9 TECHNICAL PROCESSING
Dr Rama Patnaik
I. OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the unit/module are to:
- Explain the need of technical processing of library material;
- State the purpose of library classification and escribe the need of notation in library classification;
- List the various schemes of library classification available in libraries for organizing library collection; and explain the concept of main classes in DDC and CC;
- Explain the use of cataloguing of library material and describe about a library catalogue and cataloguing;
- Demonstrate the role of MARC 21, Dublin Core and AACR2R in cataloguing; and explain latest developments in library cataloguing.
II. Learning Outcomes
After going through this unit/module, you would learn about the need of technical processing of library material; the purpose of library classification; the need of notation in library classification; various schemes of library classification available in libraries for organizing library collection; the concept of main classes in DDC and CC; use of cataloguing of library material; the role of MARC 21, Dublin Core and AACR2R in cataloguing; and latest developments in library cataloguing.
III. Structure
1. Introduction
1.1. Need of technical processing
1.2. Steps
2. Library classification
3.1 Purpose of library classification
3.2 Notation
3.3 Call number
3.4 Schemes of library classification
3. Cataloguing
3.1 Genesis and evolution of cataloguing codes and rules
3.2 Machine readable formats
3.3 Aacr2r( 2002)
3.4 Choice of access points
3.5 Authority control
3.6 Subject headings latest developments
4 Summary
5 References
1. Introduction
Technical Processing Section plays a key role to carry out functions of any library. The journey of every document in the library to reach its readers starts from the acquisition section. It is the technical section that acquires the documents and prepares these for use by the users. It, therefore, acts as a bridge between the acquisition of documents to their circulation. This section attends to all technical activities by the professional/technical staff of the library. The activities done here are chiefly classification; cataloguing; physical processing; shelving; and filing of library material.
1.1 Need of technical processing
Library materials go through the process of technical processing so that they can be located, used, and returned to the library from which they originated. The need for technical processing has been brought about by a number of factors, which are:
– Tremendous growth of information resulting in production of a variety of library materials,
– Necessity of categorization of universe of knowledge,
– Arranging information in such a way that subject specialization is maintained,
– Systematic arrangement of documents facilitates easy storage and retrieval, and
– Satisfaction of users’ needs.
In addition to the above, several tools have been developed for technical processing of documents, especially for arrangement and management of collection. These are the vocabulary control devices like the classification schemes, thesauri, cataloguing codes, subject heading lists, etc. These tools help in preparation of modern information services and products.
1.2 Steps
The steps involved in technical processing vary in each library. The processing steps usually vary by type of library. Within a library different types of material may be processed in different ways. Basic steps of technical processing of library material are as follows:
a) Classification
b) Cataloguing
c) Preparation of Shelf list
d) Labelling the documents
In this Module, we will discuss classification and cataloguing – the two main steps of technical processing.
2. Library Classification
Organization of library collection for easy retrieval can be traced to university libraries of the late middle ages as monastery libraries of that time were small and did not need any classification. It was at the beginning of 16th century when librarians started devising various classification schemes for arrangement of books. During the growth of libraries and their use in the 19th century, one of best known efforts which stands apart to classify universe of knowledge was by Thomas Jefferson, the third President of United States. He adapted Francis Bacon outline of knowledge to arrange his own library and had planned to arrange the libraries of University of Virginia and College of William and Mary.
Soon many followed the Baconian system which classified materials on three faculties; History, Philosophy and Poetry. T. M. Harris, librarian at Harvard, Edward William Johnson of College of South Caroline were among them. William Terry Harris also followed but inverted the Baconian system and created independent American Classification.
It was in 1876 that Melvil Dewey devised his famous classification known as Dewey Decimal Classification which was largely based on W. T. Harris system. It is not only the oldest but also the most widely used classification system in the world. The first edition was issued anonymously under the title A Classification and Subject index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library. The second edition was published under Dewey’s name and after going through several changes, it has now the 22nd edition which was published in 2004. Presently, the online version of Dewey called Web Dewey (www.oclc.org/dewey/version/dewey) includes all content from 22nd edition as well as quarterly updates.
Library materials are classified for several reasons. One reason is that it is difficult to find library material unless each item has a place where it belongs. Secondly, library classification helps to locate the materials available in the library. Thirdly, classification makes a collection browse-able by placing items of similar topics together. And lastly, with a classification number on each library item, staff can easily return materials to the shelves for enabling availability for the next user. The main function of every library thus is to provide reading material to users. As this benefits the users, library classification by subject is essential.
Library classification is defined as “grouping of documents having same or like subject content. It is a system of arrangement adopted by libraries to enable users to find their materials quickly and easily.” All the books, irrespective of their size, no matter when written, are naturally grouped together when they belong to the same subject. Therefore, library classification by subject is essential for all library material.
2.1 Purpose of library classification
The chief purpose of library classification is to facilitate use of reading material. It is, therefore, essential that library classification should make the documents readily available to the users whenever required by them. This is due to the fact that classification helps to arrange documents in the most convenient order.
Various purposes of library classification are:
a) To arrange library material in a manner helpful to the users and the library staff,
b) To replace the materials in their proper place on the shelves after use by the users,
c) To facilitate removal of unwanted material from the shelves,
d) To ensure that there is scope to place newly acquired material on the shelves in their proper place,
e) To place material on the shelves as indicated/shown by the library catalogue, and
f) To provide every documents an individual class number, so it has an individual number.
