{"id":34,"date":"2018-10-22T10:54:00","date_gmt":"2018-10-22T10:54:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mgmtp09.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&p=34"},"modified":"2018-10-26T06:44:17","modified_gmt":"2018-10-26T06:44:17","slug":"functions-and-need-of-entrepreneurs-distinction-between-entrepreneur-and-a-manager","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/mgmtp09\/chapter\/functions-and-need-of-entrepreneurs-distinction-between-entrepreneur-and-a-manager\/","title":{"rendered":"Functions and Need of Entrepreneurs, distinction between Entrepreneur and a Manager"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 1.\u00a0 <\/strong>Learning Outcome<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nAfter completing this module students will be able to:\r\n\r\ni.\u00a0 \u00a0Understand the functions of entrepreneur.\r\n\r\nii.\u00a0 Need of entrepreneur.\r\n\r\niii. Know the basic differences between entrepreneur and a manager.\r\n\r\niv. Understand the concept with the help of examples.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n2. Introduction<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

Entrepreneur is a person who launches his own venture. He <\/span>organises, manages and takes the risk of developing those new products or processes for which the market demand exists but these are not currently being supplied in the market. An entrepreneur bears the risk of a new venture if there is a chance to earn profits. He is a front man who brings together various factors of production and creates value by developing a new product or process. In <\/span>practice an entrepreneur performs all necessary functions right from the conception of an idea <\/span>upto the establishment of an enterprise.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

An entrepreneur is one who creates a new business in the face of risk and uncertainty for the purpose of achieving profit and growth by identifying significant opportunities and assembling the necessary resources to capitalize on them. He bears <\/span>risk, unites various factors of production and carries out innovations. An entrepreneur is a person who has possession of an enterprise, or venture and assumes significant accountability for the inherent risks and outcome. Entrepreneurs are people who have a talent for seeing opportunities and the abilities to develop those opportunities into <\/span>profit making businesses. It is usually said that entrepreneurs are wild risk takers. Yes, they take risks but only calculated ones. Innovation, creativity, leadership, <\/span>risk taking etc are some of the keys to being a successful entrepreneur.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Functions of an Entrepreneur: <\/strong>The functions of an entrepreneur are broadly classified in the following categories:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n(A) Entrepreneurial Functions<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n \r\n

1.\u00a0<\/strong>Innovation: <\/strong>Schumpeter defines entrepreneur as an innovator who introduces new combinations of means of production. In today\u201fs modern business innovation plays an important role. With his innovative ideas, entrepreneur introduces new products, creates new markets, applies new methods in the process of production and also discovers new and better sources of raw materials which help in increasing production on the one hand, and reduce the costs, on the other. Innovation implies new things or doing of things that are already being done in a new way. An entrepreneur continuously seeks to innovate and create value around perceived opportunities.<\/p>\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n

2.\u00a0<\/strong>Risk Taking: <\/strong>Risk taking is also the important function of an entrepreneur. Risk taking refers to take responsibility for loss that may occur due to unforeseen contingencies of the future. Entrepreneur assumes the risk of the business. Risk means uncertainty. It is the condition of not knowing the outcome of a decision or activity. He takes calculated risk and faces uncertainty confidently and assumes risk. An entrepreneur is a talented and skilful person who undertakes the risks of business. He visualises opportunities for introducing new ideas and handles economic uncertainty.<\/p>\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Organisational Building: <\/strong>J.B. Say defines the organising function of an entrepreneur as a function whereby the entrepreneur brings together various factors of production and ensures proper management as well. The purpose is to allocate productive resources in order to minimise losses and reduce the cost\u00a0of production. An entrepreneur formulates business plans, coordinates various activities of the business and also supervises these activities to ensure proper management of the enterprise. Thus <\/span>organisation and management function includes i) planning of an enterprise, ii) coordination, administration <\/span>and control and iii) routine type of supervision.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n(B) Promotional Functions<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n \r\n

Image source; pas-wordpress-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/shutterstock_185422997.jpg<\/p>\r\n \r\n

1.\u00a0<\/strong>Idea Evolving: <\/strong>The foremost function of an entrepreneur is to conceive the idea to start a profitable and rewarding venture. He should be competent enough to discover new and innovative ideas and commercially exploit them. The ideas could be effective utilization of natural resources or new venture with high profits or exploring new opportunities to increase the profitability of an existing enterprise. Then, generated ideas are analyzed after discussing its feasibility with the experts in terms of costs and benefits. The most beneficial idea is finally selected.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n

2.\u00a0<\/strong>Detailed Investigation: <\/strong>After confirming the feasibility in terms of costs and benefits entrepreneur will estimate total demand for the product. There may be certain players already in that type of market,\u00a0therefore he will <\/span>firstly determine his plan of action and then enters into the market. He will do a thorough analysis of various factors and come up with estimates. The primary components which he requires are men, material, money, machinery <\/span>and availability of power. So the estimate about these factors should be made and the possible sources of finances are also discussed in detail. The estimates should be based on proper analysis of different factors.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

3.\u00a0<\/strong>Assembling Requirements: <\/strong>When the entrepreneur sure that the proposed venture would be feasible and profitable for him, he proceeds to assemble the requirements. The entrepreneur selects the site of his factory, decides about <\/span>installation of plant and machinery and contacts suppliers of raw materials etc.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

