{"id":160,"date":"2018-07-04T06:53:48","date_gmt":"2018-07-04T06:53:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lisp5.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&p=160"},"modified":"2018-07-31T10:45:36","modified_gmt":"2018-07-31T10:45:36","slug":"library-automation-cataloguing","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp5\/chapter\/library-automation-cataloguing\/","title":{"rendered":"Library Automation: Cataloguing"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nI.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Ob<\/strong>jectives<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThe objective of this module is to impart knowledge on the following aspects of automated cataloguing:\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Features and advantages of automated cataloguing;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Use of various master databases and\u00a0 authority files\u00a0 for creating records;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Process of computerised cataloguing;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Copy cataloguing and data import\/export in various formats;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Use of bibliographical standards for creation of records;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Various users services using cataloguing module;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Concept of shared cataloguing and OPAC; and\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Management \u00a0issues \u00a0of \u00a0computerized \u00a0cataloguing \u00a0in \u00a0wider \u00a0context \u00a0of library automation.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nII.\u00a0\u00a0 Learning Outcomes\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

After completion of this lesson, learners would attain knowledge about automated cataloguing module, its objectives, advantages, features of computerized cataloguing. Learners would also attain knowledge on basic requirements, processes and basic jobs involved in cataloguing, importing and exporting data from different format based on standards.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nIII.\u00a0\u00a0 Module Structure\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n1.\u00a0 Introduction\r\n\r\n2.\u00a0 Objective of Cataloguing\r\n\r\n3.\u00a0 Advantages of Automated Cataloguing\r\n\r\n4.\u00a0 Features of Automated Cataloguing\r\n\r\n5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Creation and Maintenance of Master Database\/Authority File\r\n\r\n5.1\u00a0 Name\r\n\r\n5.2\u00a0 Publisher\r\n\r\n5.3\u00a0 Subject\r\n\r\n5.4\u00a0 Country\r\n\r\n5.5\u00a0 Language\r\n\r\n5.6\u00a0 Physical Media Type\r\n\r\n5.7\u00a0 Corporate Body\r\n\r\n5.8\u00a0 Meeting\r\n\r\n5.9\u00a0 Series\r\n\r\n6.\u00a0 Basic Requirements for Catalogue Module\r\n\r\n6.1\u00a0 Bibliographic Requirements\r\n\r\n6.2\u00a0 Authority Control Requirements\r\n\r\n6.3\u00a0 OPAC Requirements<\/span>\r\n\r\n6.4\u00a0 Downloading Requirements<\/span>\r\n\r\n6.5\u00a0 Reports and Backup Requirements<\/span>\r\n\r\n7.\u00a0 Process of Computerised Catalogues<\/span>\r\n\r\n7.1\u00a0 Titles in Process<\/span>\r\n\r\n7.2\u00a0 Retrospective Conversion<\/span>\r\n\r\n7.3\u00a0 mport\/Export<\/span>\r\n\r\n8.\u00a0 Standards for Bibliographic Formats<\/span>\r\n\r\n8.1\u00a0 ARC<\/span>\r\n\r\n8.2\u00a0 CCF (Common Communication Format)<\/span>\r\n\r\n8.3\u00a0 UNIMARC<\/span>\r\n\r\n8.4\u00a0 SBD<\/span>\r\n\r\n8.5\u00a0 Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)<\/span>\r\n\r\n8.6\u00a0 Resource Description and Access (RDA)<\/span>\r\n\r\n8.7\u00a0 UNICODE<\/span>\r\n\r\n9.\u00a0 Users Services<\/span>\r\n\r\n10. Online Public Access Catalogues<\/span>\r\n\r\n11.\u00a0 Reports<\/span>\r\n\r\n12. Summary<\/span>\r\n\r\n13. References<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n1.\u00a0 Introduction\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

Automated cataloguing systems are useful to manage the clerical and technical processes involved, and to promote the exchange and use of cataloguing data locally, regionally, nationally and globally. Over the past 20 years, databases and Online Public Access Cataloguing (OPAC) have gradually replaced card, sheaf and microform catalogues. The catalogue records have become the central bibliographic record for the exchange management system. A computerised catalogue record requires to be standardised for the interchange of cataloguing records. Standardisation and structuring of cataloguing records are based on content designators such as MARC 21 (Machine Readable Cataloguing), CCF (Common Communication Format), UNIMARC (Universal MARC) or other similar standards.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

Catalogue modules offer advanced, comprehensive cataloguing and authority functions designed to ensure efficient and accurate maintenance of library's holdings. Complying with the communication format for both bibliographic and authority records, the catalogue module provides sophisticated options for adding, editing, and searching the library's records.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n2.\u00a0 Objective of Cataloguing\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n(Basic objectives of catalogue as given below):\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nCharles Ammi Cutter, as early as 1876: has defined as;\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\ni.\u00a0 \u00a0 To enable a person to find a book of which either the author, the title or the subject is known;\r\n\r\nii.\u00a0 \u00a0To show what the library has by a given author, or a given subject or in a given kind of literature; and\r\n\r\niii.\u00a0 To assist in the choice of a book as to its edition (bibliographically) or as to its character.\r\n\r\n \r\n

