{"id":47,"date":"2018-10-22T12:00:40","date_gmt":"2018-10-22T12:00:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mgmtp09.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&p=47"},"modified":"2022-01-07T05:07:17","modified_gmt":"2022-01-07T05:07:17","slug":"entrepreneurship-and-its-evolution-in-india","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/mgmtp09\/chapter\/entrepreneurship-and-its-evolution-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Entrepreneurship and its evolution in India"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n\r\n1.\u00a0 <\/strong>Learning Outcome<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nAfter completing this module students will be able to:\r\n\r\ni.\u00a0 \u00a0Understand the evolution of entrepreneurship in India.\r\n\r\nii.\u00a0 Industrial Policy 1948.\r\n\r\niii. Know the sources of entrepreneurship in India.\r\n\r\niv. Know about ten entrepreneurs who changed the face of corporate India.\r\n\r\n \r\n

2.\u00a0<\/strong>Introduction<\/strong>: The Entrepreneurial growth in India is as old as Rigveda when metal handicrafts existed in <\/span>the society. But manufacturing entrepreneurship did not develop so much in India due to its weak transportation and communication system. At that time the only means of transport was rivers so some kind of entrepreneurship was seen among the Artisans in the cities which were established on the banks of rivers like Banaras, Gaya, Puri, Allahabad etc. At that time <\/span>Indian industry was basically small scale and cottage industry. But it could not survive due to lack of transport facilities, the establishment of an alien rule with the influx of many foreign influences, <\/span>competition of more highly developed form of European industry.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Although entrepreneurial talent was in abundance in the Indian businessmen, <\/span>but India did not offer much scope for its development, that is why many traders migrated to various countries like Burma, Singapore <\/span>and Kenya for the purpose of growth and trading. In that regime, lack of <\/span>political party, <\/span>network of <\/span>custom barriers, taxation policies, <\/span>existence of <\/span>innumerable system of currency, low prestige of businessman, and lack of capital were the main reasons responsible for <\/span>failure of entrepreneurship.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

3.\u00a0<\/strong>Evolution of Entrepreneurship in India: <\/strong>In <\/span>17th century, Indian export trade of textile was on ascending trend in spite of discouraging environment for the entrepreneurship. Method of trading in India is changed by European investment. Grouping of the Indian traders into joint- stock associations for the purpose of managing the supply of textiles to the European countries was very significant at that time. As a <\/span>result Indian textile goods were in great demand and the balance of trade was favorable. But the position of Entrepreneurs did not improve as the British government revised its <\/span>custom rules to discourage the demand of Indian textile goods, and Indian entrepreneurs could not expand their business as they had to depend upon the merchant class for capital and they retain the major share of profits. Up to 1850, the major commercial and economic development in India centered on the growth of the British private enterprise in banking, insurance, steamships, plantations <\/span>and coal mines. Afterward, with a view to <\/span>take advantage Britishers think to exploit the natural resources of India. So with this <\/span>objective they penetrate into the Indian Territory. The railway was introduced in India in 1853.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

After 1850 manufacturing entrepreneurship came <\/span>in to existence. In 1854, C.Davar established a cotton textile manufacturing unit in Bombay. In four years, there were four textile mills in India and <\/span>with in a period of 25 years, its number had increased to 58. Ranchodlal, a Nagar Brahmin in 1861, established a textile manufacturing plant. Then in Surat, first <\/span>ship building industry was established by East India Company. After that lot of entrepreneurs entered <\/span>in to new ventures like Jamshedpur steelworks. Jute mills, pharmaceutical industry <\/span>were also started. Then in Surat, The East India Company established its first <\/span>ship building industry. <\/span>In the end of <\/span>19th century, there were 18 jute mills and 51 cotton mills.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

In 1905, the \u2017Swadeshi\u2018 movement emphasized on <\/span>indigenenous goods formed an important facet of nationalism and developing nationalism in the minds of Indians. Jameshedjee, Tata also named the first <\/span>millhe built as \u2017Swadeshi Mill\u2018. Major names of that era were Ghanshyam Das, Birla, <\/span>Khatans, Goenka, Mafatlal, Jejeebhoy, Gagalbhai, Kirloskar, Hirachand, Wadia, Godrej, L.K. Singhania, <\/span>Gujarlal and Lala Shriram. The advertisement of Krishna Mills in The Tribune of <\/span>April13, made the following appeal: \u2015Our concern is financed by native capital and is under native management throughout\u2016. Thus the Swadeshi movement inspired the Indians to invest in industrial activities and under Indian management. The main goal of <\/span>Swadeshi movement was to encourage the Indian industries and to promote and protect their interest. In this movement Indian people\u00a0<\/span>boycott foreign goods and it works. As a <\/span>result British trade and industry hit badly and Indian manufacturing Entrepreneurship especially cottage industry, handloom clothes, soap <\/span>and textile gave a new life. <\/span>Change makers like JRD Tata, MS Oberai, <\/span>jamnalal Bajaj lead the new way for Indian entrepreneurs and opened a new vista for <\/span>Indian .Entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. Now Entrepreneurs focused on their Business expansion and growth.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