4.\u00a0<\/strong>Financing: <\/strong>An entrepreneur estimates the requirements of finance at each stage. <\/span>Then various sources from where finance can be raised are tapped and evaluated so that it can be raised at <\/span>minimum cost of capital. Both short term and long term requirements of finance are determined and also arranged by the entrepreneur. An entrepreneur always tries to arrange finance at a lower cost and reasonable terms.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

(C)\u00a0 <\/strong>Managerial Functions:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n

\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n \r\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Planning: <\/strong>Planning is the most important managerial function of <\/span>entrepreneur. It is <\/span>pre-determined course of action to accomplish the given objectives of an enterprise. An entrepreneur has to decide in advance what is to be done, how it is to be done, when it is to be done, where it is to be done, by whom it is to be done and so on. Planning is the process of \u201ethinking before acting\u201f. Proper planning ensures <\/span>smooth running of the business enterprise. In the absence of planning other managerial functions of <\/span>entrepreneur like <\/span>organising, staffing, directing, coordinating and controlling can be accomplished.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

2.\u00a0<\/strong>Organising: <\/strong>The organizing function of an entrepreneur refers to bringing together various factors of production for the successful execution of his planning. He makes <\/span>objective selection of individuals in conformity with their skill in solving specific problem. They bring together various factors of production, minimise losses and reduce the cost of production. An entrepreneur formulates business plans and ensures their execution. An entrepreneur is one who combines various factors of production and then produces a product for market.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

3.\u00a0<\/strong>Staffing: <\/strong>This function of an entrepreneur involves the planning of human resource and its proper management. Thus it includes manpower planning i.e assessing manpower requirement in terms of quality and quantity, recruitment of right type of person for the right job, selection, training and development and appraisal system of personnel working in the enterprise. Staffing is a very important function of an entrepreneur because it is concerned with human beings whose <\/span>behaviour and actions cannot be predicted.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

4.\u00a0<\/strong>Directing: <\/strong>Direction is moving towards action and supplying simulative power to the group. For the successful execution of plans, an entrepreneur has to guide and supervise his subordinates. It is concerned with the manner in which <\/span>entrepreneur influences the actions of his subordinates. He should guide his employees to work efficiently to accomplish the pre-decided objectives of an enterprise.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

5.\u00a0<\/strong>Leadership: <\/strong>Leadership is the <\/span>ability build up confidence and zeal among people in an <\/span>organisation and to create an urge in them, to be led. An entrepreneur must have the ability to build successful teams and thus working in teams. He should be good at building and managing successful teams. Leadership quality is the most important characteristic of <\/span>entrepreneur. It is the process of influencing and supporting others to work enthusiastically towards achieving objectives.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

6.\u00a0<\/strong>Communication: <\/strong>Communication is also one of the major functions of an entrepreneur. An entrepreneur should be a good communicator and with his good communication <\/span>skills he should be able to convince others with his innovative thoughts and ideas. Good communication also means that both <\/span>sender and the receiver understand each other and are being understood i.e. the exchange of ideas, feelings, emotions, knowledge <\/span>and information. An entrepreneur who can effectively communicate with customers, employees, suppliers <\/span>and creditors will be more likely to succeed. Good Communication also improves the <\/span>behaviour of the subordinates and changes their actions.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

7.\u00a0<\/strong>Motivation: <\/strong>In general <\/span>terms motivation is the process of psychological process of creating urge among the subordinates to do certain things or behave in the desired manner. It is also <\/span>very important function\u00a0<\/span>of an entrepreneur. The workers cannot give their hundred percent unless they are <\/span>self motivated and their services are <\/span>recognised. The entrepreneur should adopt many strategies for motivating his subordinates. An entrepreneur has to motivate his subordinates and inspire them to achieve the\u00a0<\/span>objectives of <\/span>enterprise. Motivation can be given financially by providing enhancement in wages or salaries, distribution of bonus etc or it may be <\/span>non financial by providing recognition of employees\u201f work, workers participation in management, job security, better working conditions etc.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

8.\u00a0<\/strong>Coordinating: <\/strong>It is very important for an entrepreneur to coordinate the activities of various individuals in the <\/span>organisation for the achievement of common goals. The whole <\/span>organisation is divided into different departments or sections and each department has given a specific target to be achieved. It is the duty of the entrepreneur to coordinate the activities of all the departments and compare the performance of each department with <\/span>pre determined standards. If there is <\/span>difference between actual and standard, corrective measures should be undertaken.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

9.\u00a0<\/strong>Controlling: <\/strong>Controlling is also <\/span>very important function of <\/span>entrepreneur. In simple words, controlling means to see whether the activities have been performed in conformity with the plans or not. It is the process which enables <\/span>entrepreneur for the successful implementation of his policies and <\/span>take corrective action if performance is not according to the pre-determined standards. Planning is meaningless if it is not properly executed and controlled. The main purpose of controlling is to see whether the activity is achieving <\/span>desired results.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

(D)\u00a0 <\/strong>Commercial Functions:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n \r\n