Even though, the objectives have been set a century ago, even today they are as valid, as ever before. To achieve them, the International Conference on Cataloguers formulated cataloguing principles, more popularly known as Paris Principles, which have, in turn, formed a basis for cataloguing standards such as AACR2, ISBD, etc.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\nThe objectives for automation support to cataloguing are:\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\na.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 To speed up the processing of materials into the collection;\r\n\r\nb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 To reduce the clerical effort, stationary (such as work sheets, cards, etc.) and unit cost of cataloguing a work; and\r\n\r\nc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 To act as a common means to library materials across libraries.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n3.\u00a0 Advantages of Automated Cataloguing\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThere are several advantages of automated cataloguing. A well designed automated cataloguing system should have the following functions and advantages:\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Creation of a record for a document only once;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 No main or added entries of catalogue are necessary;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Any field may be .made searchable;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Composite and interactive searches extend versatility;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Outputs can be obtained in any desired format;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Data input and retrieval is much faster;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Repetitive work is eliminated;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Import\/export of bibliographic data is possible; and\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Interlinking with external databases is possible.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n4.\u00a0 Features of Automated Cataloguing\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nCatalogue module is used for retrospective conversion of library resources. It also facilitates library staff to process the newly acquired library resources. The important features of catalogue module are:\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 UNICODE-based multilingual support for Indian and foreign languages;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Compliant to International Standards such as MARC21, AACR-2, MARCXML;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Supports multi-platform for bibliographic database such as My SQL,MS- SQL or any other RDBMS;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Supports cataloguing of electronic resources such as e-journals, e-books, virtually any type of material;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Supports online copy cataloguing from MARC21 bibliographic database;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Provides default templates for data entry of different type of documents.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nUser can also customize their own data entry templates for different type of documents;\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Provides freedom to users for generating reports of their choice and format along with template and query parameters;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Provides facility to send reports through e-mail, allows users to save the reports in various formats such as PDF, Excel, MARCXML, etc.;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Highly versatile and user-friendly OPAC with simple and advanced search. OPAC users can export their search results into PDF, MS Excel, and MARCXML format;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Supports authority files of personal name and corporate body ;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Supports data exchange through ISO-2709 standard;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Global Search and replace a word or a phrase;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Different templates for leaders and fixed fields of MARC21;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Allows user-generated customized reports;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Facilitates authority database of person name, corporate body, subject headings and series name; and\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Supports copy cataloguing in MARC21 format by using ISO- 2709 standard.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Creation and Maintenance of Master Database\/Authority File\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

Modern ILMSs are based on relational data model. Each module of these packages centers around a master database. Any number of additions, modifications and deletions are possible in the master database and these changes are automatically reflected in all the sub-modules of the catalogue. Cataloguing module also follows architecture, wherein records created in the master database are available to all the sub-modules. It reduces data entry work\u00a0and ensures standardization. Generally, master database is the database where entry is to be made once that gets reflected thought out its various sub modules.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n \r\n

Authority file is essential to index terms or headings, such as author headings, or subject index terms for better retrieval efficiency. Records in this file may be created locally or drawn from externally available files such as the name and subject authority files of the Library of Congress or other agencies. Alternatively, one or more suitable thesauri may be used to build up the authority file. Library automation packages provide a facility to create and maintain authority file in the catalogue module. This acts as a master database, where entry is to be made once. This gets reflected in various modules of the package. The master file containing authority entries can be consulted during cataloguing, possibly by display in a separate window and new headings are immediately added to the authority file with an opportunity to review subsequently. The following are the master databases:<\/p>\r\n \r\n

5.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Name: <\/strong>In this file, provides authoritative data for names of persons, organizations, events, places, and titles. Its purpose is the identification of these entities and, through the use of such controlled vocabulary, to provide uniform access to bibliographic resources. Names descriptions also provide access to a controlled form of name through references from unused forms. Names may also be used as subjects in bibliographic descriptions; it may be combined with controlled values from subject heading schemes, such as LCSH.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

5.2\u00a0 <\/strong>Publisher: <\/strong>This master file contains contact details of all local and foreign publishers who have publishing books and serials along with their corresponding codes. These codes are generally created locally.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

5.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Subject: <\/strong>These master files holds lists of subject descriptors and are available in various sub-modules for entering subject headings for books and serials. This master also includes class numbers, corresponding to subjects covered.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

5.4\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Country: <\/strong>This file contains names of countries and their corresponding codes for entering details of country of publication in sub-modules of cataloguing module, The Country code is generally based on ISO-3166 where each country is represented by two unique characters e.g. the code for India is as per ISO-3166 standards.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

5.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Language: <\/strong>This file contains entries for languages and their three digit codes as per the ISDS manual.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

5.6\u00a0 <\/strong>Physical Media Type: <\/strong>Library materials are available in different types of media which are defined in master file. These physical media can be selected for creation of bibliographic record. The\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0physical media will help user to\u00a0navigate required title in different forms of resources. It may be textual document, CD-ROM, magnetic tape, online, DVD-ROM, etc. This file includes description and corresponding codes for different physical media.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n \r\n

5.7\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Corporate Body: <\/strong>This master file contains contact details of corporate bodies who have publishing books and serials along with their corresponding codes.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

5.8\u00a0 <\/strong>Meeting: <\/strong>The master file contains name of the \u00a0meeting, date, place where it has been taken. The most of the options are similar with corporate body.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

5.9\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Series: <\/strong>The master file contains name of the series under which various publication are brought out.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n6.\u00a0 Basic Requirements for Catalogue Module\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

In view of the recent developments in ICT, ILMS should provide appropriate facilities in its catalogue module. The basic necessities of the module for machine-readable cataloguing are as follows:<\/p>\r\n \r\n

6.1\u00a0<\/strong>B<\/strong>i<\/strong>b<\/strong>l<\/strong>i<\/strong>o<\/strong>g<\/strong>r<\/strong>a<\/strong>p<\/strong>h<\/strong>i<\/strong>c Requirements: <\/strong>The ILMS must support the following important features and functionalities;<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Provide support for a variety of classification schemes and vocabulary control devices (e.g., subject headings lists or thesauri and electronic resource description formats);\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Supports \u00a0standard \u00a0bibliographic \u00a0and \u00a0authority \u00a0record \u00a0formats \u00a0(e.g.\r\n\r\nMARC, CCF, etc.);\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Facilitates export or import of records from tape, disk or other devices;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Facilitates retrieval of bibliographic record and its modification at any time, once it has been created;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Facilitates coverage of items like monographs, serials, government documents or any other type of documents;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Facilitates catalogue data to be added, validated, updated and removed online from the workstations; and\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Supports withdrawal of items, export and import of records from other services.\r\n\r\n \r\n

6.2\u00a0 <\/strong>A<\/strong>u<\/strong>thority Control Requirements: <\/strong>The ILMS should support the following features with regard to authority control;<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Facilitates incorporation of changes in the MARC authority format or other national\/ international standard formats;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Generation of various kinds of references from authority records;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Accommodate personal, corporate and topical name \u00a0headings\u00a0 in \u00a0a name authority file, title, uniform title, and series entries in a title authority file and subject headings in a subject authority file.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n \r\n