It is observed that <\/span>lack of technical skills and insufficient capital resources made a hurdle in the growth of Entrepreneurship. This problem was also discussed by the Planning Commission at that time of the First Five Year Plan. In their words \u2015 as a proportion of the total population the number of educated men and women in the country is very small, and there <\/span>ids dearth of trained personnel of the requisite quality in business and industry as well as in public administration. Unemployment among the educated classes is to some extent a <\/span>consequences of the excessive bias in the present educational system towards literary education to the neglect of specialized technical and vocational training. To some <\/span>extent the difficulties experienced by educated young men in finding employment are traceable to <\/span>certain reluctance on their part to take on occupations which involve hard manual work or work in somewhat uncongenial surroundings either in cities or in rural areas. The problem has many facets. Unemployment among highly qualified and trained personnel may to some extent be frictional or transitional in character but it may also be due to a lack of adjustment between demand and supply of such specialized personnel\u2016. So <\/span>reason for Indian unemployment was lack technical and vocational guidance and faulty education system. British government neglected <\/span>practical and vocational aspect of literary and academic training.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n \r\n

So in pre- independence period, India did not have a well developed banking system. Managing agency system was first recommended by Indian Dwarkanath Tagore, who encourage others to form joint-stock companies and developed a distinct method of management in which management remained in hands of \u2017firms\u2018 rather than \u2017individuals\u2018. Some of the famous managing agents at that time were Andrew Yule and Co., Martin Burns, Bird and Co., Duncan Brothers, etc.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

In the <\/span>post independence period there has been <\/span>considerable growth of Entrepreneurship. In this period Entrepreneurship has dispersed socially as well as geographically. This has been due to development of industrial infrastructure, <\/span>growth of <\/span>public sector, import substitution, export promotion <\/span>polices of the government, foreign collaboration, expansion of technical and other education, increasing <\/span>status of businessmen, etc. technocrats now constitute a major source of entrepreneurship. It may be <\/span>slow or creeping change in the traditional structure of agriculture. Now Entrepreneur used modern methods of cultivation in order to <\/span>growth of crops. Now they wanted to produce commercial crops along with traditional crops. People with diverse backgrounds (different caste, communities, and families) have joined the stream of Entrepreneurship. No doubt, Entrepreneurship in India has widened after independence. But there is <\/span>need to instill the spirit of enterprise in every group and community and to take the mantle of leadership to <\/span>everyone of the country so as to make India a truly developed country. As Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru states, \"Industrialization produces steel, it produces power. They are the base. Once you have got the base, it is easy to build. The strategy governing planning in India is to industrialize and that means the basic industries being given the first place\".<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n4. INDUSTRIAL POLICY 1948<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

After independence population increases but production was not increased as desired. Inflation also showed its giggling teeth. So only measure to deal with inflationary tendencies, and to ensure economic development, it is felt that industrial production should be increased. So in order to strengthen industrialization, Industrial policy 1948 was announced. The government took some important measures in this industrial resolution such as <\/span>distribution of economic power between <\/span>public and private sector, spreading entrepreneurship from the existing centers to others centers, etc\u2016. <\/span>Government of India adopted several measures to develop basic infrastructure and heavy industries. Industries (Development and Regulation) ACT 1951, <\/span>Five year planning, industrial policy, Incentives <\/span>and subsidies, are important measures. To strengthen the industry, in 1948 IFCI was also set up.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru gave due importance to the <\/span>small scale industries. In the words of Nehru,\u2016 The test of a country\u2018s advance in industrialization is heavy industry <\/span>not the small industries that may be put up. That does not mean that small industries should be ignored. They are highly important in themselves for production and employment\".<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Entrepreneurial growth after independence has witnessed great economic, social, and political changes in India. These changes led to remarkable changes in entrepreneurship. In this <\/span>era several new communities not known for mercantile background started entrepreneurial activities. In <\/span>five year planning system there has been a mushroom growth of entrepreneurship in the country. Private entrepreneurship established industries in diverse fields, both capital <\/span>and consumer goods industries. Since the adoption of <\/span>first plan, <\/span>indigenous organization for design, construction <\/span>and engineering of projects has been developed. India has successfully completed major projects abroad in the face of international competition. Industrial houses have started research and development in various fields on a considerable scale.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

With the entry of young and highly educated people in <\/span>industry, the face of entrepreneurship totally changed. Government policies regarding import substitution, export promotion <\/span>and foreign collaboration have led to rapid entrepreneurial growth in India. A noteworthy feature of entrepreneurial growth under planning has been the emergence of small entrepreneurs in different parts of the country. Technicians, rural artisans, engineers, etc became entrepreneurs. Many institutions set up to provide all <\/span>type assistance to small entrepreneurs. In <\/span>fact small industry has become a movement in India. It has created a healthy environment for the growth of entrepreneurship.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

In 1991, the government of India announced its policy toward the small scale sector. There has been a remarkable spurt in entrepreneurship in India due to economic reforms. Sh. N.R.Narayans Murthy raised the hopes of the middle class when entrepreneurship in this country was meant to be in heritage. Today, he is an example of how people can build an empire from scratch with no ancestral business behind them.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Sunil Mittal, Anand <\/span>Mohindra, Shahnaz Hussain, J.L.Oswal, Godrej, Tata, Birla, and many more are the names which entirely change the face of Indian entrepreneurship. Some of the biggest companies today, Airtel, Future group, <\/span>jet Airways, and Zee television, did not exist two decades ago. Many like Wipro and Infosys went public only after 1991. Today several Indian industries are global benchmark even in emerging sectors such as Information technology, telecom <\/span>and Outsourcing. Within 20 years India has produced more than 2 lakh Millionaires and <\/span>large number of billionaires.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