1.\u00a0<\/strong>Production: <\/strong>An entrepreneur manages the activities of production including <\/span>designing of products, formulation of policies and plans and production administration. He also manages the ancillary activities which support the production function. He also invents new methods of production, new methods of production and design new packages. The overall success of the <\/span>organisation also depends upon the efficient performance of the production activities of an enterprise.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

2.\u00a0<\/strong>Marketing: <\/strong>Marketing is the sum of all those business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer. It is also an important function performed by an entrepreneur <\/span>alongwith other production and managerial functions. It includes <\/span>the functions like product planning, standardization, branding, packaging, labeling, storage, transportation, financing etc. The success of <\/span>marketing function is highly depending upon \u201emarketing mix\u201f. <\/span>Marketing mix is the combination of 4Ps i.e. Product, Price, Promotion and Place. An entrepreneur uses appropriate marketing mix to face the competition.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

3.\u00a0<\/strong>Accounting: <\/strong>The main thrust of any business enterprise is to earn profits and create wealth for the business. Accounting is the art of recording, classifying, summarising business transactions and interpreting the financial results thereof. Entrepreneur records business transactions in the books of original <\/span>entry, posts them into the ledger, makes the trial balance and <\/span>finalises the books of accounts by preparing Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet at the end of the year.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

4.\u00a0<\/strong>Finance: <\/strong>Finance is the <\/span>life blood and nerve <\/span>centre of a business irrespective of its size, kind or nature. Just as <\/span>circulation of blood is essential in the human body for maintaining life, finance is very essential for smooth running of the business. Finance is defined as the provision of money at the time, it is required. It is the art and science of managing money. Entrepreneur prepares the estimates for the\u00a0<\/span>requirement of funds. The funds may be required for short term and long term purposes. He needs <\/span>short term funds for working capital management and <\/span>long term funds for solvency position of his enterprise.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

4. Need for Entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Prof Joseph Schumpeter argues that entrepreneur leads the economy forward toward \u201eCreative destruction\u201f means developing new merchandise and technologies that make current goods and technologies obsolete. Such creative destruction is widely accepted by <\/span>the society as new products and technologies are better than those they replace.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n \r\n

The creative destruction process is initiated most effectively by start-up ventures that improve on what is currently available. Creative destruction or innovation is the entrepreneurship does. It is not only related to product or technologies but can include new pricing strategies, new distribution channels. Now a day it is assumed that one of the key conditions for unlocking economic growth is increasing entrepreneurial activity. So, it is said that economy is the effect for which entrepreneurship is the cause. It promotes self reliance and creates employment. It is also helpful in increasing the per capita income and capital formation. Thus Entrepreneurship has strong impact on an economy\u201fs strength and stability. With growing academic curiosity in entrepreneurship, recent research has concentrated on the reason for growth of entrepreneurship. Some of the reasons for the current growth of entrepreneurial activity are discussed below:<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\nEconomic Independence:<\/strong>\r\n

    \r\n \t
  • Entrepreneurs develop substitute goods being imported and thus prevent over-dependence on foreign countries and at the same time help in saving of precious foreign exchange.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Entrepreneurs through sale of their surplus products in foreign market, enable a country to earn foreign exchange.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Export promotion and import substitution always help in promoting economic independence of the economy.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

    \u00a0 Regional development<\/strong>: Entrepreneurs are felt to remove the regional disparities. It is due to entrepreneurship that industries are set in the rural and backward classes also. Government also provides various incentives, concessions and subsidies to remove regional imbalances in the country. It is firmly believed that more\u00a0industries always create more opportunities <\/span>of employment, more income and overall development of these regions.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

    \r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n \r\n

    Mobilizing resources of the Economy: <\/strong>All individuals who search business opportunities usually create wealth by entering into Entrepreneurship. The business as well as entrepreneur contributes in some or other way in an economy, may be in the form of product or services or boosting the GDP rates or tax contributions. Entrepreneur mobilizes the resources of the economy and makes optimum use of them.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n \r\n

    Deregulation and Privatization: <\/strong>It is evidence that liberal economic policies in china have led to phenomenal fuelled by entrepreneurs. The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe has led to thriving entrepreneurship in the new free market economies. Now companies have to deal with fewer licenses and fewer government\u00a0controls. Many <\/span>state owned enterprises have also been privatized leading to a greater role for the private sector in general and entrepreneur in particular. (Roy Rajiv, Oxford University Press)<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

    Generation of employment: <\/strong>Entrepreneurs generate employment both directly and indirectly. <\/span>Self employment as an entrepreneur directly creates employment and by setting up large and small scale business units employment for others are created. So entrepreneur heads nation towards better opportunities, which is a significant input to an economy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

    Research and Development: <\/strong>Entrepreneurs are innovators. So entrepreneurs contribute toward research and development.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

    Capital Formation: <\/strong>Entrepreneurs as an organizer of <\/span>factor of production employ his own as well as borrowed resources for the setting up of his enterprise. So in this <\/span>way he mobilizes idle saving of the public and put them to productive use and helps in capital formation which is so essential for the industries and economic development of the country.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

    Reducing Social Tension: <\/strong>Entrepreneur can help in channeling the talent of youth and educated people of the society in the right direction by providing them proper counseling and guidance, training and assistance for setting up their <\/span>enterprise, because unemployment amongst the youth and educated people is the major cause of social unrest in the society.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