6.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>OPAC\u00a0\u00a0 Requirements:\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The\u00a0\u00a0 ILMS\u00a0\u00a0 should\u00a0 facilitate\u00a0\u00a0 the\u00a0\u00a0 following functionalities with record to OPAC\/WebOPAC;<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Support both simple and expert searching;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Support users to enter multiple words or phrases to be searched on one, more than one or all fields;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Support Boolean Operators such as;\r\n\r\no\u00a0\u00a0 OR (either one or both terms must be in the record)\r\n\r\no\u00a0\u00a0 AND (both terms must be in the same record)\r\n\r\no\u00a0\u00a0 NOT (following term must not appear in any record)\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Support positional operators such as;\r\n\r\no\u00a0\u00a0 SAME (terms must be in the same field)\r\n\r\no\u00a0\u00a0 WITH (terms must be in the same sentence within a field)\r\n\r\no\u00a0\u00a0 NEAR (terms must be adjacent to one another, but in either order)\r\n\r\no\u00a0\u00a0 ADJ (terms must be immediately adjacent to one another)\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Support relational operators (less than, greater than, equal to, etc.);\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Support\u00a0 user\u00a0\u00a0 self-service\u00a0\u00a0 features\u00a0\u00a0 such\u00a0\u00a0 as\u00a0\u00a0 reservation\u00a0 of\u00a0\u00a0 items, cancellation of reserved items, etc.;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Facilitate limit its searches by publication year, language, item type, item category, location, etc.;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Support multilingual features; and\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Enable \u00a0searchers \u00a0to \u00a0specify \u00a0which \u00a0fields \u00a0are \u00a0to \u00a0be \u00a0displayed \u00a0and \u00a0to indicate brief or full display retrieve records.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n6.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Do<\/strong>w<\/strong>n<\/strong>l<\/strong>oa<\/strong>d<\/strong>i<\/strong>n<\/strong>g\u00a0 Requirements:\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The \u00a0ILMS\u00a0 software \u00a0should meet\u00a0\u00a0 the following requirements with regard to their downloading;\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nSupports Z39.50 compliant cataloguing system [ANSI\/INISO Z39.50 (1995) or ISO\r\n\r\n239.50 (1998)];\r\n\r\nCapturing of bibliographic and authority records from any Z39.50 server through Z39.50 client; and\r\n\r\nFacilitate local manipulation of captured data.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n6.5\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>R<\/strong>eports and Backup Requirements: <\/strong>The ILMS software should support the following reporting and backup requirements;\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reflect count of all records added, edited by a specific operator or over a specified time period;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Generate lists, statistics of items added or tabulated by call number, document,<\/span>\u00a0type, adjustment location, etc.;<\/span>\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Produce a list of all citations with authority file violations; and<\/span>\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Support backup of all cataloguing records in suitable media (magnetic, optical, etc.) and easy recovery of records if required.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n7.\u00a0 Process of Computerised Catalogues\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

7.1\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Titles in Process: <\/strong>The titles, which have been entered in the acquisition module, will appear under this option in the cataloguing module. It allows to feed the missing information accurately, correct the details like title\/author, edition, publisher, place, year, subjected headings, keywords, physical description, etc. if required. Feed local holding information such as shelving location, collection type (Lending, Reference, Special), classification number, book number, accession number and other relevant information about the title from the physical book or from other sources.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n7.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>R<\/strong>etrospective Conversion: <\/strong>There are a number of options for retro conversion as mentioned below;\r\n\r\n \r\n

i.\u00a0\u00a0Manual: <\/strong>The majority of the libraries are creating bibliographical records in the database through manual keying by using various data sources such as data input sheets, accession register, catalogue cards. In the catalogue module the record is standardised by entering additional data elements and rendering of access points with the help of authority file.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

ii.\u00a0\u00a0Existing library catalogue: <\/strong>Development of library OPAC started long back in many libraries of the world and at that time Integrated Library Automation Packages were not available. As such, cataloguing data available in digital format can be merged into the catalogue database created using the newly installed ILMS.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

iii.\u00a0 Union Catalogue: <\/strong>Union database is unified Online Library Catalogues of \u00a0books, theses and journals of the participating libraries It contains bibliographic description, location and holdings information of the books, journals and theses, etc. \u00a0It is a major source of bibliographic information that can be used for inter-library loan, collections development as well as for copy cataloguing and retro-conversion of bibliographic records.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

iv.\u00a0 C<\/strong>o<\/strong>m<\/strong>m<\/strong>ercially available files of MARC records: <\/strong>Records from external databases may be downloaded directly from the relevant online databases such as OCLC or CD-ROM databases.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n \r\n

v.\u00a0\u00a0Other Sources: <\/strong>Copy cataloguing denotes the process of downloading bibliographic records from cataloguing utilities or vendor online systems. This is the most popular method in many libraries. Creating complete, new bibliographic records from scratch is known as original cataloguing. Many libraries download bibliographic records directly to local online catalogues from bibliographic databases such as OCLC, INFLIBNET\u2019s IndCat, a commercial vendor database, or other library's online catalogues.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n7.3\u00a0 Import\/Export\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nData import\/export facility is available in most of the ILMS software, which allows to:\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Import MARC records (data downloaded from various sites\/files obtained from the\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Publishers, LOC, IndCat, etc.) to ILMS software;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Export ILMS records into\u00a0 MARC21 format;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Convert CCF (Common Communication Format) records into MARC format;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Import MARCXML data into ILMS software; and\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Provision to add accession numbers to imported data.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n8.\u00a0 Standards for Bibliographic Formats\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n8.1\u00a0 <\/strong>MARC<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

Several options are available for libraries for automating cataloguing activities, the most widely used method is by using MARC format. It is to the credit of Library of Congress for having recognized the need for developing a record structure and format which would greatly facilitate the exchange of bibliographic information between libraries, group of libraries and computer systems. Early trials around 1966 worked with MARC I format, and superseded in 1967 by MARC II often referred as MARC. Presently, most of the ILMS software are using MACR21.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