The two main functions of library classification are shelf arrangement and notation. Shelf arrangement will be discussed in Module on ‘Shelving, Maintenance and Preservation’.
2.2 Notation
Notation is defined as a system of numbers used to represent the classes (subjects) in a library classification scheme. It is essential in every scheme of classification as it serves as a symbol in place of a term. As notation makes up the class number, it can be described as the standard abbreviation of the classification scheme. The system of providing notation is referred to as notational system. The notational system consists of:
– Arabic numerals
– Roman letters, both small and caps
– Punctuation marks
– Mathematical symbols
These symbols may, however, vary from one classification scheme to another. A good notation should have the following qualities:
a) Simplicity- it should be simple, easy to read, write and remember.
b) Brevity – it should be brief.
c) Pronounceable – it should be pronounced easily.
| Example: | ||
| Subject | Notation in DDC | Notation in CC |
| Education | 370 | T |
| Chemistry | 540 | E |
| Library Science | 020 | 2 |
| History | 900 | V |
2.3 Call number
In addition to the notation from the classification scheme, library items should also be given an author indicator, made up of letters or letters and numbers that indicate the author’s last name. Some libraries may also add a title indicator, date of publication, and/or a copy number. All of these elements together form what is called a Call Number.
The purpose of the call number is to provide the address for an item in the library. This address is where the staff will be sure to shelve the item, and where the user can look for the item. This address also allows a user to browse the collection to find all of the available items on any given topic. The idea of creating this address, or call number, for each item in the library is that each item can only have one address. It becomes the cataloguer’s job to determine the specific focus of the item being catalogued, and group various materials dealing with the same topic together, creating an organized, browse-able collection.
The call number consists of class number, book number and collection number. Thus,
Call Number = Class Number + Book Number + Collection Number Examples
A book entitled Principles of Physics by R. K. Kapoor will have the following call number according to Dewey Decimal Classification.
D 530 KAP
Here, D = Collection Number for main collection for lending to users
530 = Class Number for Physics
KAP = Book Number from first three letters of author’s surname
A book entitled Elementary education by P. K. Vishwas published in 1992 will have the following call number according to Colon Classification.
T15 N92 TD
Here, T15= Class Number for Elementary Education
N92= Book Number according to year of publication, i.e., 1992
TD = Collection Number, indicating that book belongs of Education
Department (as per a table given in Colon Classification Schedules)
2.4 Schemes of library classification
There are several classification schemes in use worldwide. Popular ones among them are:
– BLISS Bibliographic Classification (BC)
– Colon Classification (CC)
– Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)
– Library of Congress Classification (LC)
– Universal Decimal Classification (UDC)
Of the above, two classification systems most commonly used in Indian libraries are the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) Scheme, and the Colon Classification Scheme (CC). Dewey is based on a numerical breakdown of all topics, and the Colon Classification Scheme is made up of an alphanumerical subject organization.
Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)
Basic Format This classification scheme, designed by Melville Dewey in 1876, is used by most of the libraries all over the world. It is an enumerative scheme of classification as most of the subjects can be assigned numbers directly from the schedules. Dewey divided universe of knowledge into ten main classes with further subdivisions accompanied by decimal notation. This notation repeats patterns and develops subjects with parallel construction. It also repeats standard subdivisions so that it is easy to browse the shelves in a logical manner. Dewey Decimal Classification is published in four volumes. The first volume provides introduction with detailed explanation of schedules, tables and instructions in classifying and building numbers. Volume 2 and 3 enumerate the schedules. Fourth volume is relative index, which is original contribution of Melvil Dewey. The universe of knowledge is divided into 10 subject areas called main classes and each main class is again subdivided into 10 more sub classes and so on. There are many classifier notes that explain changes in schedules and tables, instruction on number building, prescribe citation and preference order and explanation of options. Among the tables, numbers in table one (standard subdivisions) are the only ones which can be added without any specific instructions.
The online version of Dewey called as Web Dewey (www.oclc.org/dewey/version/dewey) includes all content from 22nd edition as well as quarterly updates. One of the biggest advantages of online version is the mapping of DDC to Library of Congress Subject Headings and links from mapped LCSH to the LCSH authority records. Extensive use of hyperlinks also provides faster access to related records and entries in the manual.
Arrangement of classes in DDC is based on disciplines rather than subjects. The main feature of DDC are:
– The use of pure Arabic numerals in notation;
– The use of decimal to specify subject terms that is specific;
– The scheme is compact and available in four volumes.
– Availability of mnemonic devices that facilitates easy recall of classification number;
– DDC employs three minimum digits to the left of the decimal; and
– Availability of relative index to the diverse material in the schedule.
Main Classes of DDC DDC arranges universe of knowledge into 10 broad classes. Each main class is divided into 10 divisions, and each division is further divided into 10 sub-divisions until all the subject terms have been specified.The first summary contains the 10 main classes. The first digit in each three digit number represents the main class.
000 Generalities
100 Philosophy & psychology
200 Religion
300 Social sciences
400 Language
500 Natural sciences and mathematics
600 Technology (Applied sciences)
700 The arts
800 Literature & rhetoric
900 Geography & History
Example 500 represents natural sciences and mathematics.
The second summary contains the hundred divisions. The second digit in each three-digit number indicates the division.