5. Sources of Entrepreneurship in India<\/strong><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Before <\/span>independence the supply of domestic entrepreneurship basically came from selected communities that are Parsees, Gujaratis, and Manipur Parsees. They had merchant houses at Bombay and Surat for overseas trade and for the European traders they acted as brokers by the middle of the 19th century they <\/span>has emerged as a dominant trading and financing communities of Bombay and Gujrat. They <\/span>playes a important role in the development of cotton textile and steel industries in India. In Ahmedabad Gujrati trading community played a very major role in establishing <\/span>textile industry. In the Northern part of <\/span>country Hindu and Muslim traders played a significant role in the growth of entrepreneurship. In <\/span>eastern part of <\/span>country especially <\/span>Calcuta, Marwari businessmen established industries. The Marwari community and other traditionally entrepreneurial communities dominated the entrepreneurial <\/span>scence before independence. In South India, Chhetties were the main trading community. They acquired <\/span>interest in banking by establishing contracts with reputed Indian business houses. Syrian Christian called Nazarani, Mappilas, and Mohammedan merchants known as Moplahs were important trader classes on the West coast in South. Khatris, Bhatias <\/span>and Lohianas were important enterprises in Punjab and Brahmins in Maharashtra.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

In his book \u2015Enrepreneurship-Concept, Nature and Need\u2016 M.M.P.Akhouri states that Entrepreneurship is the result of four dominant factors, the <\/span>socio economic system, the support system, the resource system, and seld sapphire system. these four systems are interrelated, interacting and constantly adjusted with each other. Planned efforts to develop entrepreneurs, therefore, require integrated efforts covering all the four systems. An attempt to effect change in one system neglecting others is bound to fail and the overall objective to develop entrepreneurship will not achieve.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

6.\u00a0 <\/strong>TEN ENTREPRENEURS WHO CHANGED THE FACE OF CORPORATE INDIA<\/strong><\/p>\r\n \r\n

1)\u00a0<\/strong>Cowasjee Nanabhal Davar\u2014 The Inspiration To Invest<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Davar inaugurated India\u2018s industrial revolution. In 1854, he set up India\u2018s first steam-powered textile mill in Bombay. Capitalized at Rs. 5 lakh, the Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company paid a 10 percent dividend for six years straight. Davar set the stage for the safety of industrial capital in India. Galvanized by his example, others too made industrial investments. Among them: the woods and the <\/span>tatas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

2)\u00a0<\/strong>Sir Jamset Nusserwanji Tata\u2014The Father of India\u2019s Industrial Revolution<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Tata was the first Indian to understand the significance of the industrial revolution. At his Swadeshi textile mill, he instituted pension funds and accident compensation. He believed India\u2018s progress hanged around steel hydroelectric power and technical education. He inspired <\/span>creation of the Indian Institute of Science\u2014formerly --Tata Institute\u2014in Bangalore. In 1900, when he was 60, he set up <\/span>jamshedpur Steelworks after learning steel-making in Europe.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

3)\u00a0<\/strong>V.O. Chidambaram Pillai\u2014The Steamships That Cried Freedom<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Pillai was a nationalist who entered <\/span>business to prove a point as much as to make profits. His Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company Ltd. broke the monopoly of British shipping in coastal trade with Ceylon. VOC, as he was popularly called, was a radical Congressman who was arrested in March 1908 on <\/span>charge of <\/span>section. He was, finally released on 1912. Pillai inspired an entire generation of conservative southerners to plunge into business.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

4)\u00a0<\/strong>Rai Bhadur_Mohan Singh Oberoi\u2014The Brown Sahib\u2019s Opportunity<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

In1934 Oberoi mortgaged his wife\u2018s jewels while scratching together Rs. 20,000 to buy his British partner\u2018s stake in the Clarke\u2018s Hotel, Shimla. He put in money while the Britishers pulled <\/span>their out, and a decade later, he was the first Indian to run a hotel chain. In 1965, he opened the first five-star international hotel in India in Delhi. Thirty-four hotels in seven countries later, Oberois was the first real Indian multinational.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

5)\u00a0<\/strong>Henning Hock Larsen\u2014The Dane Who Never Went Home<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

One of a small flock of Europeans who refused to quit India. Larsen and his partner Soren K.Toubro\u2014 both came here to <\/span>setup a cement plant for a British employer\u2014set up a company in 1938 that became India\u2018s pre-eminent engineering giant. Larsen knew independent India offered much scope for his company and his skills. Worth Rs. 5,400 crores today, Larsen\u2018s push to manufacture it at in India sparked off an engineering boom that hasn\u2018t quit. From nuclear plants to new necessaries, Larsen\u2018s stamp on India is indelible.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