\"MARC format\" is a widely accepted structural coding scheme for a particular type of material, including monographs, serials, sound recordings, scores, manuscripts, maps, audio-visual materials, and machine readable data files. The data that can be included in a MARC format include almost all information represented on cataloguing cards such as author, title editor, \u00a0physical description, series statement, notes, subject headings, added entries call number and various control numbers plus a great deal of other information which is helpful for categorization and processing by the computer.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n8.2\u00a0 CCF (Common Communication Format)\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

UNESCO\u2019s General Information Programme (PGI) recommended MARC format for libraries and UNSISIT Reference Manual for abstracting and indexing agencies. But, because it is common for developing countries to support only a single bibliographic agency, some countries have indicated that they find neither of these two formats entirely satisfactory. The direct result of this dissatisfaction has been the development of Common Communication Format (CCF). It was first published by UNESCO in 1984. It provides a standard for bibliographic records in machine readable form that will be useful for both library and non-library agencies. It follows the rules for bibliographic record formats laid down in ISO.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n8.3\u00a0 UNIMARC\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

MARC formats were also developed in other countries like Canada, Latin America, Spain, Denmark, Australia, Japan, Germany, France, Belgium, Switzerland, etc. The multiplicity of these formats made it difficult to exchange machine readable data on an international scale. The IFLA Working Group on Content Designators formed in 1973 under the joint auspices of the Committee on Cataloguing and Committee on Mechanization took steps to establish what is known as 'UNIMARC', which could facilitate translation of records and international exchange of data.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

The basics of 'UNIMARC' are ISBD with full content designation provided for full data elements. The primary purpose of UNIMARC was to facilitate the international exchange of bibliographic data in machine-readable form between national bibliographic agencies. UNIMARC may also be used as a model for the development of new machine-readable bibliographic formats.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

The scope of UNIMARC was to specify the content designators (tags, indicators Automation of Cataloguing and subfield codes) to be assigned to bibliographic records in machine-readable form and to specify the logical and physical format of the records. It covers monographs, serials, cartographic materials, music, sound recordings, graphics, projected and video materials, rare books and electronic resources.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

UNIMARC was intended to be a carrier format for exchange purposes. It does not stipulate the form, content, or record structure of the data within individual systems. Records are usually structured in exchange tape format as the last stage in any conversion process after form, content, and content designators have been converted to the UNIMARC standard. Those organizations intending to use UNIMARC for data interchange will find it useful to co-ordinate their\u00a0internal format content designators and field and sub field definitions with those in UNIMARC to reduce the complexity of data conversion when the records are converted into the UNIMARC exchange tape structure.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n8.4\u00a0 ISBD\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD) was developed out of a resolution of the International Meeting of Cataloguing Experts, organized by the IFLA Committee on Cataloguing in Copenhagen in 1969, which recommended that standardization of the form and content of bibliographic description be established. This ISBD contained provisions covering machine readable data files. However, when the ISBD (NBM) was being reviewed, together with the ISBD(CM), ISBD(M), and ISBD(S), by the ISBD Review Committee formed by IFLA in 1981, it was decided that special consideration should be given to the rapidly increasing need for a separate ISBD for computer files. With the development of programs and data files for smaller computers, the ISBD (CF) was published in 1988 as a result of developments like emergence of interactive multimedia, development of optical technology availability of remote electronic resources on the Internet and World Wide Web, and reproductions of electronic resources. These formats conform to AACR2 Rules and are also useful for exchange of bibliographic data.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n8.5\u00a0 Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

Functional \u00a0Requirements \u00a0for \u00a0Bibliographic \u00a0Records (FRBR)\u00a0 \u00a0is\u00a0 \u00a0a conceptual entity-relationship model <\/a>developed by the International Federation<\/a> of Library Associations and Institutions <\/a>(IFLA) to describe entities, relationships, and attributes (i.e., metadata). User tasks of retrieval and access in online library catalogues and bibliographic databases from a user\u2019s perspective. It represents a more holistic approach to retrieval and access as the relationships between the entities provide links to navigate through the hierarchy of relationships. The model is significant because it is separate from specific cataloguing standards such as AACR2 <\/a>or International Standard Bibliographic<\/a> Description <\/a>(ISBD).<\/p>\r\n \r\n

The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records - the entities, relationships, and attributes from that model to describe how it is currently affecting work on the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules and the extension of the model into the area of authority control.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

8.6\u00a0 Resource Description and Access (RDA):<\/strong> Resource Description and Access (RDA) is a standard for cataloguing <\/a>that provides instructions and guidelines on formulating bibliographic data<\/a>. Intended\u00a0for use by <\/span>libraries <\/a>and other cultural organizations such as museums and archives, RDA is the successor to the <\/span>Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules<\/a>, Second Edition (AACR2), the current cataloging standard set for English language libraries. RDA was initially released in June 2010.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n \r\n

The primary distinction between RDA and AACR is structural. RDA is organised \u00a0based \u00a0on \u00a0the Functional \u00a0Requirements \u00a0for \u00a0Bibliographic<\/a> Records <\/a>(FRBR). These principles identify both the 'user tasks' which a library catalogue should make possible and a hierarchy of relationships in bibliographic data. Descriptions produced using the instructions of RDA are intended to be compatible with any coding schema, including the data environments used for existing records created under the AACR2 rules.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n8.7\u00a0 UNICODE\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

Unicode is a computing <\/a>industry standard <\/a>for the consistent encoding<\/a>, representation and handling of text <\/a>expressed in most of the world's writing<\/a> systems<\/a>. It supports more that 150 languages to create bibliographical records in multilingual formats. Developed in conjunction with the Universal Character<\/a> Set <\/a>Standard and published in book form as The Unicode Standard, the latest version\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0of\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Unicode\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0contains\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0a\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0repertoire\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0of\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0more\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0than 1,10,000 characters <\/a>covering 100 scripts <\/a>and various symbols. The standard consists of a set of code charts for visual reference, an encoding method and set of standard character encodings<\/a>, a set of reference data computer files<\/a>, and a number of related items, such as character properties, rules for normalization<\/a>, decomposition, collation<\/a>, rendering and bidirectional <\/a>display order (for the correct display \u00a0of \u00a0text \u00a0containing \u00a0both \u00a0right-to-left \u00a0scripts, \u00a0such \u00a0as Arabic <\/a>and Hebrew<\/a>, and left-to-right scripts).<\/p>\r\n \r\n