Example
500 is used for general works on the sciences, 510 for mathematics, 520 for astronomy, 530 for physics.
The third summary contains the thousand sections. The third digit in each three-digit number indicates the section.
Example
530 is used for general works on physics, 531 for classical mechanics, 532 for fluid mechanics, 533 for gas mechanic.
A decimal point follows the third digit in a class number, after which division by ten continues to the specific degree of classification needed.
| Examples: | |
| Book Selection in Public Libraries | 025.21 |
| Types of Book Binding | 686.3 |
In addition to numbers given in the schedules, seven tables can also be used for number building. These tables are given below:
Table-1: Standard Subdivisions
Table-2: Geographic Areas, Historical Periods, Persons
Table-3: Subdivisions for the Arts, for Individual Literatures, for Specific Literary Forms
Table-3A:
Table-3B:
Subdivisions for Works by or about Individual Authors Subdivisions for Works by or about More than One Author
Table-3C:
Notation to be Added Where Instructed in Table3B, 700.4, 791.4, 808-809
Table-4: Subdivisions of Individual Languages and Language Families
Table-5: Racial, Ethnic and National Groups
Table-6: Languages
Table 7: Groups of Persons
Colon Classification (CC) Colon Classification scheme was designed in 1933 by Dr. SR Ranganathan. CC is an analytico-synthetic scheme. The schedule of CC consists of certain standard unit schedules. By combining the numbers in different unit schedules, class numbers can be constructed for any subject. The universe of knowledge is divided on basis of subjects known as Main Classes.
The first edition of the scheme was brought out in 1933 and the seventh edition is the latest edition. But the 7th edition is not much in use. The 6th edition is widely used. For this reason, we will know here about the 6th edition of CC, which was first published in 1960 and revised in 1963.
Main Classes of CC The Main Classes of CC 6th revised edition are presented
| Examples: | |
| Library Science | 2 |
| Public Library | 22 |
| Engineering drawing | D:4 |
3. Cataloguing
Technical processing, especially cataloguing has undergone a huge transformation in the last two decades especially after the introduction of items in digital and multimedia formats in the library collection. However, the three standards which continue to have universal appeal among libraries of the world before the advent of FRBR and RDA are ISBD, AACR2 and MARC21.
The term catalogue refers to a list of books, maps and other items in the library arranged in a specific order for user to retrieve these items from their shelving location. According to ODLIS, catalogue refers to “a comprehensive list of the books,periodicals, maps, and other materials in a given collection, arranged in systematic order to facilitate retrieval (usually alphabetically by author, title, and/or subject).”
The main objective of the catalogue is to enable users to a number of approaches to access points to the information contained in the collection. In other words, the main objective of the catalogue as modified by Bohdan S. Wynar in Introduction to Cataloging and Classification (8th ed., 1992), which was earlier stated by Charles C. Cutter in Rules for a Dictionary Catalog (1904), is to enable the user to find a resource through the following access points:
– Author
– Title
– Subject
– By a given authors
– On a given subject or related subjects
– In a given kind of literature
– As to the bibliographic edition
– As to its character (literary or topical)
Cataloguing is thus a process which includes identifying bibliographic description, subject and class number for description of an item in the collection
3.1 Genesis and evolution of cataloguing codes and rules
The first cataloguing rules were prepared by individuals who laid the foundation for all the codes and rules developed in early twentieth century. Anthony Pannizzi of British Museum known for his 91 rules and Charles Ami Cutter, a Librarian at Boston Athenaeum also created an important set of rules, “Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue’ in 1903. Cutter’s rules were comprehensive with regard to subject access and files as these were for description, name and title access.
However, in early twentieth century, organisations and committees took over the mantle in developing codes and rules. Library of Congress developed a list of subject headings under Margaret Mann. Rules for descriptive cataloguing progressed through a number of manifestations. Some of the cataloguing rules are:
– LC rules for printed cards (1889-1930s)
– ALA and British Library Association catalogue rules (1908)
– ALA Cataloguing Rules (1941)
– ALA Cataloguing Rules for Author and Title Entries (1949)
– LC Rules for Descriptive Cataloguing (1949)
– AACR (1967)
– AACR 2(1978)
– ACR Revised 2nd Edition ( AACR3R98)
– ACR2R2002
Today, libraries extensively follow AACR cataloguing rules which are heavily oriented towards academic and research libraries. It incorporates rules for entry and heading, description and cataloguing of non-book materials. Ever since its origin in 1967, it has undergone three revisions, 1978, 1998 and 2002. It was the first code which emphasized on the choice of access points as a separate activity from the construction of heading used for any access points chosen. General principles became the basis for the rules for choice of main entry.
a) Entry should be under author or principal author when once can be determined.
b) Entry should be made under title in the case of works whose authorship is diffuse, indeterminate or unknown.
3.2 Machine readable formats
MARC 21 has a legacy of history of more than forty years with more than fifty formats developed across the world including INDMARC from India. It all began with Library of Congress which started automating catalogue records and sent data to 16 libraries on magnetic tape. British National Bibliography around that time started a similar initiative. The success of both the projects led to MARC I project. Both the countries had their own formats USMARC AND UKMARC. But in the year 200,1 UK adapted a harmonised US and Canada format known as MARC 21. It is one the formats which continues to appeal universally to libraries of all types to exchange bibliographic data
Marc 21 is a format and not the code and it has three parts:
- Leader: The leader identifies the beginning of new records and provides information for processing of the record.
