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Theory and Problems of modern Physics (Schaum\u2019s outline Series)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Basic Ideas &amp; Concepts in Nuclear Physics \u2013 by K Heyde<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The \u201cParticles of Modern Physics\u201d by J. D. Stranathan, Philadephia: Blakiston.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>5.\u00a0 Nuclear Physics by Irving Kaplan, Narosa Publishing House.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<strong><em>\u00a0 \u00a0 Web Links<\/em><\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpDDQ4uEH6M\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpDDQ4uEH6M<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=m60JNRNz-fA\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=m60JNRNz-fA<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=5k5FLMsiQY0\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=5k5FLMsiQY0<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=lFEZyPT5WBo\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=lFEZyPT5WBo<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cr1syhtDqZU\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cr1syhtDqZU<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=AcPnOZhpiIE\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=AcPnOZhpiIE<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PoXnnfzLjm0\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PoXnnfzLjm0<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cd2Ua9dKEl8\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cd2Ua9dKEl8<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cenbg.in2p3.fr\/heberge\/EcoleJoliotCurie\/coursannee\/cours\/D_lacroix.pdf\">http:\/\/www.cenbg.in2p3.fr\/heberge\/EcoleJoliotCurie\/coursannee\/cours\/D_lacroix.pdf<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"http:\/\/home.ustc.edu.cn\/~chiwang\/3-Dimension%20Wang%20Space\/Color%20Charge\/SYMMETRY%20%20PROPERTIES%20%20OF%20%20NUCLEAR%20.pdf\">http:\/\/home.ustc.edu.cn\/~chiwang\/3-<\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"http:\/\/home.ustc.edu.cn\/~chiwang\/3-Dimension%20Wang%20Space\/Color%20Charge\/SYMMETRY%20%20PROPERTIES%20%20OF%20%20NUCLEAR%20.pdf\">Dimension%20Wang%20Space\/Color%20Charge\/SYMMETRY%20%20PROPERTIES%20%20OF%2<\/a> <a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"http:\/\/home.ustc.edu.cn\/~chiwang\/3-Dimension%20Wang%20Space\/Color%20Charge\/SYMMETRY%20%20PROPERTIES%20%20OF%20%20NUCLEAR%20.pdf\">0%20NUCLEAR%20.pdf<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"http:\/\/aether.lbl.gov\/elements\/stellar\/strong\/strong.html\">http:\/\/aether.lbl.gov\/elements\/stellar\/strong\/strong.html<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Did you know ?<\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The nuclear force only acts within the nucleus and within that domain, at long distances, it is attractive while at very short distances it becomes repulsive too.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">According to standard model the nuclear force is mediated by massive particles and therefore has finite range.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">According to Yukawa theory, the strong interaction between nucleons is mediated by massive particles called mesons (mm ~ 200 me).<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">In the standard model the nuclear force is not same as the strong force which acts on hadrons. More correctly the nuclear force is the residual strong force.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">As per the Standard Model pions and nucleons are made of quarks held together by nuclear (colour) force mediated by gluons.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The residual of nuclear force outside of quark triplets (neutron and proton) holds neutrons and protons together in nuclei.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The Mesons predicted in the Yukawa theory were originally believed to be <strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">muons<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> (which have mass ~100 MeV).<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Pions (\u03c0+, \u03c0-, \u03c00) discovered in 1947 interact strongly with nucleons and have masses, (<em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">m<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u03c0\u00a0 <\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">c<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2\u00a0 \u2248 140<\/span>MeV).In the context of the \u201cStandard Model\u201d pions and nucleons are made of quarks held together by nuclear \u201ccolour\u201d force mediated by gluons.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The theory of strong interaction is quantum chromo dynamics (QCD).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<strong><em>\u00a0 \u00a0 Biography:<\/em><\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><a style=\"font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hideki_Yukawa\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hideki_Yukawa<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/1949\/yukawa-bio.html\">http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/1949\/yukawa-bio.html<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/topic\/Hideki_Yukawa.aspx\">http:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/topic\/Hideki_Yukawa.aspx<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/2004\/wilczek-bio.html\">https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/2004\/wilczek-bio.html<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frank_Wilczek\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frank_Wilczek<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/biography\/Politzer.html\">http:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/biography\/Politzer.html<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Gross\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Gross<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/2004\/gross-bio.html\">https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/2004\/gross-bio.html<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.thefamouspeople.com\/profiles\/steven-weinberg-5162.php\">http:\/\/www.thefamouspeople.com\/profiles\/steven-weinberg-5162.php<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/1979\/weinberg-bio.html\">http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/1979\/weinberg-bio.html<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","rendered":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/3tmYddep85o\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 Learning Outcomes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>From this module students may get to know about the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The knowledge of basic nuclear properties.<\/li>\n<li>The importance of nuclear properties.<\/li>\n<li>The experimental ways of determining nuclear properties.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0 \u00a0 1.3<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Properties of nuclear interaction<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Based on the low-energy properties described in the previous module, we can discuss about many properties of nuclear interaction. Here we can summarize the main features of internucleon force.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Nuclear interaction has the following properties:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Finite range<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Intermediate-range attraction<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Short-range repulsion (\u201chard core\u201d)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Spin-dependent non-central forces Tensor force &#8211; Spin-orbit force<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Charge independence<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 Finite Range :<\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-153 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/phyp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-77.