9 Density of states for some nanostructures and Two dimensional electron gas

Prof. Subhasis Ghosh

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3.3.1 DOS in 3D

3.3.2 DOS in 2D

3.3.3 DOS in 1D

3.3.4 DOS in 0D

3.4 Two Dimensional Electron Gas

 

CALCULATION OF DENSITY OF STATES (DOS): Quantum Wells, Wires and Dots

 

Figure . Electron state is defined by a point in k-space.

 

Note that the 2  arises from the constraints of periodic boundary conditions as proposed to the more general where n=0, 1, 2, 3… The volume of a given mode is then= . The number of modes (N) in the sphere is,

 

Say the particle in an electron and we consider spin (up and down), then we multiply N by 2.

Figure . Density of states in 3 dimension (Eq.3.48)

 

3.3.2 DOS in Two Dimensions (well)

 

Here we have 1D that is quantized. Let’s us assume it is the z-direction. The total energy of this system is a sum of the energy along the quantized direction plus the energy along the other 2 free directions. It is expressed as

The area of a given mode is then kx,ky with the total number of modes (N) in the area being

 

Again if the particle is an electron and we consider spin, multiply by 2 to get

Figure Density of states in 2 dimension. Shaded area presents occupied states.

 

3.3.3 DOS in One Dimensions (Wire)

 

Consider now the situation where there are two dimensions confined and only 1 degree of freedom (say the x-direction). The total energy of the system can be written as

This is the energy density for a given n, m value, the expression taking into account all m, n combination is

Figure Density of states in 1 dimension. Shaded area presents occupied states.

 

 

3.3.4 Zero dimensions (Quantum Dot)

 

Here since all three dimensions are confined. The density of states is basically a series of delta functions. The total energy of the system is

where m, n, o are integers and
The density of states is

 

3.3.5 More density of states

 

Density of states in the conduction band

 

For this we need to know the probability that an electron will occupy a given stats of energy E. The Probability, P(E), is referred as the Fermi Dirac distribution. In addition we need to know the density of states ( ′). The density of states has units of number of unit volume per unit energy. Therefore ′ is the number of states per unit volume. The number of occupied states at a given energy per unit volume is therefore

 

 

 

the total concentration of electrons in the conduction band is therefore the integral over all available energies

where Ecis the energy where conduction band starts. For the case of three dimensional material

Taking account into conduction band begins, the density of states can be written as

the total concentration of electrons in the conduction band is given as nr=

The integral is called the Fermi integral or Fermi Dirac integral.

Consider the case where,E-E ≫KT  and the Fermi Dirac distribution function becomes

This is the expression for the effective density of states of the conduction band.

Where Ev is the energy where valance band starts. The total concentration of holes in the valance band is the integral over all energies.

 

Summary

 

Fermi level of an intrinsic semiconductor

 

If the bulk semiconductor is intrinsic, there has been no doping of the material and hence no extra electrons or holes anywhere. in this situation

One can therefore see that at T=0 the Fermi energy of an intrinsic semiconductor is at the halfway point between the top of the valance band and the bottom of the conduction band.

 

Density of states in the conduction band

 

We start with the Fermi Dirac distribution for electrons and also the density of states

Consider only one of the subband. In this case the density of states simplifies to

Now recall from the previous section that the number of states at a given energy per unit volume

the total concentration of electrons in this first subband is the integral over all available energies. Rather than use ntot as before let’s just stick to nc from the start

Since the band really begins at en as opposed to Ec like in the bulk the integral change from

 

Density of states in the valance band

 

As with the conduction band case we need the probability of occupying a given state in the valance band. This denoted ℎ( ) and is evaluated from

first. The total concentration of holes in this first subband is the integral over all energies. we get

Fermi level position :2D

 

Divide by 2 to go back to only 1 spin orientation since in an optical transition spin slips are generally forbidden

 

The expression applies to either conduction band or valance band. Applying the following equivalence

 

where pj is the desired joint density of the states. Now from the conservation of momentum, transition in k are vertical such that the initial k value in the valance band is the same k value as in the conduction band (ka=kb=k) where ka is the k value in the valence band and kb is the value in the conduction band. The energy of the initial state in the valance band is

Likewise the energy of the final state in the conduction band is

The energy of the transition is

 

2D Well

 

Area in k-space

Where the area occupied by a given mode or state is .Here we assume that represents the confined direction

Together, the number of modes in the area is

Multiply by 2 to account for spinNow consider the density

With the energy density given by

Starting with the energy density

Divide by 2 to get rid of the spin since formally speaking, spin flip optical transitions are forbidden

 

Now applying the following equivalence

one obtains

wherePj(E ) is the desired joint density of states. As before in the 3D case, the conservation of momentum means that transition in k-space are vertical. That is the initial k value in the valance band is the same as the final k value in the conduction band (Ka =Kb =K) where Ka(Kb ) is the valance (conduction) band values.