- Directory: it consists of series of entities that contain the tag, length and starting location of each variable field within the record.
- Variable Fields: The data in a MARC record is organized into variable fields, each identified by a three-character numeric tag that is stored in the Directory entry for the field. Each field ends with a field terminator character.
There are two types of variable fields:
– Variable control fields
– Variable data fields
These carry traditional cataloguing data or elements. Bibliographic information is entered in the fields both for access points and descriptive cataloguing
A MARC record is a collection of fields and each field contains a unit of information within a records. Each field may contain one or more subfields. A tag in MARC 21 consists of indicators and subfields which are receded by a single character code (either\or ! ).
Lois Mai Chan identifies five types of MARC 21 formats:
1) MARC 21 for bibliographic data: for encoding bibliographic information in records.
2) MARC 21 for Authority data: for encoding authority data collected in authority records.
3) MARC 21 for Classification data: for encoding data elements related to classification numbers.
4) MARC 21 for holding data: for encoding data elements in holding records that show the holdings.
5) MARC 21 for community information: for encoding data in records that contain information about events, programs and services and the like for integration with bibliographic records.
| MARC Tag | Main Entry |
| 001-008 | Control Fields |
| 01X-04X | Number & Code fields |
| 05X-08X | Classification & Call Numbers |
| 1XX | Main Entry |
| 20X-24X | Title & Title related field |
| 25X-286 | Edition, Imprint Etc. |
| 3XX | Physical Description |
| 4XX | Series Statement Fields |
| 50X-53X | Note Fields |
| 53X-59X | Note Fields |
| 6XX | Subject Access Fields |
| 7XX | Added Entry Fields |
| 76X-78X | Linking Entry Fields |
| 80X-830 | Series Added Entry |
| 841-88X | Holding, Alternate, Graphics etc. Field |
| 9xx – 999 | Local information |
Dublin Core Dublin Core metadata initiative is a set of terms that can be used for both web and physical resources. It is a collaborative effort between OCLC and NCSA (National Centre for Computing Applications) in 1990s. Now, it is a non-profit organisation located at the National library of Singapore. Dublin Core consist of 15 elements for describing resources. It is widely used for digital repositories hosted in Eprints or Dspace formats.
1. CREATOR
2. CONTRIBUTOR
3. PUBLISHER
4. TITLE
5. DATE
6. LANGUAGE
7. FORMAT
8. SUBJECT
9. DESCRIPTION
10. IDENTIFIER
11. RELATION
12. SOURCE
13. TYPE
14. COVERAGE
15. RIGHT MANAGEMENT
Dublin core metadata vocabularies distinguish four types of terms:
a) Properties: are called metadata fields such dc: title, dc:creatoretc
b) Classes: groups of resources having certain properties in common and therefore put together as on concept dc:mitype:Collection
c) Data types: are the syntax rules that specify how a value has be structured.
d) E.gdc:term: W3CDTF for data specification
Vocabulary encoding scheme identifies controlled vocabularies such as thesauri, classification schemes, subject heading, and taxonomies.
MODS MODS is another metadata created by Library of Congress network development and MARC standard’s Office. It is derived from MARC 21, but unlike MARC 21 it uses text instead of numeric tags. It offers more granularities in its data structure.
3.3 AACR2R( 2002)
Selected rules of AACR 2 R (With Examples) The first chapter of AACR2R covers description in general which is applicable to all types of materials. AACR 2R prescribes title page of the resource or item as the chief source of information, which provides major data for bibliographic description of the resource. If it is not found or difficult for bibliographic description to ascertain, AACR prescribes for alternate sources. The chief source of information varies according to the type of resource. Appendix 1 provides list illustrating chief sources of information for various types of information resources/item.
Description There are eight areas of description which is based on ISBD (Gen) framework.
In this section, rules for description along with corresponding MARC 21 TAG are illustrated with examples.
(i) Title and Statement of Responsibility: MARC 21 TAG 245 According to AACR 2R, Title and Statement of Responsibility should be obtained from chief source of information, but if the resources lack a title proper, one may be supplied by the other sources or provided by the cataloguer. Phrases and words which serve as introduction to the title are not be transcribed as part of title proper. This area comprises:
– Title proper ( subfield a)
– Remainder of the title (subfield b)
– General material designation ( subfield h)
– Statement of responsibility ( subfield c)
Examples
| 245 | \a Portals to the world.\p Selected Internet
resources.\p Maldives\ h[electronic resource] / \c created and maintained by the Asian Division, Area Studies Directorate. |
| 245 | \a Prentice Books archives. \p Underwood biographical dictionary.\n Volumes 1 & 2 revised \h[electronic resource] /\c Laverne Moore. |
| 245 | \a Focus on grammar \h[electronic resource] : \b basic level.
|
(ii) Edition: MARC 21 TAG 250
The edition statement may be obtained from the chief source of information and rendered in abbreviated and numeral form as given in the Appendix B and Appendix C of AACR2R. Edition area covers:
– Edition statement ( subfield a)
– Statement of responsibility pertaining to the edition ( subfield b)
| 250 |
\a 4th ed. / \b revised by J.G. Le Mesurier and E. Mcdonald, Repr. with corrections. |
| 250 | \a Rev. ed. / \b with revisions, an introduction, and a chapter on writing by E.B. White, 2nd ed. / with the assistance of Eleanor Gould Packard.