    Last but not least, Entrepreneurs also promote country\u201fs export business that is an important to economic development. <\/span>Mr Rahul Bajaj, Chairman & Managing Director of Bajaj Auto Extols the need for and significance of entrepreneurs in India in these words: \u201cIf we could have an entrepreneur in every family, India\u201fs economy would <\/span>sky rocket. We would then be able to take our rightful place as an economic <\/span>super power in the community of nations. Entrepreneurs <\/span>creates jobs. They create wealth. They create products and services\u201d. A <\/span>cross country just like Japan and <\/span>Bangladesh, and cross-region just like Gujarat and Odessa examination confirm that with entrepreneurs we prosper, without <\/span>these we are poorer.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

    5. Difference between Entrepreneur and a Manager<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

    \r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nSometimes people used these two terms interchangeably, but they differ in their meaning. Some of the basis of difference on both is given below:\r\n\r\n \r\n

    1)\u00a0<\/strong>On the basis of Meaning: <\/strong>Basically Entrepreneurs are innovators whereas Manger keeps in managing the business on established rules, policies and procedures.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

    2) <\/strong>Risk-bearing: <\/strong>Entrepreneur is a moderate. He undertakes all risks and uncertainty of running his enterprise <\/span>because, entrepreneur being the owner of his enterprise. Whereas a Manager does not bear any risk as he is paid fixed salary.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

    3) <\/strong>Objective: <\/strong>The main objective of an entrepreneur is to start his own venture by setting up as a sole trader or firm or a company. He sets his own targets and continuously puts his efforts for achieving the goal-reward of the entire process in connection. Whereas the main motive of a manager <\/span>is give his services to an enterprise set up by entrepreneur and in return he gets fixed and certain salary.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

    4) <\/strong>Abilities: <\/strong>Creativity, innovation, desire for high achievement, intuition etc is the main abilities which are expected from Entrepreneurs. Public dealing abilities and conceptual abilities are the main abilities which are expected from Managers.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

    5) <\/strong>Decision-making: <\/strong>Entrepreneur takes all the decisions regarding expansion, diversification, take-over, mergers, capital budgeting, pricing policy etc. in <\/span>nutshell all strategic decisions are taken by <\/span>entrepreneur. Whereas managerial and operative decisions which have short term and medium term impact on results are taken by <\/span>manager.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

    6) <\/strong>Qualifications: <\/strong>In order to become entrepreneur no specific degree from university required. Qualities like foresightedness, risk-taking, hard work, innovative, decision making are <\/span>the more important. Whereas a <\/span>manger now a day\u201fs need to possess a professional degree in the stream of management and practice.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

    6. Summary: <\/strong>An entrepreneur is one who evaluates the new situations in his environment and directs the making of such adjustments in the economic systems as he deems necessary. He performs various functions right from the conception of an idea <\/span>upto the establishment of an enterprise. His functions are discussed in four categories i.e. entrepreneurial, promotional, managerial and commercial. In <\/span>broad sense, an entrepreneur may be described as a person who has the ability to explore the environment, identify opportunities for improvement, mobilize resources and implement actions to maximize those opportunities. He is considered <\/span>as an economic agent who unites all means of production to <\/span>maximise his profits by innovations.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n

    Suggested Readings:<\/strong><\/div>\r\n
    <\/div>\r\n
    (a) Gopakumar (1995): Entrepreneurship in economic thought: A Thematical Review, Journal of Entrepreneurship.<\/div>\r\n
    (b) Marshall Alfred (1936): Principles of Economics, Macmillan London.<\/div>\r\n
    (c) Kanungo, Rabindra N (1998) Entrepreneurship and Innovation (models for development), Sage Publications, New Delhi.<\/div>\r\n
    (d) Say, Jean - Baptiste (1827) A Treasure on Political Economy, A.M.Kelley, New York.<\/div>\r\n
    (e) Schumpeter, Joseph A.(1934) The Theory of Economic Development, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.<\/div>\r\n
    (f) Dr. S.S.Khanka: S. chand and company Ltd, New Delhi.<\/div>\r\n
    (g) Jagroop singh and Dr. Rajesh Marwaha: Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi<\/div>\r\n
    (h) Dr. C.B.Gupta and Dr.N.P.Shrinivasan: Sultan Chand and Sons, New Delhi<\/div>\r\n
    <\/div>\r\n
    Web resources<\/strong><\/div>\r\n
    <\/div>\r\n
    1. www.preservearticles.com<\/div>\r\n
    2. www.yourarticlelibrary.com\/entrepreneur\/entrepreneurship...<\/div>\r\n
    3. www.scribd.com\/doc\/32063073<\/div>\r\n
    4. www.managementparadise.com\/forums\/entrepreneurship\/...<\/div>\r\n
    5. www.transtutors.com<\/div>\r\n
    6. en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Entrepreneurial_economicsCached<\/div>\r\n
    7. www.squamble.com\/2009\/04\/11\/functions-of-an-entrepreneurCached<\/div>\r\n
    8. www.innovationventures.sg\/Entrepreneurship-resources\/...<\/div>\r\n
    9. www.publishyourarticles.net\/...<\/div>\r\n
    10. smallbusiness.chron.com<\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\n ","rendered":"
    \n