 

The energy of the initial state in the valance band is

Likewise the energy of the final state in the conduction band is

This leads to

Or

 

Such that when replaced into our main expression the desired expression for the joint density of states is

1D wire

 

Consider the length in k-space

Lk=2k

 

The length occupied by a given mode or state is where

The number of states in the given length is


Multiply this by 2 to account for spin, we get total number of states as

Consider the density ie number of states per unit length

And the energy density is given by

Or alternately

Starting with the energy density

Divide by 2 to consider only one spin orientation since spin flip transition are generally forbidden

Now apply the following equivalence

wherePj(E) is the desired joint density of states. As before in the 3D and 2D case, the conservation of momentum means that transition in k-space are vertical so that Ka=Kb =K) where Ka(Kb) is the valance (conduction) band values.

 

The energy of the initial state in the valance band is

Likewise the energy of the final state in the conduction band is

3.4.1 Two-Dimensional Electron Gas

 

In low dimensional systems, the quantum effects were first observed is two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). There are two basic systems, (i) Si metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) and (ii) GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures where 2DEG has been studied extensively. A typical Si device with 2DEG is shown in Fig. 3.4.1. Here, Si surface serves

 

Figure 3.4.1: Band diagram showing conductance band EC , valence band EV and quasi- Fermi level EF . A 2DEG is formed at the interface between the oxide (SiO2) and p-type silicon substrate as a consequence of the gate voltage Vg .

 

as a substrate while SiO2 layer on Si behaves as an insulator. 2DEG is induced electrostatically by application a positive gate voltage Vg . The sheet density of 2DEG can be described as

where Vt is the threshold voltage which is the minimum gate-to-source voltage required to create a conducting path between the source and drain terminals in MOSFET.

 

The other important 2DEG system is based on modulation-doped GaAs-AlGaAs single and double heterostructures. As the bandgap in AlGaAs is higher than that in GaAs, by doping only higher bandgap semiconductor (AlGaAs), it is possible to move the Fermi level inside the forbidden gap.

 

When AlGaAs is grown on GaAs substrate, a unified level of chemical potential is established, and an inversion layer is formed at the interface, as shown in Fig. 3.4.2..

Figure 3.4.2: Band structure of the interface between n-AlGa As and intrinsic GaAs, (a) before and (b) after the charge transfer.

 

If metal semiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET) is fabricated on single heterostructures in which 2DEG is created by a modulation doping, then a narrow channel can be squeezed by selective depletion in spatially separated regions. This is the simplest way to create a lateral confinement using split metallic gates as shown in Fig. 3.4.3 The SEM micrograph of a typical device is shown in Fig. 3.4.4.

 

Figure 3.4.3: A narrow channel created in AlGaAs/GaAs based modulation doped heterosturcture using split gate technique.

 

Figure 3.4.4: Scanning electron microphotographs of real device (taken from Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 3011, 1987).

 

3.4.2    Basic Properties of Low-Dimensional    Systems

 

Let us take z-axis perpendicular to the plane of 2DEG. As mentioned before, in 2DEG the motion of electron is free in x-y plane and quantized along z-axis. Hence, the wave function of the electrons in 2DEG can be decoupled as

where r is the vector in x-y plane of 2DEG. In case of Si-MOSFET or GaAs/AlGaAs single heterostructure, the confining potential can be approximated as triangular one and given by

Using separation of variables  the Schro¨dinger equation for the wave function χ(z) is given by

Let us  a dimensionless variable

Each level (for different values of n) creates a sub-band for the in-plane motion. Here the effective mass m of electron or hole , determined by the bandstructure of GaAs is much smaller than the mass of a free electron.

Figure 3.4.6:  Density of states for a quasi-2D system.

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