6)\u00a0<\/strong>Dr. Verghese Kurien\u2014Father Of the Unlikely Entrepreneur<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Dr. Kurien created Operation Flood, the largest dairy development programs in the world. He made\u00a0<\/span>India the world\u2018s largest milk producer. But most importantly, he put economic\u2017power in the hands of the producers, all 10 million families at last count. The Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers\u2018 Union, or Amul as India knows the giant, is modern and fleet enough to lord it over an array of multinational competitors. Humble farmers, and cowherds\u2014they all have a stake in one of the world\u2018s best dairy operations.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

7)\u00a0<\/strong>Karsanbhai Khodidas Patel\u2014The Power Of The Grassroots.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Patel knew no marketing, had no management qualifications and no collaborator, Indian or <\/span>foreign, when he created the first Indian brand to humble the best multinationals. The saga of this Gujarat government chemist began with a 12-yard shed in his backyard in 1969. Worth Rs. 2,440 crore today,\u00a0<\/span>Nirma\u2018s <\/span>cut price detergent shook the likes of Lever, Patel, who speaks little English, inspired legions of Davids to do entrepreneurial battle with India\u2018s corporate Goliaths.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

8)\u00a0<\/strong>Aditya Vikram -Y-Birla\u2014The First Mogul of Globalization<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

When MIT graduate <\/span>AdityaVikram Birla returned to India to be a part of his grandfather G.D.Birla\u2018s sprawling empire in the 1960s, he could have gone with the flow. But when it took Indian bureaucrats\u00a0<\/span>11 years to clear a refinery project, Birla did not believe it worth his while to work the license <\/span>raj. Instead, long before globalization became a buzz-word, he spread outward, setting up a textile mill in Thailand, later the world\u2018s largest palm oil refinery in Malaysia. When he died in 1995 his group had 17 companies in 14 countries.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

9) <\/strong>Dhirubhai Ambani\u2014 The Saga Of The New India.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Truly, an entrepreneur for <\/span>the, tumultuous new India. Poor son of Gujarat village school teacher reached Aden at age 17 and worked as <\/span>petrol station attendant. Mixing grand opportunism with extreme guile, he clambered his way up, manipulating the license raj to his advantage. He created an equity cult by going to millions of small investors when the big bankers refused him money. He adapted as easily to liberalization. At Rs. 60,000 crore, there\u2018s quite simply nothing larger than Reliance in India today.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

10. N.R. Narayana Murthy\u2014Messiah of the New Middle Class.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

How many companies have 1,388 employees that are rupee millionaires and 72 that are dollar millionaires, including drivers and peons? Murthy\u2018s miracle is not just that he and seven professionals built a tech powerhouse from Rs. 10,000 as <\/span>initial investment in 1981. He did it with <\/span>middle class values\u2014hard work, humility, honesty <\/span>and innovation\u2014-and inspired uncountable thousands on <\/span>the good way to make money. And as the thousands clamoring to get into Infosys indicate, there is no better employer around.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

( Source: Adapted from Business Today, Jan 20, <\/span>2000 and The <\/span>economist , Indian <\/span>Entrepreneurs : 10 Greatest Businessman From History )<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

<\/div>\r\n
Web resources<\/strong><\/div>\r\n
<\/div>\r\n
1. www.preservearticles.com<\/div>\r\n
2. www.yourarticlelibrary.com\/entrepreneur\/entrepreneurship...<\/div>\r\n
3. www.scribd.com\/doc\/32063073<\/div>\r\n
4. www.managementparadise.com\/forums\/entrepreneurship\/...<\/div>\r\n
5. www.transtutors.com<\/div>\r\n
6. en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Entrepreneurial_economicsCached<\/div>\r\n
7. www.squamble.com\/2009\/04\/11\/functions-of-an-entrepreneurCached<\/div>\r\n
8. www.innovationventures.sg\/Entrepreneurship-resources\/...<\/div>\r\n
9. www.publishyourarticles.net\/...<\/div>\r\n
10. smallbusiness.chron.com<\/div>\r\n
<\/div>\r\n
Points to ponder<\/strong><\/div>\r\n
<\/div>\r\n
i) The Entrepreneurial growth in India is as old as Rigveda when metal handicrafts existed in the society.<\/div>\r\n
<\/div>\r\n
ii) Although entrepreneurial talent was in abundance in the Indian businessmen, but India did not offer<\/div>\r\n
much scope for its development, that is why many traders migrated to various countries like Burma,<\/div>\r\n
Singapore and Kenya for the purpose of growth and trading.<\/div>\r\n
<\/div>\r\n
iii) Up to 1850, the major commercial and economic development in India centered on the growth of the<\/div>\r\n
British private enterprise in banking, insurance, steamships, plantations and coal mines.<\/div>\r\n
<\/div>\r\n
iv) After 1850 manufact\u00a0uring entrepreneurship came in to existence. In 1854, C. Davar established a<\/div>\r\n
cotton textile manufacturing unit in Bombay.<\/div>\r\n
<\/div>\r\n
v) First ship building industry was established by East India Company in Surat.<\/div>\r\n
<\/div>\r\n
vi) In the end of 19th\u00a0century, there were 18 jute mills and 51 cotton mills in India. In 1905, the \u2018Swadeshi\u2019 movement emphasized on indigenenous goods formed an important facet of nationalism and developing nationalism in the minds of Indians.<\/div>\r\n
<\/div>\r\n
vii) Major names of that era were Ghanshyam Das, Birla, Khatans, Goenka, Maf\u00a0atlal, Jejeebhoy, Gagalbhai, Kirloskar, Hirachand, Wadia, Godrej, L.K. Singhania, Gujarlal and Lala Shriram.<\/div>\r\n
<\/div>","rendered":"
\n