    \u00a0 \u00a0 1.\u00a0 <\/strong>Learning Outcome<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    After completing this module students will be able to:<\/p>\n

    i.\u00a0 \u00a0Understand the functions of entrepreneur.<\/p>\n

    ii.\u00a0 Need of entrepreneur.<\/p>\n

    iii. Know the basic differences between entrepreneur and a manager.<\/p>\n

    iv. Understand the concept with the help of examples.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    2. Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Entrepreneur is a person who launches his own venture. He <\/span>organises, manages and takes the risk of developing those new products or processes for which the market demand exists but these are not currently being supplied in the market. An entrepreneur bears the risk of a new venture if there is a chance to earn profits. He is a front man who brings together various factors of production and creates value by developing a new product or process. In <\/span>practice an entrepreneur performs all necessary functions right from the conception of an idea <\/span>upto the establishment of an enterprise.<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    An entrepreneur is one who creates a new business in the face of risk and uncertainty for the purpose of achieving profit and growth by identifying significant opportunities and assembling the necessary resources to capitalize on them. He bears <\/span>risk, unites various factors of production and carries out innovations. An entrepreneur is a person who has possession of an enterprise, or venture and assumes significant accountability for the inherent risks and outcome. Entrepreneurs are people who have a talent for seeing opportunities and the abilities to develop those opportunities into <\/span>profit making businesses. It is usually said that entrepreneurs are wild risk takers. Yes, they take risks but only calculated ones. Innovation, creativity, leadership, <\/span>risk taking etc are some of the keys to being a successful entrepreneur.<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    3.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Functions of an Entrepreneur: <\/strong>The functions of an entrepreneur are broadly classified in the following categories:<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    (A) Entrepreneurial Functions<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    1.\u00a0<\/strong>Innovation: <\/strong>Schumpeter defines entrepreneur as an innovator who introduces new combinations of means of production. In today\u201fs modern business innovation plays an important role. With his innovative ideas, entrepreneur introduces new products, creates new markets, applies new methods in the process of production and also discovers new and better sources of raw materials which help in increasing production on the one hand, and reduce the costs, on the other. Innovation implies new things or doing of things that are already being done in a new way. An entrepreneur continuously seeks to innovate and create value around perceived opportunities.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    2.\u00a0<\/strong>Risk Taking: <\/strong>Risk taking is also the important function of an entrepreneur. Risk taking refers to take responsibility for loss that may occur due to unforeseen contingencies of the future. Entrepreneur assumes the risk of the business. Risk means uncertainty. It is the condition of not knowing the outcome of a decision or activity. He takes calculated risk and faces uncertainty confidently and assumes risk. An entrepreneur is a talented and skilful person who undertakes the risks of business. He visualises opportunities for introducing new ideas and handles economic uncertainty.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    3.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Organisational Building: <\/strong>J.B. Say defines the organising function of an entrepreneur as a function whereby the entrepreneur brings together various factors of production and ensures proper management as well. The purpose is to allocate productive resources in order to minimise losses and reduce the cost\u00a0of production. An entrepreneur formulates business plans, coordinates various activities of the business and also supervises these activities to ensure proper management of the enterprise. Thus <\/span>organisation and management function includes i) planning of an enterprise, ii) coordination, administration <\/span>and control and iii) routine type of supervision.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