|
| 250 | \a Rev. ed. / \b with revisions, an introduction, and a chapter on writing by E.B. White, 2nd ed. / with the assistance of Eleanor Gould Packard. |
(iii) Material Specific Details
Material specific details area is relevant for serials. It is transcribed as it appears on the first or last issue or part of the serial using standard abbreviations.
| 362 | \aVol. 1, no. 1 (Apr. 1981)- |
| 362 | \a1968- |
| 362 | \aVol. 1, no. 1 (Apr. 1983)-v. 1, no. 3 (June 1983). |
| 362 | \aCeased with 2 (1964). |
the names are to be rendered, each separated by space semicolon space. This area comprises of:
a) Name of the publisher, distributor
b) Publication area
c) Date of publication. ( MARC 21 TAG 260)
The date of publication of the edition that is catalogued is to be given preceded by space and comma. If the date of publication and distribution is not given, copyright date may be used. If no date is found, cataloguer is instructed to give an appropriate date rendered within square brackets followed by a ?mark.
Examples
| 260 | \aNew York, N.Y. : \bElsevier, \c1984. |
| 260 | [S.l.] : \bInsight Press, \c1981. |
| 260 | Belfast [i.e. Dublin] : \b[s.n.], \c1946 [reprinted 1965] |
| 260 | \a[S.l. : \bs.n., \c [15–?] |
| 260 | \aNew York ; \aBerlin : \bSpringer Verlag, \c1977 |
| 260 | \aParis : \bVincent, \c1798 \a[i.e. Bruxelles : \bMoens, \c1883] |
(v) Physical description
It is transcribed in abbreviated form as provided. This area consists of:
a) Extent of item ( subfield a)
b) Other physical details ( subfield b)
c) Dimensions ( subfield c)
d) Accompanying materials ( subfield e )
Examples
| 300 | \a11 v. : \bill. ; \c24 cm. |
| 300 | \a1 sound disc (20 min.) : \banalog, 33 1/3 rpm, stereo. ; \c12 in. |
| 300 | \a1 videocassette of 1 (Beta) (30 min.) : \bsd., col. ; \c1/2 in. \3(2 copies) |
| 300 | \a271 p. : \bill. ; \c21 cm. + \eatlas (37 p., 19 leaves
of plates : 19 col. maps ; 37 cm.) |
(vi) Series
| 490 | \aDepartment of the Army pamphlet ; \v27-50 \aDepartment of State publication; \v7846. \aDepartment |
| 490 | and Foreign Service series ; \v128
\aLund studies in geography,\x1400-1144 ;\v101\aSer. B, |
| 490 | Human geography,\x0076-1478 ;\v48 |
| 490 | \aMap / Geological Survey of Alabama ; \v158, plate 3 |
(vii) Note
Notes area provides flexibility to the cataloguer to transcribe information about a resource which augments the formal description of the resource. The order of the note data should be in the same of areas of description.
| 500 | General Note | \aRecast in bronze from artist’s plaster original of 1903 |
| 500 | General Note | aThree-dimensional film: Natural vision |
| 501 | With Note | \aWith: The reformed school / John Dury. London : Printed for R. Wasnothe, [1850] |
| 501 | With Note | \aIn cassette with: Dissection of the brain stem: inferior and superior cerebellar peduncle — Dissection of the hemispheres: long association bundles — Dissection of the hemispheres: extreme and external capsules and related structures. |
| 502 | Dissertation Note | \aThesis (M.A.)–University College, London, 1969 |
| 504 | Bibliography,etc Note | \aIncludes bibliographies and index. |
| 504 | Bibliography,etc Note | \a”Literature cited”: p. 67-68. \b19 |
| 505 | Formatted contents note | \apt. 1. Carbon — pt. 2. Nitrogen — pt. 3. Sulphur — pt. 4. Metals. |
| 505 | Formatted contents note | \aContents on sound disk: A suitable tone ; Left hand colouring ; Rhythm and accent ; Tempo ; Flexibility ; Ornaments — Sonata in D major, op. V no. 1 / Corelli — Sonata in G minor / Purcell (with Robert Donington, gamba) — Forlane from Concert royal no. 3 / Couperin. |
| 505 | Formatted contents note | \uhttp://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/toc/99176484.html |
| 506 | Restrictions on Acess Note | \aFor official use only. |
| 516 | Type of computer or file data note | \aText (Law reports and digests) |
| 518 | Date time and place of and an Event Note | \aRecorded in Vienna in 1961, previously released as WST 17035 |
| 520 | Summary | \aDescribes associations made between different animal species for temporary gain or convenience as well as more permanent alliances formed for mutual survival |
| 530 | Addition Physical form avilable Note | \aIssued as Beta 1/2 in. or VHS 1/2 in. or U- matic 3/4 in. |
| 530 | Addition Physical form avilable Note | \aAvailable on microfiche. |
| 533 | Reproduction Note | \3v.1-39(1927-1965)\aElectronic reproduction.\bIthaca, NY :\cCornell University Library,\d2001\f(Core historical literature of agriculture)\5NIC |
| 534 | Original version Note | \pOriginally issued: \aFrederick, John. \tLuck. \nPublished in: Argosy, 1919 |
| 541 | Immediate source of Acquisition Note | \cGift; \aLeavitt Hunt’s daughter, Mrs. William E.Patterson; \d1947 |
| 541 | Immediate source of Acquisition Note | \35 diaries \n25 \ocubic feet; \aMerriwether, Stuart; \b458 Yonkers Road, Poughkeepsie, NY 12601;\cPurchase at auction; \d1981/09/24; \e81- 325;\fJonathan P. Merriwether Estate; \h\7,850. |
| 588 | Source of Description Note | \aCannot determine the relationship to Bowling illustrated, also published in New York, 1952-58.\5DLC |
| 588 | Source of Description Note | \aDescription based on: Vol. 2, no. 2 (Feb. 1984);title from cover. |
(viii) Standard number and terms of availability
If there are two or more standard numbers, the one that applies to the item being catalogued should be given. It must be noted that no hyphen should be used while transcribing in MARC records.