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"838\" height=\"66\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-77.png 838w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-77-300x24.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-77-768x60.png 768w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-77-65x5.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-77-225x18.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-77-350x28.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 838px) 100vw, 838px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Intermediate range attaraction:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Nuclei are bound and the average distance between nucleons in nuclei is ~ 2 fm which roughly corresponds to the range of the attractive force.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Short range repulsion (Hard core) :<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-154 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/phyp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-78.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"836\" height=\"351\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-78.png 836w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-78-300x126.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-78-768x322.png 768w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-78-65x27.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-78-225x94.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-78-350x147.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 836px) 100vw, 836px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Fig. 1: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">A graph between phase shift and lab. Energy showing the comparison of 1S0 phase shifts to 1D2 phase shifts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Spin dependent non-central forces:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Tensor force:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The first evidence of tensor component in the nuclear force came from the study of deuteron.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-155 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/phyp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-79-216x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"216\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-79-216x300.png 216w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-79-65x90.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-79-225x313.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-79-350x487.png 350w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-79.png 353w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 216px) 100vw, 216px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Fig. 2: <\/strong>Oblate and prolate nuclei with spin pointing in the z-direction. Here the nuclei are symmetric along z-direction.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Spin-orbit force:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-156 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/phyp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-80.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"588\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-80.png 588w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-80-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-80-65x43.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-80-225x149.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-80-350x232.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Fig. 3: <\/strong>Scattering of spin-polarized nucleons indicates that nuclear force has a component which depends on the spin and angular momentum of the interacting nucleon.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-157 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/phyp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-81.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"705\" height=\"303\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-81.png 705w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-81-300x129.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-81-65x28.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-81-225x97.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-81-350x150.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 705px) 100vw, 705px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Fig. 4: <\/strong>The tensor force in the deuteron is attractive in the cigar-shaped configuration and repulsive in the disk shaped configuration. Two bar magnets provide a classical example of a tensor force.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Symmetry properties of nuclear force<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Nuclear interaction must be invariant under translation, called translational invariance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Interaction may depend on momenta <strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">P<\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">1<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> &amp; <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">P<\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of two particles, but the only possible term showing this dependence is P = \u00bd <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">(P<\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">1<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> &#8211; <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">P<\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">), called Galilean invariance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>The interaction must remain unchanged under rotation of coordinate system, called rotational invariance.<\/li>\n<li>Also it must assume time-reversal, space reflection (parity) and isospin invariances.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 Most general two-body nuclear potential under the symmetry conditions is given by<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-158 size-full alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/phyp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-82.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"837\" height=\"636\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-82.png 837w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-82-300x228.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-82-768x584.png 768w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-82-65x49.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-82-225x171.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-82-350x266.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 837px) 100vw, 837px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-159 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/phyp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-83.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"492\" height=\"563\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-83.png 492w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-83-262x300.png 262w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-83-65x74.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-83-225x257.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2018\/11\/Untitled-83-350x401.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 492px) 100vw, 492px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Fig. 5: <\/strong>Nuclear potential curve showing the nature of potential in different ranges. Nuclear force is repulsive at very short range.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The nuclear interaction unlike other interactions is a complicated function of various terms.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">At short range within the nuclear volume, the force becomes repulsive also.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The nuclear interaction satisfies various symmetry properties, like translational, Galilean and rotational invariance.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The parameters of the nuclear interaction are obtained semi-empirically by fitting the experimental data with some assumed forms.