     <\/p>\n

    (B) Promotional Functions<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Image source; pas-wordpress-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/shutterstock_185422997.jpg<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    1.\u00a0<\/strong>Idea Evolving: <\/strong>The foremost function of an entrepreneur is to conceive the idea to start a profitable and rewarding venture. He should be competent enough to discover new and innovative ideas and commercially exploit them. The ideas could be effective utilization of natural resources or new venture with high profits or exploring new opportunities to increase the profitability of an existing enterprise. Then, generated ideas are analyzed after discussing its feasibility with the experts in terms of costs and benefits. The most beneficial idea is finally selected.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    2.\u00a0<\/strong>Detailed Investigation: <\/strong>After confirming the feasibility in terms of costs and benefits entrepreneur will estimate total demand for the product. There may be certain players already in that type of market,\u00a0therefore he will <\/span>firstly determine his plan of action and then enters into the market. He will do a thorough analysis of various factors and come up with estimates. The primary components which he requires are men, material, money, machinery <\/span>and availability of power. So the estimate about these factors should be made and the possible sources of finances are also discussed in detail. The estimates should be based on proper analysis of different factors.<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    3.\u00a0<\/strong>Assembling Requirements: <\/strong>When the entrepreneur sure that the proposed venture would be feasible and profitable for him, he proceeds to assemble the requirements. The entrepreneur selects the site of his factory, decides about <\/span>installation of plant and machinery and contacts suppliers of raw materials etc.<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    4.\u00a0<\/strong>Financing: <\/strong>An entrepreneur estimates the requirements of finance at each stage. <\/span>Then various sources from where finance can be raised are tapped and evaluated so that it can be raised at <\/span>minimum cost of capital. Both short term and long term requirements of finance are determined and also arranged by the entrepreneur. An entrepreneur always tries to arrange finance at a lower cost and reasonable terms.<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    (C)\u00a0 <\/strong>Managerial Functions:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    1.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Planning: <\/strong>Planning is the most important managerial function of <\/span>entrepreneur. It is <\/span>pre-determined course of action to accomplish the given objectives of an enterprise. An entrepreneur has to decide in advance what is to be done, how it is to be done, when it is to be done, where it is to be done, by whom it is to be done and so on. Planning is the process of \u201ethinking before acting\u201f. Proper planning ensures <\/span>smooth running of the business enterprise. In the absence of planning other managerial functions of <\/span>entrepreneur like <\/span>organising, staffing, directing, coordinating and controlling can be accomplished.<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    2.\u00a0<\/strong>Organising: <\/strong>The organizing function of an entrepreneur refers to bringing together various factors of production for the successful execution of his planning. He makes <\/span>objective selection of individuals in conformity with their skill in solving specific problem. They bring together various factors of production, minimise losses and reduce the cost of production. An entrepreneur formulates business plans and ensures their execution. An entrepreneur is one who combines various factors of production and then produces a product for market.<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    3.\u00a0<\/strong>Staffing: <\/strong>This function of an entrepreneur involves the planning of human resource and its proper management. Thus it includes manpower planning i.e assessing manpower requirement in terms of quality and quantity, recruitment of right type of person for the right job, selection, training and development and appraisal system of personnel working in the enterprise. Staffing is a very important function of an entrepreneur because it is concerned with human beings whose <\/span>behaviour and actions cannot be predicted.<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    4.\u00a0<\/strong>Directing: <\/strong>Direction is moving towards action and supplying simulative power to the group. For the successful execution of plans, an entrepreneur has to guide and supervise his subordinates. It is concerned with the manner in which <\/span>entrepreneur influences the actions of his subordinates. He should guide his employees to work efficiently to accomplish the pre-decided objectives of an enterprise.<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    5.\u00a0<\/strong>Leadership: <\/strong>Leadership is the <\/span>ability build up confidence and zeal among people in an <\/span>organisation and to create an urge in them, to be led. An entrepreneur must have the ability to build successful teams and thus working in teams. He should be good at building and managing successful teams. Leadership quality is the most important characteristic of <\/span>entrepreneur. It is the process of influencing and supporting others to work enthusiastically towards achieving objectives.<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    6.\u00a0<\/strong>Communication: <\/strong>Communication is also one of the major functions of an entrepreneur. An entrepreneur should be a good communicator and with his good communication <\/span>skills he should be able to convince others with his innovative thoughts and ideas. Good communication also means that both <\/span>sender and the receiver understand each other and are being understood i.e. the exchange of ideas, feelings, emotions, knowledge <\/span>and information. An entrepreneur who can effectively communicate with customers, employees, suppliers <\/span>and creditors will be more likely to succeed. Good Communication also improves the <\/span>behaviour of the subordinates and changes their actions.<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    7.\u00a0<\/strong>Motivation: <\/strong>In general <\/span>terms motivation is the process of psychological process of creating urge among the subordinates to do certain things or behave in the desired manner. It is also <\/span>very important function\u00a0<\/span>of an entrepreneur. The workers cannot give their hundred percent unless they are <\/span>self motivated and their services are <\/span>recognised. The entrepreneur should adopt many strategies for motivating his subordinates. An entrepreneur has to motivate his subordinates and inspire them to achieve the\u00a0<\/span>objectives of <\/span>enterprise. Motivation can be given financially by providing enhancement in wages or salaries, distribution of bonus etc or it may be <\/span>non financial by providing recognition of employees\u201f work, workers participation in management, job security, better working conditions etc.<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    8.\u00a0<\/strong>Coordinating: <\/strong>It is very important for an entrepreneur to coordinate the activities of various individuals in the <\/span>organisation for the achievement of common goals. The whole <\/span>organisation is divided into different departments or sections and each department has given a specific target to be achieved. It is the duty of the entrepreneur to coordinate the activities of all the departments and compare the performance of each department with <\/span>pre determined standards. If there is <\/span>difference between actual and standard, corrective measures should be undertaken.