| 020 | \a0914378260 (pbk. : v. 1) \c\5.00 |
| 020 | \ a 0394502884 (Random House) : \c\12.50 |
| 020 | \a 0877790019 (black leather) \z 0877780116 : \c\14.00 |
3.4 Choice of access points
Access points for resource/item being catalogued are again obtained from chief source of information. According to ODLIS, access point pertains to a unit of information in a bibliographic record under which a user may search for and identify items listed in the library catalogue. But in an automated and machine readable catalogue all fields are searchable and serve as access point. In the MARC record, most access points are found in the following fields (with XX in the range of 00-99):
1XX – Main entries
4XX – Series statements
6XX – Subject headings
7XX – Added entries other than subject or series
8XX – Series added entries
The term ‘personal author’ is augmented to include composers, cartographers, photographers and performers as well as writers and other creators who are chiefly responsible for intellectual or artistic content of work.
Single personal author (MARC 21 TAG 100): The term personal author is augmented to include composers, cartographers, photographers, performers, etc. as well as writers and other creators of work who have contributed to the intellectual or artistic content of the resource. The chief source of information for ascertaining the personal author responsible for the work is the title page.
| 100 | \aLe Conte, John Eatton, \d1784-1860. |
| 100 | \aEl-Abiad, Ahmed H., \d1926- |
| 100 | \aJohn Paul \bII, \cPope, \d1920- |
Corporate authorship ( MARC 21 TAG 110 OR 111): a corporate body is defined as ‘an organization or a group of persons that is identified by a particular name and that may act as an entity’. It includes associations, institutions, business firms, government, conferences, adhoc events such as festivals and fairs, etc.
Works of shared responsibility: When two or more persons or corporate bodies have made the same kind of contribution to a work, and principal responsibility is typographically given prominence, it should be rendered for the heading of that person or corporate body. In case, the principal contributor cannot be ascertained, the first mentioned name or entity is taken as a heading. Other persons or entities are given added entries.
Works of mixed responsibility: When a work has many contributors in different capacities or functions such as adapting, translating, illustrating, composers, towards the intellectual or artistic content of the resource, it is treated a mixed responsibility. In such cases, AACR2R prescribed two categories:
a) Works modified on previously existing works, such as revised edition, adaptations and translations etc.
- Adapters of texts are preferred as heading and a name title entry is made as an added entry for the author of original text.
- But if an illustrator has added illustrations to the text, the heading is given to the author of original text and illustrator gets an added entry.
- In case of revised editions, which might include revisions, updates, abridgements, the author of original text is chosen for heading and added entry is prepared for reviser, abridger, etc.
- For translations, author of original text is given the heading and added entry is prepared for translator.
b) New works that comprise contributors in various capacities
- A collaborative work between an artist and writer is ascertained from a work of mixed responsibility, and no prominence is given by typography, the main entry is prepared for the one named first in the chief source of information.
Works with collective title: A work that has a collective title and has two or three independent contributions, then the title main is preferred with added entries for the other contributors.
Works without collective title: If a work does not have collective title, the first work named in the chief source of information is chosen for heading of main entry and name title added entries are prepared for other works and their titles.
3.5 Authority control
In order to maintain consistency in rendering of headings such as names of personal authors, uniform titles, series, subject, etc. there is a growing need expressed among cataloguers to adhere to an authoritative list often referred to as authority file as and when new items are added to the collection. It enhances the function of cataloguing in identifying and locating items in library catalogue.
Authority control is available from commercial service providers such as MARCIVE, Inc., MARC Link Retrospective Conversion
3.6 Subject headings latest developments
Translating the subject content of the resource that is catalogued is to accomplish the objective of subject access to library collection. It may be either through the numerical system or through controlled terminology. The basic function of library catalogue as stated by Cutter is to show what the library has on a given subject. Users approach the catalogue with their own words and phrases, which are translated and mapped to predetermined access terminology of the catalogue. Subject heading have dual objectives, firstly, to identify the material on a given subject and secondly, to enable the inquirer to find material on related subjects. In this Module, Library of Congress List of Subject Headings is covered.