1.\u00a0 <\/strong>Learning Outcome<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

After completing this module students will be able to:<\/p>\n

i.\u00a0 \u00a0Understand the evolution of entrepreneurship in India.<\/p>\n

ii.\u00a0 Industrial Policy 1948.<\/p>\n

iii. Know the sources of entrepreneurship in India.<\/p>\n

iv. Know about ten entrepreneurs who changed the face of corporate India.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

2.\u00a0<\/strong>Introduction<\/strong>: The Entrepreneurial growth in India is as old as Rigveda when metal handicrafts existed in <\/span>the society. But manufacturing entrepreneurship did not develop so much in India due to its weak transportation and communication system. At that time the only means of transport was rivers so some kind of entrepreneurship was seen among the Artisans in the cities which were established on the banks of rivers like Banaras, Gaya, Puri, Allahabad etc. At that time <\/span>Indian industry was basically small scale and cottage industry. But it could not survive due to lack of transport facilities, the establishment of an alien rule with the influx of many foreign influences, <\/span>competition of more highly developed form of European industry.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Although entrepreneurial talent was in abundance in the Indian businessmen, <\/span>but India did not offer much scope for its development, that is why many traders migrated to various countries like Burma, Singapore <\/span>and Kenya for the purpose of growth and trading. In that regime, lack of <\/span>political party, <\/span>network of <\/span>custom barriers, taxation policies, <\/span>existence of <\/span>innumerable system of currency, low prestige of businessman, and lack of capital were the main reasons responsible for <\/span>failure of entrepreneurship.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

3.\u00a0<\/strong>Evolution of Entrepreneurship in India: <\/strong>In <\/span>17th century, Indian export trade of textile was on ascending trend in spite of discouraging environment for the entrepreneurship. Method of trading in India is changed by European investment. Grouping of the Indian traders into joint- stock associations for the purpose of managing the supply of textiles to the European countries was very significant at that time. As a <\/span>result Indian textile goods were in great demand and the balance of trade was favorable. But the position of Entrepreneurs did not improve as the British government revised its <\/span>custom rules to discourage the demand of Indian textile goods, and Indian entrepreneurs could not expand their business as they had to depend upon the merchant class for capital and they retain the major share of profits. Up to 1850, the major commercial and economic development in India centered on the growth of the British private enterprise in banking, insurance, steamships, plantations <\/span>and coal mines. Afterward, with a view to <\/span>take advantage Britishers think to exploit the natural resources of India. So with this <\/span>objective they penetrate into the Indian Territory. The railway was introduced in India in 1853.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

After 1850 manufacturing entrepreneurship came <\/span>in to existence. In 1854, C.Davar established a cotton textile manufacturing unit in Bombay. In four years, there were four textile mills in India and <\/span>with in a period of 25 years, its number had increased to 58. Ranchodlal, a Nagar Brahmin in 1861, established a textile manufacturing plant. Then in Surat, first <\/span>ship building industry was established by East India Company. After that lot of entrepreneurs entered <\/span>in to new ventures like Jamshedpur steelworks. Jute mills, pharmaceutical industry <\/span>were also started. Then in Surat, The East India Company established its first <\/span>ship building industry. <\/span>In the end of <\/span>19th century, there were 18 jute mills and 51 cotton mills.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In 1905, the \u2017Swadeshi\u2018 movement emphasized on <\/span>indigenenous goods formed an important facet of nationalism and developing nationalism in the minds of Indians. Jameshedjee, Tata also named the first <\/span>millhe built as \u2017Swadeshi Mill\u2018. Major names of that era were Ghanshyam Das, Birla, <\/span>Khatans, Goenka, Mafatlal, Jejeebhoy, Gagalbhai, Kirloskar, Hirachand, Wadia, Godrej, L.K. Singhania, <\/span>Gujarlal and Lala Shriram. The advertisement of Krishna Mills in The Tribune of <\/span>April13, made the following appeal: \u2015Our concern is financed by native capital and is under native management throughout\u2016. Thus the Swadeshi movement inspired the Indians to invest in industrial activities and under Indian management. The main goal of <\/span>Swadeshi movement was to encourage the Indian industries and to promote and protect their interest. In this movement Indian people\u00a0<\/span>boycott foreign goods and it works. As a <\/span>result British trade and industry hit badly and Indian manufacturing Entrepreneurship especially cottage industry, handloom clothes, soap <\/span>and textile gave a new life. <\/span>Change makers like JRD Tata, MS Oberai, <\/span>jamnalal Bajaj lead the new way for Indian entrepreneurs and opened a new vista for <\/span>Indian .Entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. Now Entrepreneurs focused on their Business expansion and growth.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