<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    9.\u00a0<\/strong>Controlling: <\/strong>Controlling is also <\/span>very important function of <\/span>entrepreneur. In simple words, controlling means to see whether the activities have been performed in conformity with the plans or not. It is the process which enables <\/span>entrepreneur for the successful implementation of his policies and <\/span>take corrective action if performance is not according to the pre-determined standards. Planning is meaningless if it is not properly executed and controlled. The main purpose of controlling is to see whether the activity is achieving <\/span>desired results.<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    (D)\u00a0 <\/strong>Commercial Functions:<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    1.\u00a0<\/strong>Production: <\/strong>An entrepreneur manages the activities of production including <\/span>designing of products, formulation of policies and plans and production administration. He also manages the ancillary activities which support the production function. He also invents new methods of production, new methods of production and design new packages. The overall success of the <\/span>organisation also depends upon the efficient performance of the production activities of an enterprise.<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    2.\u00a0<\/strong>Marketing: <\/strong>Marketing is the sum of all those business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer. It is also an important function performed by an entrepreneur <\/span>alongwith other production and managerial functions. It includes <\/span>the functions like product planning, standardization, branding, packaging, labeling, storage, transportation, financing etc. The success of <\/span>marketing function is highly depending upon \u201emarketing mix\u201f. <\/span>Marketing mix is the combination of 4Ps i.e. Product, Price, Promotion and Place. An entrepreneur uses appropriate marketing mix to face the competition.<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    3.\u00a0<\/strong>Accounting: <\/strong>The main thrust of any business enterprise is to earn profits and create wealth for the business. Accounting is the art of recording, classifying, summarising business transactions and interpreting the financial results thereof. Entrepreneur records business transactions in the books of original <\/span>entry, posts them into the ledger, makes the trial balance and <\/span>finalises the books of accounts by preparing Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet at the end of the year.<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    4.\u00a0<\/strong>Finance: <\/strong>Finance is the <\/span>life blood and nerve <\/span>centre of a business irrespective of its size, kind or nature. Just as <\/span>circulation of blood is essential in the human body for maintaining life, finance is very essential for smooth running of the business. Finance is defined as the provision of money at the time, it is required. It is the art and science of managing money. Entrepreneur prepares the estimates for the\u00a0<\/span>requirement of funds. The funds may be required for short term and long term purposes. He needs <\/span>short term funds for working capital management and <\/span>long term funds for solvency position of his enterprise.<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    4. Need for Entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Prof Joseph Schumpeter argues that entrepreneur leads the economy forward toward \u201eCreative destruction\u201f means developing new merchandise and technologies that make current goods and technologies obsolete. Such creative destruction is widely accepted by <\/span>the society as new products and technologies are better than those they replace.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    The creative destruction process is initiated most effectively by start-up ventures that improve on what is currently available. Creative destruction or innovation is the entrepreneurship does. It is not only related to product or technologies but can include new pricing strategies, new distribution channels. Now a day it is assumed that one of the key conditions for unlocking economic growth is increasing entrepreneurial activity. So, it is said that economy is the effect for which entrepreneurship is the cause. It promotes self reliance and creates employment. It is also helpful in increasing the per capita income and capital formation. Thus Entrepreneurship has strong impact on an economy\u201fs strength and stability. With growing academic curiosity in entrepreneurship, recent research has concentrated on the reason for growth of entrepreneurship. Some of the reasons for the current growth of entrepreneurial activity are discussed below:<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Economic Independence:<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Entrepreneurs develop substitute goods being imported and thus prevent over-dependence on foreign countries and at the same time help in saving of precious foreign exchange.<\/li>\n
    • Entrepreneurs through sale of their surplus products in foreign market, enable a country to earn foreign exchange.<\/li>\n
    • Export promotion and import substitution always help in promoting economic independence of the economy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u00a0 Regional development<\/strong>: Entrepreneurs are felt to remove the regional disparities. It is due to entrepreneurship that industries are set in the rural and backward classes also. Government also provides various incentives, concessions and subsidies to remove regional imbalances in the country. It is firmly believed that more\u00a0industries always create more opportunities <\/span>of employment, more income and overall development of these regions.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      \n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Mobilizing resources of the Economy: <\/strong>All individuals who search business opportunities usually create wealth by entering into Entrepreneurship. The business as well as entrepreneur contributes in some or other way in an economy, may be in the form of product or services or boosting the GDP rates or tax contributions. Entrepreneur mobilizes the resources of the economy and makes optimum use of them.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Deregulation and Privatization: <\/strong>It is evidence that liberal economic policies in china have led to phenomenal fuelled by entrepreneurs. The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe has led to thriving entrepreneurship in the new free market economies. Now companies have to deal with fewer licenses and fewer government\u00a0controls. Many <\/span>state owned enterprises have also been privatized leading to a greater role for the private sector in general and entrepreneur in particular. (Roy Rajiv, Oxford University Press)<\/span><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Generation of employment: <\/strong>Entrepreneurs generate employment both directly and indirectly. <\/span>Self employment as an entrepreneur directly creates employment and by setting up large and small scale business units employment for others are created. So entrepreneur heads nation towards better opportunities, which is a significant input to an economy.<\/span><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Research and Development: <\/strong>Entrepreneurs are innovators. So entrepreneurs contribute toward research and development.<\/span><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Capital Formation: <\/strong>Entrepreneurs as an organizer of <\/span>factor of production employ his own as well as borrowed resources for the setting up of his enterprise. So in this <\/span>way he mobilizes idle saving of the public and put them to productive use and helps in capital formation which is so essential for the industries and economic development of the country.