Unicode can be implemented <\/a>by different character encodings<\/a>. The most commonly used encodings are UTF-8<\/a>, UTF-16 <\/a>and the now-obsolete UCS-2<\/a>. UTF-8 uses one byte <\/a>for any ASCII <\/a>character, all of which have the same code values in both UTF-8 and ASCII encoding, and up to four bytes for other characters. UCS-2 uses a 16-bit code unit <\/a>(two 8-bit bytes<\/a>) for each character but cannot encode every character in the current Unicode standard. UTF-16 extends UCS-2, using one 16-bit unit for the characters that were representable in UCS-2 and two 16-bit units (4 \u00d7 8 bit) to handle each of the additional characters.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n9.\u00a0 Users Services\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThe cataloguing\/OPAC module of ILMS can provide the following services;\r\n\r\n \r\n

C<\/strong>u<\/strong>rrent awareness\/ bibliographical services: <\/strong>In principle,\u00a0 'Current Awareness Service' and 'Bibliographic Service' are the same while CAS is generated periodically; bibliographic service is created 'On Demand'. One can\u00a0select appropriate options and provide filters if needed and generate the report. The report can also save in different formats (in .pdf format\/Excel), print it and also send it by email to the users.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n10.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Online Public Access Catalogues\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

The OPAC has simple and advanced search facility with the minimum information for each item including author, title, corporate body, conference name, subject headings, keywords, class number, series name, accession number or combination of any of two or more information regarding the item. Major functions provided in the OPAC module are:<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Simple Search;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Boolean Search;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Advanced Boolean Search;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Displaying and downloading of records in MS Excel, PDF or MARCXML; and\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Search support for the items that are in the acquisition process in the library.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n11.\u00a0 Reports\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

Most of the ILMS provides basic and advanced level reports, facilities with standard filter options. User can create multiple template depending on requirement by selecting fields.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

Basic Report: <\/strong>One can generate basic report with limited number of fields with standard filters by class number, titles, collection type, language, shelving location, accession number record ID, subject heading, recent titles, location, accession number (ranges), users name. One has to enter appropriate parameters and filters, as well as select the desired template and get the report.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

Advance Report: Allows using Boolean operator by selecting requisite MARC fields, and sub fields too. There are good numbers of filters to limit the search based on user needs.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Generate spine labels\/ barcode labels and book cards; and\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Generate lists, statistics of items added or edited by operator over a specified time period.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n12.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Summary\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

The most important house-keeping activities associated with any modern library comprise of acquisition, cataloguing, circulation control and serials control. The success of a library depends to a large extent, on the efficient and effective organization of these house-keeping activities. In the past, these activities have been carried out manually. In today's context, these operations were being carried out with the help of computers.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

The catalogue module describes the objectives, advantages, features of computerized cataloguing. Basic requirements, processes and basic job in cataloguing, importing and exporting data from different format based on standards is also covered. Module also highlights various master databases, standards, reports and user services. The module helps to acquire knowledge required to understand the use of computers in library house-keeping activities.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

There are a number of software packages which could be used to accomplish these activities. The main objective is to indicate the factors which must be taken into consideration when studying automation of these routines and to examine how some of the software deals with this work.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n13.\u00a0 References\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bilal Meghabghab, D. (1997). Automating Media Centers and Small Libraries: A Microcomputer-based Approach. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited.\r\n\r\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Boss, R. W. (1997). The Library Administrator's Automation Handbook.\r\n\r\nMedford, NJ : Information Today.\r\n\r\n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cohn, John M. (2001). Planning for Integrated Systems and Technologies: A How to-do-it Manual for Librarians. London: Neal- Schuman.\r\n\r\n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cooper, Michael D. (1996). Design of Library Automation Systems: File Structures, Data Structures. and Tools. New York: Wiley & Sons.\r\n\r\n5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cortez, E. M. and Smorch, T. (1993). Planning Second Generation Automated Library. Westport: Greenwood Press.\r\n\r\n6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dempsey, L. (1994). Distributed Library and Information Systems: The Significance of Z39.50. Managing Information. 1(6) 41-42.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Furrie, Betty. (2003). Understanding MARC: Bibliographic Machine- Readable Cataloging. Available online at htt.p:\/Iwww.loc.gov\/marc<\/a> (accessed on 03.01.04).\r\n\r\n8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mcqueen J. and Boss, R.W. (1984). Serials Control in Libraries: Automated Options. Library Technology Reports. 89-282.\r\n\r\n9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mishra, R.K. (1999). Library Software Selection: An Analysis. IASLIC Bulletin. 44(3); 125-132.\r\n\r\n10.\u00a0 \u00a0 Murray, I.R. (1997). Assessing the Effect of New Generation Library Management Systems. Program. 31(4); 313-327.\r\n\r\n11.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Rayward, W.B. (2002). A History of Computer Applications in Libraries: Prolegomena IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. April-June 2002, 4-15.\r\n\r\n12.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Reynold, \u00a0D. \u00a0(1985). \u00a0Library \u00a0Automation: \u00a0Issues \u00a0and \u00a0Applications.\r\n\r\nLondon: Bowker. Rowley, J. (1998). The Electronic Library. London: Library Association Publishing.\r\n\r\n13.\u00a0 \u00a0 Simmons, P. and Hopkinson, A. (ed.) (1992). CCF\/B: The Common Communication Format for Bibliographic Information. Paris: UNESCO.\r\n\r\n14.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Sharma, \u00a0C.D. \u00a0(1988). \u00a0Advances \u00a0in \u00a0Library \u00a0and \u00a0Information \u00a0Science.\r\n\r\nVol.l. Jaipur:R.B.S.A. Publishers.116\r\n\r\n15.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Swan, J (1996). Automating Small Libraries. Wisconsin: High\u00a0 Smith Press LLC.\r\n\r\n16.\u00a0 \u00a0 Tedd, \u00a0L.A. \u00a0(1987). \u00a0Introduction \u00a0to \u00a0Computer \u00a0Based \u00a0Library \u00a0System.\r\n\r\nLondon: Heyde.\r\n\r\n17.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Thomas, P.A. (1975). Task Analysis of Library Operations. London: Aslib.\r\n\r\n18.\u00a0 \u00a0 Thurman-Day, T., Flanders, B. and Zuck, G ed. (1994). Automationfor School Libraries:\r\n\r\n19.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0How to do it from Those Who Have Done It. Chicago: American Library\r\n\r\nAssociation. Housekeeping Operations\r\n\r\n20.\u00a0 \u00a0 WINNEBAGO. (1997). The Guide to Library Automation. Caledonia, Minnesota:\r\n\r\nWinnebago Software Company.\r\n\r\n21.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Yates, R. \u00a0(1996). \u00a0Library \u00a0Automation: \u00a0The \u00a0Way \u00a0Forward? \u00a0Program. 30(3),239-53.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"
\n