It is observed that <\/span>lack of technical skills and insufficient capital resources made a hurdle in the growth of Entrepreneurship. This problem was also discussed by the Planning Commission at that time of the First Five Year Plan. In their words \u2015 as a proportion of the total population the number of educated men and women in the country is very small, and there <\/span>ids dearth of trained personnel of the requisite quality in business and industry as well as in public administration. Unemployment among the educated classes is to some extent a <\/span>consequences of the excessive bias in the present educational system towards literary education to the neglect of specialized technical and vocational training. To some <\/span>extent the difficulties experienced by educated young men in finding employment are traceable to <\/span>certain reluctance on their part to take on occupations which involve hard manual work or work in somewhat uncongenial surroundings either in cities or in rural areas. The problem has many facets. Unemployment among highly qualified and trained personnel may to some extent be frictional or transitional in character but it may also be due to a lack of adjustment between demand and supply of such specialized personnel\u2016. So <\/span>reason for Indian unemployment was lack technical and vocational guidance and faulty education system. British government neglected <\/span>practical and vocational aspect of literary and academic training.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

So in pre- independence period, India did not have a well developed banking system. Managing agency system was first recommended by Indian Dwarkanath Tagore, who encourage others to form joint-stock companies and developed a distinct method of management in which management remained in hands of \u2017firms\u2018 rather than \u2017individuals\u2018. Some of the famous managing agents at that time were Andrew Yule and Co., Martin Burns, Bird and Co., Duncan Brothers, etc.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In the <\/span>post independence period there has been <\/span>considerable growth of Entrepreneurship. In this period Entrepreneurship has dispersed socially as well as geographically. This has been due to development of industrial infrastructure, <\/span>growth of <\/span>public sector, import substitution, export promotion <\/span>polices of the government, foreign collaboration, expansion of technical and other education, increasing <\/span>status of businessmen, etc. technocrats now constitute a major source of entrepreneurship. It may be <\/span>slow or creeping change in the traditional structure of agriculture. Now Entrepreneur used modern methods of cultivation in order to <\/span>growth of crops. Now they wanted to produce commercial crops along with traditional crops. People with diverse backgrounds (different caste, communities, and families) have joined the stream of Entrepreneurship. No doubt, Entrepreneurship in India has widened after independence. But there is <\/span>need to instill the spirit of enterprise in every group and community and to take the mantle of leadership to <\/span>everyone of the country so as to make India a truly developed country. As Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru states, “Industrialization produces steel, it produces power. They are the base. Once you have got the base, it is easy to build. The strategy governing planning in India is to industrialize and that means the basic industries being given the first place”.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

4. INDUSTRIAL POLICY 1948<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

After independence population increases but production was not increased as desired. Inflation also showed its giggling teeth. So only measure to deal with inflationary tendencies, and to ensure economic development, it is felt that industrial production should be increased. So in order to strengthen industrialization, Industrial policy 1948 was announced. The government took some important measures in this industrial resolution such as <\/span>distribution of economic power between <\/span>public and private sector, spreading entrepreneurship from the existing centers to others centers, etc\u2016. <\/span>Government of India adopted several measures to develop basic infrastructure and heavy industries. Industries (Development and Regulation) ACT 1951, <\/span>Five year planning, industrial policy, Incentives <\/span>and subsidies, are important measures. To strengthen the industry, in 1948 IFCI was also set up.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru gave due importance to the <\/span>small scale industries. In the words of Nehru,\u2016 The test of a country\u2018s advance in industrialization is heavy industry <\/span>not the small industries that may be put up. That does not mean that small industries should be ignored. They are highly important in themselves for production and employment”.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Entrepreneurial growth after independence has witnessed great economic, social, and political changes in India. These changes led to remarkable changes in entrepreneurship. In this <\/span>era several new communities not known for mercantile background started entrepreneurial activities. In <\/span>five year planning system there has been a mushroom growth of entrepreneurship in the country. Private entrepreneurship established industries in diverse fields, both capital <\/span>and consumer goods industries. Since the adoption of <\/span>first plan, <\/span>indigenous organization for design, construction <\/span>and engineering of projects has been developed. India has successfully completed major projects abroad in the face of international competition. Industrial houses have started research and development in various fields on a considerable scale.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