<\/span><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Reducing Social Tension: <\/strong>Entrepreneur can help in channeling the talent of youth and educated people of the society in the right direction by providing them proper counseling and guidance, training and assistance for setting up their <\/span>enterprise, because unemployment amongst the youth and educated people is the major cause of social unrest in the society.<\/span><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Last but not least, Entrepreneurs also promote country\u201fs export business that is an important to economic development. <\/span>Mr Rahul Bajaj, Chairman & Managing Director of Bajaj Auto Extols the need for and significance of entrepreneurs in India in these words: \u201cIf we could have an entrepreneur in every family, India\u201fs economy would <\/span>sky rocket. We would then be able to take our rightful place as an economic <\/span>super power in the community of nations. Entrepreneurs <\/span>creates jobs. They create wealth. They create products and services\u201d. A <\/span>cross country just like Japan and <\/span>Bangladesh, and cross-region just like Gujarat and Odessa examination confirm that with entrepreneurs we prosper, without <\/span>these we are poorer.<\/span><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      5. Difference between Entrepreneur and a Manager<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      \n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Sometimes people used these two terms interchangeably, but they differ in their meaning. Some of the basis of difference on both is given below:<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      1)\u00a0<\/strong>On the basis of Meaning: <\/strong>Basically Entrepreneurs are innovators whereas Manger keeps in managing the business on established rules, policies and procedures.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      2) <\/strong>Risk-bearing: <\/strong>Entrepreneur is a moderate. He undertakes all risks and uncertainty of running his enterprise <\/span>because, entrepreneur being the owner of his enterprise. Whereas a Manager does not bear any risk as he is paid fixed salary.<\/span><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      3) <\/strong>Objective: <\/strong>The main objective of an entrepreneur is to start his own venture by setting up as a sole trader or firm or a company. He sets his own targets and continuously puts his efforts for achieving the goal-reward of the entire process in connection. Whereas the main motive of a manager <\/span>is give his services to an enterprise set up by entrepreneur and in return he gets fixed and certain salary.<\/span><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      4) <\/strong>Abilities: <\/strong>Creativity, innovation, desire for high achievement, intuition etc is the main abilities which are expected from Entrepreneurs. Public dealing abilities and conceptual abilities are the main abilities which are expected from Managers.<\/span><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      5) <\/strong>Decision-making: <\/strong>Entrepreneur takes all the decisions regarding expansion, diversification, take-over, mergers, capital budgeting, pricing policy etc. in <\/span>nutshell all strategic decisions are taken by <\/span>entrepreneur. Whereas managerial and operative decisions which have short term and medium term impact on results are taken by <\/span>manager.<\/span><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      6) <\/strong>Qualifications: <\/strong>In order to become entrepreneur no specific degree from university required. Qualities like foresightedness, risk-taking, hard work, innovative, decision making are <\/span>the more important. Whereas a <\/span>manger now a day\u201fs need to possess a professional degree in the stream of management and practice.<\/span><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      6. Summary: <\/strong>An entrepreneur is one who evaluates the new situations in his environment and directs the making of such adjustments in the economic systems as he deems necessary. He performs various functions right from the conception of an idea <\/span>upto the establishment of an enterprise. His functions are discussed in four categories i.e. entrepreneurial, promotional, managerial and commercial. In <\/span>broad sense, an entrepreneur may be described as a person who has the ability to explore the environment, identify opportunities for improvement, mobilize resources and implement actions to maximize those opportunities. He is considered <\/span>as an economic agent who unites all means of production to <\/span>maximise his profits by innovations.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Suggested Readings:<\/strong><\/div>\n
      <\/div>\n
      (a) Gopakumar (1995): Entrepreneurship in economic thought: A Thematical Review, Journal of Entrepreneurship.<\/div>\n
      (b) Marshall Alfred (1936): Principles of Economics, Macmillan London.<\/div>\n
      (c) Kanungo, Rabindra N (1998) Entrepreneurship and Innovation (models for development), Sage Publications, New Delhi.<\/div>\n
      (d) Say, Jean – Baptiste (1827) A Treasure on Political Economy, A.M.Kelley, New York.<\/div>\n
      (e) Schumpeter, Joseph A.(1934) The Theory of Economic Development, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.<\/div>\n
      (f) Dr. S.S.Khanka: S. chand and company Ltd, New Delhi.<\/div>\n
      (g) Jagroop singh and Dr. Rajesh Marwaha: Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi<\/div>\n
      (h) Dr. C.B.Gupta and Dr.N.P.Shrinivasan: Sultan Chand and Sons, New Delhi<\/div>\n
      <\/div>\n
      Web resources<\/strong><\/div>\n
      <\/div>\n
      1. www.preservearticles.com<\/div>\n
      2. www.yourarticlelibrary.com\/entrepreneur\/entrepreneurship…<\/div>\n
      3. www.scribd.com\/doc\/32063073<\/div>\n
      4. www.managementparadise.com\/forums\/entrepreneurship\/…<\/div>\n
      5. www.transtutors.com<\/div>\n
      6. en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Entrepreneurial_economicsCached<\/div>\n
      7. www.squamble.com\/2009\/04\/11\/functions-of-an-entrepreneurCached<\/div>\n
      8. www.innovationventures.sg\/Entrepreneurship-resources\/…<\/div>\n
      9. www.publishyourarticles.net\/…<\/div>\n
      10. smallbusiness.chron.com<\/div>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["dr-vishal-kumar"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[58],"license":[],"class_list":["post-34","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-dr-vishal-kumar"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/mgmtp09\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/34","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/mgmtp09\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/mgmtp09\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/mgmtp09\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/mgmtp09\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/34\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":287,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/mgmtp09\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/34\/revisions\/287"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/mgmtp09\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/mgmtp09\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/34\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/mgmtp09\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/mgmtp09\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=34"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/mgmtp09\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=34"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/mgmtp09\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=34"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}