 <\/p>\n

I.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Ob<\/strong>jectives<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The objective of this module is to impart knowledge on the following aspects of automated cataloguing:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0 Features and advantages of automated cataloguing;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0 Use of various master databases and\u00a0 authority files\u00a0 for creating records;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0 Process of computerised cataloguing;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0 Copy cataloguing and data import\/export in various formats;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0 Use of bibliographical standards for creation of records;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0 Various users services using cataloguing module;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0 Concept of shared cataloguing and OPAC; and<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0 Management \u00a0issues \u00a0of \u00a0computerized \u00a0cataloguing \u00a0in \u00a0wider \u00a0context \u00a0of library automation.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

II.\u00a0\u00a0 Learning Outcomes\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

After completion of this lesson, learners would attain knowledge about automated cataloguing module, its objectives, advantages, features of computerized cataloguing. Learners would also attain knowledge on basic requirements, processes and basic jobs involved in cataloguing, importing and exporting data from different format based on standards.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

III.\u00a0\u00a0 Module Structure\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1.\u00a0 Introduction<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0 Objective of Cataloguing<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0 Advantages of Automated Cataloguing<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0 Features of Automated Cataloguing<\/p>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Creation and Maintenance of Master Database\/Authority File<\/p>\n

5.1\u00a0 Name<\/p>\n

5.2\u00a0 Publisher<\/p>\n

5.3\u00a0 Subject<\/p>\n

5.4\u00a0 Country<\/p>\n

5.5\u00a0 Language<\/p>\n

5.6\u00a0 Physical Media Type<\/p>\n

5.7\u00a0 Corporate Body<\/p>\n

5.8\u00a0 Meeting<\/p>\n

5.9\u00a0 Series<\/p>\n

6.\u00a0 Basic Requirements for Catalogue Module<\/p>\n

6.1\u00a0 Bibliographic Requirements<\/p>\n

6.2\u00a0 Authority Control Requirements<\/p>\n

6.3\u00a0 OPAC Requirements<\/span><\/p>\n

6.4\u00a0 Downloading Requirements<\/span><\/p>\n

6.5\u00a0 Reports and Backup Requirements<\/span><\/p>\n

7.\u00a0 Process of Computerised Catalogues<\/span><\/p>\n

7.1\u00a0 Titles in Process<\/span><\/p>\n

7.2\u00a0 Retrospective Conversion<\/span><\/p>\n

7.3\u00a0 mport\/Export<\/span><\/p>\n

8.\u00a0 Standards for Bibliographic Formats<\/span><\/p>\n

8.1\u00a0 ARC<\/span><\/p>\n

8.2\u00a0 CCF (Common Communication Format)<\/span><\/p>\n

8.3\u00a0 UNIMARC<\/span><\/p>\n

8.4\u00a0 SBD<\/span><\/p>\n

8.5\u00a0 Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)<\/span><\/p>\n

8.6\u00a0 Resource Description and Access (RDA)<\/span><\/p>\n

8.7\u00a0 UNICODE<\/span><\/p>\n

9.\u00a0 Users Services<\/span><\/p>\n

10. Online Public Access Catalogues<\/span><\/p>\n

11.\u00a0 Reports<\/span><\/p>\n

12. Summary<\/span><\/p>\n

13. References<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1.\u00a0 Introduction\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Automated cataloguing systems are useful to manage the clerical and technical processes involved, and to promote the exchange and use of cataloguing data locally, regionally, nationally and globally. Over the past 20 years, databases and Online Public Access Cataloguing (OPAC) have gradually replaced card, sheaf and microform catalogues. The catalogue records have become the central bibliographic record for the exchange management system. A computerised catalogue record requires to be standardised for the interchange of cataloguing records. Standardisation and structuring of cataloguing records are based on content designators such as MARC 21 (Machine Readable Cataloguing), CCF (Common Communication Format), UNIMARC (Universal MARC) or other similar standards.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Catalogue modules offer advanced, comprehensive cataloguing and authority functions designed to ensure efficient and accurate maintenance of library’s holdings. Complying with the communication format for both bibliographic and authority records, the catalogue module provides sophisticated options for adding, editing, and searching the library’s records.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

2.\u00a0 Objective of Cataloguing\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(Basic objectives of catalogue as given below):<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

Charles Ammi Cutter, as early as 1876: has defined as;<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

i.\u00a0 \u00a0 To enable a person to find a book of which either the author, the title or the subject is known;<\/p>\n

ii.\u00a0 \u00a0To show what the library has by a given author, or a given subject or in a given kind of literature; and<\/p>\n

iii.\u00a0 To assist in the choice of a book as to its edition (bibliographically) or as to its character.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Even though, the objectives have been set a century ago, even today they are as valid, as ever before. To achieve them, the International Conference on Cataloguers formulated cataloguing principles, more popularly known as Paris Principles, which have, in turn, formed a basis for cataloguing standards such as AACR2, ISBD, etc.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The objectives for automation support to cataloguing are:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

a.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 To speed up the processing of materials into the collection;<\/p>\n

b.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 To reduce the clerical effort, stationary (such as work sheets, cards, etc.) and unit cost of cataloguing a work; and<\/p>\n

c.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 To act as a common means to library materials across libraries.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