Library of Congress Subject Headings Library of Congress Subject Headings is based on ALA List of Subject Headings for use in dictionary catalogue. Subject specialist in Library of Congress later modified and added few more terms and published Library of Congress List of Subject Headings in 1914 under the title “Subject Headings Used in the Dictionary Catalogue”. Subsequently, new editions of LCSH appeared about once every 10 years until 1988, when conversion to a computerized database was completed. At that time, printed editions began to be issued annually, and electronic versions were developed, first in CD-ROM and later, online.
i) Format: LCSH uses a variety of grammatical constructions for its headings from one-word headings to complex multiword headings. One-word headings usually are nouns or verb forms used like nouns, such as FISHING1. The other formats are noun modified by adjective, two and three word heading nouns with explanatory qualifiers, two nouns connected by conjunction such as AND, FOR etc.
ii) Cross References: Six types of Cross References are identified in LCSH as mandated by NISO. They are:
a. BT (Broader Term)- one level higher in a hierarchy
b. RT (Related Term)- same level of hierarchy
c. NT (Narrower Term) – one level lower in a hierarchy
d. UF (Use For)- authorized term
e. SA (See Also) – reference to subject groups, not individual subject terms
f. USE unauthorized term
iii) Subdivisions: For complex subjects, the concept of subdivisions facilitates decrypting the subject content of the resource. These are topical, chronological, geographic, and form/genre. Subdivisions for LCSH headings may be indicated in one of the four ways:
a) The subdivision appears in the list under the heading
b) An instruction to subdivide is given with the heading in the list
c) The heading fits into a designated pattern heading and can be subdivided like it
1G. Edward Evans, Sheila S. Intner, and Jean Weihs (2011). Introduction to Technical Services. 8th ed. Oxford:
Libraries Unlimited
d) The heading is a term to which free-floating subdivisions can be added Rules for free-floating subdivisions can be found in Subject Cataloguing Manual: Subject Headings and Cataloguer’s Desktop.
In MARC 21, the following subfields are used in 650 tag for entering subject headings.
Subfield Codes
Latest Developments
Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Description (With Examples) IFLA study group on FRBR developed an entity– relationship model during 1992-1995, which was intended to be independent of any cataloguing code or implementation. In FRBR conceptual model bibliographic universe consists of several entities that are related to each other and can be described through elements(or attributes)
These entities are sorted into three groups
Group I. are the products of intellectual and artistic endeavour that are name or described in bibliographic records. Work, expressions, manifestation and item
Group 2. Those responsible for intellectual and artistic content: person and corporate body
Group 3 Subject of worlds. Group 1 and 2 plus Concept, Object, Event and place.
1. Equivalence: It exists between exact copies of the same manifestation of a work or between an original item and reproduction of it, so long as intellectual content and authorship are preserved. Example: copies, issues, facsimiles, reprints, microfilms.
2. Derivative: It exists between a bibliographic work and modification based on work. For example:
a. Edition, version, translations, summaries, abstracts, digests
b. Adaptations that become new work based on old works
c. Genre changes
d. New works based on style or thematic content of work.
3. Descriptive: Relation exists between a bibliographic entry and a description,criticism, evaluation or review of that entity. For example, Annotated edition, case book, commentaries, critiques of existing work.
Resource Description and Access ( With Examples) RDA is designed to replace AACR2, has its origin in International conference on principles and future development of AACR- 2 held in Toronto in 1997. After initial testing for three years through RDA toolkit in 2010, it is adopted by Library of Congress on March 31st 2013. It is published jointly by ALA, Canadian Library Association, Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (UK). RDA inherits FRBR structure which advocates for entity – relationship framework.
Difference between AACR2 & RDA The difference between AACR2 and RDA is given below:
(http://www.rda-jsc.org/docs/5sec7rev.pdf and http://courses.unt.edu/smiksa/documents/BCLAPresentation_20100427.pdf)
1) RDA uses the term “preferred source of information” as compared to “chief source of information” by AACR2. Title proper is instructed to be taken from title page in both the codes.
2) RDA makes no distinction between shared and mixed responsibility. It instructs to records all contributors as they appear on the preferred source of information.
3) If more than three authors or contributors are found, RDA instructs to omit any but first of each group of persons and indicate omission in a language and script preferred by the library instead of indicating marking of omission according to AACR 2. For example, Roger Smith [and five others]
4) AACR 2 standardizes edition statements, but in RDA, edition statement is rendered as it appears in the title page.
5) AACR 2 specifies how to mention only one place of publication when more than one place of publication appears on title page. According to RDA, all names are to be indicated by sequence, typography and layout as they appear on the title page.
6) AACR 2 has specified mentioned copyright date if the date of publication is unknown or [s.n] , but in case of RDA, it has to be mentioned as date of publication not identified.
5. Summary
The task of preparing documents for use includes both technical and physical processing. It is, therefore, both logical and economical to perform these two activities by the Technical Processing Section. The technical processing work consists of classification and cataloguing of documents. The functions of Technical Processing Section are, firstly, classification of documents according to a standardized scheme of classification and cataloguing documents using a standard catalogue code. Secondly, preparation of the classified and catalogued documents for their physical location on the shelves of the library and maintaining the documents.
Classification involves sorting of library documents on the basis of subjects, determining specific subject of the documents and assigning call number.Classification provides a system for organizing knowledge. Classification may be used to organize knowledge represented in any form, e.g., books, documents, electronic resources. Notation is the system of symbols used to represent the classes in a classification system.Library material are often arranged by some sort of numeric or alpha-numeric system that corresponds to subject areas. This system is referred as notation.