With the entry of young and highly educated people in <\/span>industry, the face of entrepreneurship totally changed. Government policies regarding import substitution, export promotion <\/span>and foreign collaboration have led to rapid entrepreneurial growth in India. A noteworthy feature of entrepreneurial growth under planning has been the emergence of small entrepreneurs in different parts of the country. Technicians, rural artisans, engineers, etc became entrepreneurs. Many institutions set up to provide all <\/span>type assistance to small entrepreneurs. In <\/span>fact small industry has become a movement in India. It has created a healthy environment for the growth of entrepreneurship.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In 1991, the government of India announced its policy toward the small scale sector. There has been a remarkable spurt in entrepreneurship in India due to economic reforms. Sh. N.R.Narayans Murthy raised the hopes of the middle class when entrepreneurship in this country was meant to be in heritage. Today, he is an example of how people can build an empire from scratch with no ancestral business behind them.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sunil Mittal, Anand <\/span>Mohindra, Shahnaz Hussain, J.L.Oswal, Godrej, Tata, Birla, and many more are the names which entirely change the face of Indian entrepreneurship. Some of the biggest companies today, Airtel, Future group, <\/span>jet Airways, and Zee television, did not exist two decades ago. Many like Wipro and Infosys went public only after 1991. Today several Indian industries are global benchmark even in emerging sectors such as Information technology, telecom <\/span>and Outsourcing. Within 20 years India has produced more than 2 lakh Millionaires and <\/span>large number of billionaires.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5. Sources of Entrepreneurship in India<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Before <\/span>independence the supply of domestic entrepreneurship basically came from selected communities that are Parsees, Gujaratis, and Manipur Parsees. They had merchant houses at Bombay and Surat for overseas trade and for the European traders they acted as brokers by the middle of the 19th century they <\/span>has emerged as a dominant trading and financing communities of Bombay and Gujrat. They <\/span>playes a important role in the development of cotton textile and steel industries in India. In Ahmedabad Gujrati trading community played a very major role in establishing <\/span>textile industry. In the Northern part of <\/span>country Hindu and Muslim traders played a significant role in the growth of entrepreneurship. In <\/span>eastern part of <\/span>country especially <\/span>Calcuta, Marwari businessmen established industries. The Marwari community and other traditionally entrepreneurial communities dominated the entrepreneurial <\/span>scence before independence. In South India, Chhetties were the main trading community. They acquired <\/span>interest in banking by establishing contracts with reputed Indian business houses. Syrian Christian called Nazarani, Mappilas, and Mohammedan merchants known as Moplahs were important trader classes on the West coast in South. Khatris, Bhatias <\/span>and Lohianas were important enterprises in Punjab and Brahmins in Maharashtra.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In his book \u2015Enrepreneurship-Concept, Nature and Need\u2016 M.M.P.Akhouri states that Entrepreneurship is the result of four dominant factors, the <\/span>socio economic system, the support system, the resource system, and seld sapphire system. these four systems are interrelated, interacting and constantly adjusted with each other. Planned efforts to develop entrepreneurs, therefore, require integrated efforts covering all the four systems. An attempt to effect change in one system neglecting others is bound to fail and the overall objective to develop entrepreneurship will not achieve.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

6.\u00a0 <\/strong>TEN ENTREPRENEURS WHO CHANGED THE FACE OF CORPORATE INDIA<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1)\u00a0<\/strong>Cowasjee Nanabhal Davar\u2014 The Inspiration To Invest<\/strong><\/p>\n

Davar inaugurated India\u2018s industrial revolution. In 1854, he set up India\u2018s first steam-powered textile mill in Bombay. Capitalized at Rs. 5 lakh, the Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company paid a 10 percent dividend for six years straight. Davar set the stage for the safety of industrial capital in India. Galvanized by his example, others too made industrial investments. Among them: the woods and the <\/span>tatas.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

2)\u00a0<\/strong>Sir Jamset Nusserwanji Tata\u2014The Father of India\u2019s Industrial Revolution<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tata was the first Indian to understand the significance of the industrial revolution. At his Swadeshi textile mill, he instituted pension funds and accident compensation. He believed India\u2018s progress hanged around steel hydroelectric power and technical education. He inspired <\/span>creation of the Indian Institute of Science\u2014formerly –Tata Institute\u2014in Bangalore. In 1900, when he was 60, he set up <\/span>jamshedpur Steelworks after learning steel-making in Europe.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

3)\u00a0<\/strong>V.O. Chidambaram Pillai\u2014The Steamships That Cried Freedom<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pillai was a nationalist who entered <\/span>business to prove a point as much as to make profits. His Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company Ltd. broke the monopoly of British shipping in coastal trade with Ceylon. VOC, as he was popularly called, was a radical Congressman who was arrested in March 1908 on <\/span>charge of <\/span>section. He was, finally released on 1912. Pillai inspired an entire generation of conservative southerners to plunge into business.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

4)\u00a0<\/strong>Rai Bhadur_Mohan Singh Oberoi\u2014The Brown Sahib\u2019s Opportunity<\/strong><\/p>\n

In1934 Oberoi mortgaged his wife\u2018s jewels while scratching together Rs. 20,000 to buy his British partner\u2018s stake in the Clarke\u2018s Hotel, Shimla. He put in money while the Britishers pulled <\/span>their out, and a decade later, he was the first Indian to run a hotel chain. In 1965, he opened the first five-star international hotel in India in Delhi. Thirty-four hotels in seven countries later, Oberois was the first real Indian multinational.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5)\u00a0<\/strong>Henning Hock Larsen\u2014The Dane Who Never Went Home<\/strong><\/p>\n

One of a small flock of Europeans who refused to quit India. Larsen and his partner Soren K.Toubro\u2014 both came here to <\/span>setup a cement plant for a British employer\u2014set up a company in 1938 that became India\u2018s pre-eminent engineering giant. Larsen knew independent India offered much scope for his company and his skills. Worth Rs. 5,400 crores today, Larsen\u2018s push to manufacture it at in India sparked off an engineering boom that hasn\u2018t quit. From nuclear plants to new necessaries, Larsen\u2018s stamp on India is indelible.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