3.\u00a0 Advantages of Automated Cataloguing\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

There are several advantages of automated cataloguing. A well designed automated cataloguing system should have the following functions and advantages:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Creation of a record for a document only once;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 No main or added entries of catalogue are necessary;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Any field may be .made searchable;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Composite and interactive searches extend versatility;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Outputs can be obtained in any desired format;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Data input and retrieval is much faster;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Repetitive work is eliminated;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Import\/export of bibliographic data is possible; and<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Interlinking with external databases is possible.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

4.\u00a0 Features of Automated Cataloguing\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Catalogue module is used for retrospective conversion of library resources. It also facilitates library staff to process the newly acquired library resources. The important features of catalogue module are:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 UNICODE-based multilingual support for Indian and foreign languages;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Compliant to International Standards such as MARC21, AACR-2, MARCXML;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Supports multi-platform for bibliographic database such as My SQL,MS- SQL or any other RDBMS;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Supports cataloguing of electronic resources such as e-journals, e-books, virtually any type of material;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Supports online copy cataloguing from MARC21 bibliographic database;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Provides default templates for data entry of different type of documents.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

User can also customize their own data entry templates for different type of documents;<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Provides freedom to users for generating reports of their choice and format along with template and query parameters;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Provides facility to send reports through e-mail, allows users to save the reports in various formats such as PDF, Excel, MARCXML, etc.;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Highly versatile and user-friendly OPAC with simple and advanced search. OPAC users can export their search results into PDF, MS Excel, and MARCXML format;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Supports authority files of personal name and corporate body ;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Supports data exchange through ISO-2709 standard;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Global Search and replace a word or a phrase;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Different templates for leaders and fixed fields of MARC21;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Allows user-generated customized reports;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Facilitates authority database of person name, corporate body, subject headings and series name; and<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Supports copy cataloguing in MARC21 format by using ISO- 2709 standard.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Creation and Maintenance of Master Database\/Authority File\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Modern ILMSs are based on relational data model. Each module of these packages centers around a master database. Any number of additions, modifications and deletions are possible in the master database and these changes are automatically reflected in all the sub-modules of the catalogue. Cataloguing module also follows architecture, wherein records created in the master database are available to all the sub-modules. It reduces data entry work\u00a0and ensures standardization. Generally, master database is the database where entry is to be made once that gets reflected thought out its various sub modules.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

Authority file is essential to index terms or headings, such as author headings, or subject index terms for better retrieval efficiency. Records in this file may be created locally or drawn from externally available files such as the name and subject authority files of the Library of Congress or other agencies. Alternatively, one or more suitable thesauri may be used to build up the authority file. Library automation packages provide a facility to create and maintain authority file in the catalogue module. This acts as a master database, where entry is to be made once. This gets reflected in various modules of the package. The master file containing authority entries can be consulted during cataloguing, possibly by display in a separate window and new headings are immediately added to the authority file with an opportunity to review subsequently. The following are the master databases:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Name: <\/strong>In this file, provides authoritative data for names of persons, organizations, events, places, and titles. Its purpose is the identification of these entities and, through the use of such controlled vocabulary, to provide uniform access to bibliographic resources. Names descriptions also provide access to a controlled form of name through references from unused forms. Names may also be used as subjects in bibliographic descriptions; it may be combined with controlled values from subject heading schemes, such as LCSH.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5.2\u00a0 <\/strong>Publisher: <\/strong>This master file contains contact details of all local and foreign publishers who have publishing books and serials along with their corresponding codes. These codes are generally created locally.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Subject: <\/strong>These master files holds lists of subject descriptors and are available in various sub-modules for entering subject headings for books and serials. This master also includes class numbers, corresponding to subjects covered.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5.4\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Country: <\/strong>This file contains names of countries and their corresponding codes for entering details of country of publication in sub-modules of cataloguing module, The Country code is generally based on ISO-3166 where each country is represented by two unique characters e.g. the code for India is as per ISO-3166 standards.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Language: <\/strong>This file contains entries for languages and their three digit codes as per the ISDS manual.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5.6\u00a0 <\/strong>Physical Media Type: <\/strong>Library materials are available in different types of media which are defined in master file. These physical media can be selected for creation of bibliographic record. The\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0physical media will help user to\u00a0navigate required title in different forms of resources. It may be textual document, CD-ROM, magnetic tape, online, DVD-ROM, etc. This file includes description and corresponding codes for different physical media.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

5.7\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Corporate Body: <\/strong>This master file contains contact details of corporate bodies who have publishing books and serials along with their corresponding codes.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5.8\u00a0 <\/strong>Meeting: <\/strong>The master file contains name of the \u00a0meeting, date, place where it has been taken. The most of the options are similar with corporate body.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5.9\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Series: <\/strong>The master file contains name of the series under which various publication are brought out.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

6.\u00a0 Basic Requirements for Catalogue Module\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In view of the recent developments in ICT, ILMS should provide appropriate facilities in its catalogue module. The basic necessities of the module for machine-readable cataloguing are as follows:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

6.1\u00a0<\/strong>B<\/strong>i<\/strong>b<\/strong>l<\/strong>i<\/strong>o<\/strong>g<\/strong>r<\/strong>a<\/strong>p<\/strong>h<\/strong>i<\/strong>c Requirements: <\/strong>The ILMS must support the following important features and functionalities;<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Provide support for a variety of classification schemes and vocabulary control devices (e.g., subject headings lists or thesauri and electronic resource description formats);<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Supports \u00a0standard \u00a0bibliographic \u00a0and \u00a0authority \u00a0record \u00a0formats \u00a0(e.g.<\/p>\n

MARC, CCF, etc.);<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Facilitates export or import of records from tape, disk or other devices;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Facilitates retrieval of bibliographic record and its modification at any time, once it has been created;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Facilitates coverage of items like monographs, serials, government documents or any other type of documents;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Facilitates catalogue data to be added, validated, updated and removed online from the workstations; and<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Supports withdrawal of items, export and import of records from other services.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