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>you can view video on Nuclear Force and its Proparties &#8211; 6<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/3tmYddep85o\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"><em>\u00a0 \u00a0 References:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Introduction to Nuclear Physics \u2013 by Keneth S Krane.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Introductory Nuclear Physics \u2013 by Samuel S M Wong.<\/li>\n<li>Nuclear Physics \u2013 by R R Roy &amp; B P Nigam.<\/li>\n<li>Elementary Nuclear Theory by Hans A. Bethe and Phillip Morrison.<\/li>\n<li>Introduction to Nuclear Physics, 2nd Edition, W.N.Cottingham &amp; D.A. Greenwood.<\/li>\n<li>Concept of Nuclear Physics by B L Cohen, McGraw Hill.<\/li>\n<li>Nuclear Physics ; an Introduction by S.B. Patel.<\/li>\n<li>The Origin of the Concept of Nuclear Force by L.M. Brown and Rechenberg.<\/li>\n<li>Theoretical Nuclear Physics by John M. Blatt and Victor F. Weisskopf.<\/li>\n<li>Experimental techniques in Nuclear Physics by Dorin N. Poenaru &amp; Walter Greiner<\/li>\n<li>Exotic Nuclear Excitation by S.C. Pancholi<\/li>\n<li>Nuclear spectroscopy Part B, by Fay Ajzenberg- Selove<\/li>\n<li>Theory and Problems of modern Physics (Schaum\u2019s outline Series)<\/li>\n<li>Basic Ideas &amp; Concepts in Nuclear Physics \u2013 by K Heyde<\/li>\n<li>The \u201cParticles of Modern Physics\u201d by J. D. Stranathan, Philadephia: Blakiston.<\/li>\n<li>5.\u00a0 Nuclear Physics by Irving Kaplan, Narosa Publishing House.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div>\n<p><strong><em>\u00a0 \u00a0 Web Links<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpDDQ4uEH6M\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpDDQ4uEH6M<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=m60JNRNz-fA\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=m60JNRNz-fA<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=5k5FLMsiQY0\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=5k5FLMsiQY0<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=lFEZyPT5WBo\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=lFEZyPT5WBo<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cr1syhtDqZU\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cr1syhtDqZU<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=AcPnOZhpiIE\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=AcPnOZhpiIE<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PoXnnfzLjm0\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PoXnnfzLjm0<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cd2Ua9dKEl8\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cd2Ua9dKEl8<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cenbg.in2p3.fr\/heberge\/EcoleJoliotCurie\/coursannee\/cours\/D_lacroix.pdf\">http:\/\/www.cenbg.in2p3.fr\/heberge\/EcoleJoliotCurie\/coursannee\/cours\/D_lacroix.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"http:\/\/home.ustc.edu.cn\/~chiwang\/3-Dimension%20Wang%20Space\/Color%20Charge\/SYMMETRY%20%20PROPERTIES%20%20OF%20%20NUCLEAR%20.pdf\">http:\/\/home.ustc.edu.cn\/~chiwang\/3-<\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"http:\/\/home.ustc.edu.cn\/~chiwang\/3-Dimension%20Wang%20Space\/Color%20Charge\/SYMMETRY%20%20PROPERTIES%20%20OF%20%20NUCLEAR%20.pdf\">Dimension%20Wang%20Space\/Color%20Charge\/SYMMETRY%20%20PROPERTIES%20%20OF%2<\/a> <a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"http:\/\/home.ustc.edu.cn\/~chiwang\/3-Dimension%20Wang%20Space\/Color%20Charge\/SYMMETRY%20%20PROPERTIES%20%20OF%20%20NUCLEAR%20.pdf\">0%20NUCLEAR%20.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"http:\/\/aether.lbl.gov\/elements\/stellar\/strong\/strong.html\">http:\/\/aether.lbl.gov\/elements\/stellar\/strong\/strong.html<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Did you know ?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The nuclear force only acts within the nucleus and within that domain, at long distances, it is attractive while at very short distances it becomes repulsive too.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">According to standard model the nuclear force is mediated by massive particles and therefore has finite range.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">According to Yukawa theory, the strong interaction between nucleons is mediated by massive particles called mesons (mm ~ 200 me).<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">In the standard model the nuclear force is not same as the strong force which acts on hadrons. More correctly the nuclear force is the residual strong force.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">As per the Standard Model pions and nucleons are made of quarks held together by nuclear (colour) force mediated by gluons.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The residual of nuclear force outside of quark triplets (neutron and proton) holds neutrons and protons together in nuclei.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The Mesons predicted in the Yukawa theory were originally believed to be <strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">muons<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> (which have mass ~100 MeV).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Pions (\u03c0+, \u03c0-, \u03c00) discovered in 1947 interact strongly with nucleons and have masses, (<em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">m<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u03c0\u00a0 <\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">c<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2\u00a0 \u2248 140<\/span>MeV).In the context of the \u201cStandard Model\u201d pions and nucleons are made of quarks held together by nuclear \u201ccolour\u201d force mediated by gluons.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The theory of strong interaction is quantum chromo dynamics (QCD).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong><em>\u00a0 \u00a0 Biography:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a style=\"font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hideki_Yukawa\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hideki_Yukawa<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/1949\/yukawa-bio.html\">http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/1949\/yukawa-bio.html<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/topic\/Hideki_Yukawa.aspx\">http:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/topic\/Hideki_Yukawa.aspx<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/2004\/wilczek-bio.html\">https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/2004\/wilczek-bio.html<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frank_Wilczek\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frank_Wilczek<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/biography\/Politzer.html\">http:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/biography\/Politzer.html<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Gross\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Gross<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/2004\/gross-bio.html\">https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/2004\/gross-bio.html<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.thefamouspeople.com\/profiles\/steven-weinberg-5162.php\">http:\/\/www.thefamouspeople.com\/profiles\/steven-weinberg-5162.php<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/1979\/weinberg-bio.html\">http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/1979\/weinberg-bio.html<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["dr-sanjay-kumar-chamoli"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[58],"license":[],"class_list":["post-149","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-dr-sanjay-kumar-chamoli"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/149","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/149\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":345,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/149\/revisions\/345"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/149\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=149"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=149"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=149"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/phyp04\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=149"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}