6)\u00a0<\/strong>Dr. Verghese Kurien\u2014Father Of the Unlikely Entrepreneur<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dr. Kurien created Operation Flood, the largest dairy development programs in the world. He made\u00a0<\/span>India the world\u2018s largest milk producer. But most importantly, he put economic\u2017power in the hands of the producers, all 10 million families at last count. The Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers\u2018 Union, or Amul as India knows the giant, is modern and fleet enough to lord it over an array of multinational competitors. Humble farmers, and cowherds\u2014they all have a stake in one of the world\u2018s best dairy operations.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

7)\u00a0<\/strong>Karsanbhai Khodidas Patel\u2014The Power Of The Grassroots.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Patel knew no marketing, had no management qualifications and no collaborator, Indian or <\/span>foreign, when he created the first Indian brand to humble the best multinationals. The saga of this Gujarat government chemist began with a 12-yard shed in his backyard in 1969. Worth Rs. 2,440 crore today,\u00a0<\/span>Nirma\u2018s <\/span>cut price detergent shook the likes of Lever, Patel, who speaks little English, inspired legions of Davids to do entrepreneurial battle with India\u2018s corporate Goliaths.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

8)\u00a0<\/strong>Aditya Vikram -Y-Birla\u2014The First Mogul of Globalization<\/strong><\/p>\n

When MIT graduate <\/span>AdityaVikram Birla returned to India to be a part of his grandfather G.D.Birla\u2018s sprawling empire in the 1960s, he could have gone with the flow. But when it took Indian bureaucrats\u00a0<\/span>11 years to clear a refinery project, Birla did not believe it worth his while to work the license <\/span>raj. Instead, long before globalization became a buzz-word, he spread outward, setting up a textile mill in Thailand, later the world\u2018s largest palm oil refinery in Malaysia. When he died in 1995 his group had 17 companies in 14 countries.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

9) <\/strong>Dhirubhai Ambani\u2014 The Saga Of The New India.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Truly, an entrepreneur for <\/span>the, tumultuous new India. Poor son of Gujarat village school teacher reached Aden at age 17 and worked as <\/span>petrol station attendant. Mixing grand opportunism with extreme guile, he clambered his way up, manipulating the license raj to his advantage. He created an equity cult by going to millions of small investors when the big bankers refused him money. He adapted as easily to liberalization. At Rs. 60,000 crore, there\u2018s quite simply nothing larger than Reliance in India today.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

10. N.R. Narayana Murthy\u2014Messiah of the New Middle Class.<\/strong><\/p>\n

How many companies have 1,388 employees that are rupee millionaires and 72 that are dollar millionaires, including drivers and peons? Murthy\u2018s miracle is not just that he and seven professionals built a tech powerhouse from Rs. 10,000 as <\/span>initial investment in 1981. He did it with <\/span>middle class values\u2014hard work, humility, honesty <\/span>and innovation\u2014-and inspired uncountable thousands on <\/span>the good way to make money. And as the thousands clamoring to get into Infosys indicate, there is no better employer around.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

( Source: Adapted from Business Today, Jan 20, <\/span>2000 and The <\/span>economist , Indian <\/span>Entrepreneurs : 10 Greatest Businessman From History )<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/div>\n
Web resources<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
1. www.preservearticles.com<\/div>\n
2. www.yourarticlelibrary.com\/entrepreneur\/entrepreneurship…<\/div>\n
3. www.scribd.com\/doc\/32063073<\/div>\n
4. www.managementparadise.com\/forums\/entrepreneurship\/…<\/div>\n
5. www.transtutors.com<\/div>\n
6. en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Entrepreneurial_economicsCached<\/div>\n
7. www.squamble.com\/2009\/04\/11\/functions-of-an-entrepreneurCached<\/div>\n
8. www.innovationventures.sg\/Entrepreneurship-resources\/…<\/div>\n
9. www.publishyourarticles.net\/…<\/div>\n
10. smallbusiness.chron.com<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Points to ponder<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
i) The Entrepreneurial growth in India is as old as Rigveda when metal handicrafts existed in the society.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
ii) Although entrepreneurial talent was in abundance in the Indian businessmen, but India did not offer<\/div>\n
much scope for its development, that is why many traders migrated to various countries like Burma,<\/div>\n
Singapore and Kenya for the purpose of growth and trading.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
iii) Up to 1850, the major commercial and economic development in India centered on the growth of the<\/div>\n
British private enterprise in banking, insurance, steamships, plantations and coal mines.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
iv) After 1850 manufact\u00a0uring entrepreneurship came in to existence. In 1854, C. Davar established a<\/div>\n
cotton textile manufacturing unit in Bombay.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
v) First ship building industry was established by East India Company in Surat.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
vi) In the end of 19th\u00a0century, there were 18 jute mills and 51 cotton mills in India. In 1905, the \u2018Swadeshi\u2019 movement emphasized on indigenenous goods formed an important facet of nationalism and developing nationalism in the minds of Indians.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
vii) Major names of that era were Ghanshyam Das, Birla, Khatans, Goenka, Maf\u00a0atlal, Jejeebhoy, Gagalbhai, Kirloskar, Hirachand, Wadia, Godrej, L.K. Singhania, Gujarlal and Lala Shriram.<\/div>\n
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