Cataloguing as a process has undergone complete transformation in the last decade with the advent of web and internet technologies. Though the purpose and objectives remain the same, but with multiple formats and potential of exchangeability, original cataloguing is rapidly being replaced by copy cataloguing using z39 technologies. The three universal standards which had wide appeal among all types of libraries in the world are facing extinction with the advent of RDA.
Preparation of the cataloguing work include preparation of main and added entries for the documents, assigning subject heading and preparing shelf list. Due to developments in IT, from the traditional card catalogues, users have the facility of locating documents via OPAC and internet. This facility has enabled anytime and anywhere access of material from the libraries. Two most popular inner forms of catalogue are the dictionary catalogue and the classified catalogue.
- References
- Chan, Lois Mai (2007) Cataloguing and Classification: an introduction. 3rd Edition. Scarecrow
- Welsh, A., & Batley, S. (2012). Practical cataloguing AACR, RDA & MARC 21[E-book]. London: Facet Publishing.
- Evans, G. E., Intner, S. S., & Weihs, J. R. (2011). Introduction to technical services [8th ed] . Santa Barbara; California: Libraries Unlimited.
- Oliver, C. (2010). Introducing RDA: A guide to the basics. American Library Association.
- Taylor, A. G., & Miller, David P. (2006). Introduction to Cataloguing and Classification [10th ed]. Delhi: Atlantic
- Tillett, B. B. (2003). AACR2 and metadata: library opportunities in the global semantic web. Cataloging & classification quarterly, 36(3-4), 101-119.
- Gorman, M. (2003). Cataloguing in an electronic age. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 36(3-4), 5-17.
- Huthwaite, A. (2003). AACR2 and other metadata standards: The Way Forward. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 36(3-4), 87-100.
- Riva, P., & Oliver, C. (2012). Evaluation of RDA as an Implementation of FRBR and FRAD. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 50(5-7), 564-586.
Learn More:
Did you know?
1. Technical Processing requires work related with: Classification, Cataloguing, Preparation of Shelf list, labelling the documents, etc.
2. DDC is not the oldest and also the most widely used classification system in the world.
3. The notational system consists of: Arabic numerals, Roman letters- both small and caps, punctuation marks, mathematical symbols
4. The call number consists of class number, book number and collection number.
Interesting facts
| 1 | Thomas Jefferson, the third President of United States adapted Francis Bacon outline of knowledge to arrange his own library |
| 2 | The classification scheme, designed by Melville Dewey in 1876, is used by most of the libraries all over the world Melville Dewey in 1876, is used by most of the libraries all over the world. It is the only scheme which has continuous updation. |
| 3 | Anthony Pannizzi of British Museum known for his 91 rules of cataloguing |
| 4 | Charles C. Cutter in Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue (1904), is to enable the user to find a resource through the following access points: author, title and subject |
| 5 | AACR ever since its origin in 1967, it has undergone three revisions, 1978, 1998 and 2002. |
| 6 | Dublin Core consists of 15 data elements for resource description is widely used for digital repositories hosted in Eprints or Dspace formats |
Time Line
Dewey Decimal Classification since 1876
Since the publication of its first edition in 1876, the Dewey Decimal Classification® (DDC) system has crossed many milestones. Many of these milestones have advanced the organization of library collections to help librarians meet their users’ information needs more efficiently.
| 1876 | Library—the first edition of the DDC—is published anonymously in Amherst, Massachusetts. |
| 1885 | Second edition of the DDC is published under Melvil Dewey’s name. |
| 1900 | The first abridged edition of the DDC is published. |
| 1911 | The seventh edition of the DDC is published, which is the first to carry the Forest Press imprint. |
| 1916 | The Decimal Classification Advisory Committee—the American Library Association’s (ALA) first advisory committee—is appointed. |
| 1923 | The DDC editorial office moves to the Library of Congress in Washington, DC. |
| 1930 | The Library of Congress begins to print Dewey numbers on catalog cards |
| 1931 | Melvil Dewey, creator of the DDC, dies December 26 at age 80. |
| 1937 | The Decimal Classification Committee, a forerunner to the present-day Dewey Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Committee, is established. |
| 1953 | The Dewey Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Committee is reconstituted to represent the American Library Association, Forest Press and the Library of Congress to guide to editorial development of the DDC. |
| 1958 | The 16th edition of the DDC is published, which is the first to be edited under an agreement between the Library of Congress and Forest Press. |
| 1988 | Forest Press, based in Albany, New York, becomes a division of OCLC. |
| 1993 | OCLC Forest Press publishes Electronic Dewey, the first library classification scheme in electronic form. |
| 1996 | The 21st edition of the DDC and Dewey for Windows® are published, which is the first time print and electronic formats are published simultaneously. |
| 1999 | The OCLC Forest Press office moves from Albany, New York, to OCLC headquarters in Dublin, Ohio; three years later, the Forest Press imprint is retired. |
| 2000 | WebDewey® in CORC is published. |
| 2002 | WebDewey and Abridged WebDewey are published. |
| 2003 | The 22nd edition of the DDC is published. |
| 2004 | The 14th edition of the Abridged DDC is published. |
| 2011 | WebDewey 2.0 is released. |
| 2011 | The 23rd Edition of the DDC is published. |
| 2012 | The 15th Abridged Edition of the of the DDC is published. |
| Source: https://www.oclc.org/dewey/resources/timeline.en.html | |