6.2\u00a0 <\/strong>A<\/strong>u<\/strong>thority Control Requirements: <\/strong>The ILMS should support the following features with regard to authority control;<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Facilitates incorporation of changes in the MARC authority format or other national\/ international standard formats;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Generation of various kinds of references from authority records;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Accommodate personal, corporate and topical name \u00a0headings\u00a0 in \u00a0a name authority file, title, uniform title, and series entries in a title authority file and subject headings in a subject authority file.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

6.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>OPAC\u00a0\u00a0 Requirements:\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The\u00a0\u00a0 ILMS\u00a0\u00a0 should\u00a0 facilitate\u00a0\u00a0 the\u00a0\u00a0 following functionalities with record to OPAC\/WebOPAC;<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Support both simple and expert searching;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Support users to enter multiple words or phrases to be searched on one, more than one or all fields;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Support Boolean Operators such as;<\/p>\n

o\u00a0\u00a0 OR (either one or both terms must be in the record)<\/p>\n

o\u00a0\u00a0 AND (both terms must be in the same record)<\/p>\n

o\u00a0\u00a0 NOT (following term must not appear in any record)<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Support positional operators such as;<\/p>\n

o\u00a0\u00a0 SAME (terms must be in the same field)<\/p>\n

o\u00a0\u00a0 WITH (terms must be in the same sentence within a field)<\/p>\n

o\u00a0\u00a0 NEAR (terms must be adjacent to one another, but in either order)<\/p>\n

o\u00a0\u00a0 ADJ (terms must be immediately adjacent to one another)<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Support relational operators (less than, greater than, equal to, etc.);<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Support\u00a0 user\u00a0\u00a0 self-service\u00a0\u00a0 features\u00a0\u00a0 such\u00a0\u00a0 as\u00a0\u00a0 reservation\u00a0 of\u00a0\u00a0 items, cancellation of reserved items, etc.;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Facilitate limit its searches by publication year, language, item type, item category, location, etc.;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Support multilingual features; and<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Enable \u00a0searchers \u00a0to \u00a0specify \u00a0which \u00a0fields \u00a0are \u00a0to \u00a0be \u00a0displayed \u00a0and \u00a0to indicate brief or full display retrieve records.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

6.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Do<\/strong>w<\/strong>n<\/strong>l<\/strong>oa<\/strong>d<\/strong>i<\/strong>n<\/strong>g\u00a0 Requirements:\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The \u00a0ILMS\u00a0 software \u00a0should meet\u00a0\u00a0 the following requirements with regard to their downloading;<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Supports Z39.50 compliant cataloguing system [ANSI\/INISO Z39.50 (1995) or ISO<\/p>\n

239.50 (1998)];<\/p>\n

Capturing of bibliographic and authority records from any Z39.50 server through Z39.50 client; and<\/p>\n

Facilitate local manipulation of captured data.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

6.5\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>R<\/strong>eports and Backup Requirements: <\/strong>The ILMS software should support the following reporting and backup requirements;<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reflect count of all records added, edited by a specific operator or over a specified time period;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Generate lists, statistics of items added or tabulated by call number, document,<\/span>\u00a0type, adjustment location, etc.;<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Produce a list of all citations with authority file violations; and<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Support backup of all cataloguing records in suitable media (magnetic, optical, etc.) and easy recovery of records if required.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

7.\u00a0 Process of Computerised Catalogues\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

7.1\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Titles in Process: <\/strong>The titles, which have been entered in the acquisition module, will appear under this option in the cataloguing module. It allows to feed the missing information accurately, correct the details like title\/author, edition, publisher, place, year, subjected headings, keywords, physical description, etc. if required. Feed local holding information such as shelving location, collection type (Lending, Reference, Special), classification number, book number, accession number and other relevant information about the title from the physical book or from other sources.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

7.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>R<\/strong>etrospective Conversion: <\/strong>There are a number of options for retro conversion as mentioned below;<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

i.\u00a0\u00a0Manual: <\/strong>The majority of the libraries are creating bibliographical records in the database through manual keying by using various data sources such as data input sheets, accession register, catalogue cards. In the catalogue module the record is standardised by entering additional data elements and rendering of access points with the help of authority file.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ii.\u00a0\u00a0Existing library catalogue: <\/strong>Development of library OPAC started long back in many libraries of the world and at that time Integrated Library Automation Packages were not available. As such, cataloguing data available in digital format can be merged into the catalogue database created using the newly installed ILMS.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

iii.\u00a0 Union Catalogue: <\/strong>Union database is unified Online Library Catalogues of \u00a0books, theses and journals of the participating libraries It contains bibliographic description, location and holdings information of the books, journals and theses, etc. \u00a0It is a major source of bibliographic information that can be used for inter-library loan, collections development as well as for copy cataloguing and retro-conversion of bibliographic records.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

iv.\u00a0 C<\/strong>o<\/strong>m<\/strong>m<\/strong>ercially available files of MARC records: <\/strong>Records from external databases may be downloaded directly from the relevant online databases such as OCLC or CD-ROM databases.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

v.\u00a0\u00a0Other Sources: <\/strong>Copy cataloguing denotes the process of downloading bibliographic records from cataloguing utilities or vendor online systems. This is the most popular method in many libraries. Creating complete, new bibliographic records from scratch is known as original cataloguing. Many libraries download bibliographic records directly to local online catalogues from bibliographic databases such as OCLC, INFLIBNET\u2019s IndCat, a commercial vendor database, or other library’s online catalogues.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

7.3\u00a0 Import\/Export\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Data import\/export facility is available in most of the ILMS software, which allows to:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Import MARC records (data downloaded from various sites\/files obtained from the<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Publishers, LOC, IndCat, etc.) to ILMS software;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Export ILMS records into\u00a0 MARC21 format;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Convert CCF (Common Communication Format) records into MARC format;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Import MARCXML data into ILMS software; and<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Provision to add accession numbers to imported data.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

8.\u00a0 Standards for Bibliographic Formats\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

8.1\u00a0 <\/strong>MARC<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Several options are available for libraries for automating cataloguing activities, the most widely used method is by using MARC format. It is to the credit of Library of Congress for having recognized the need for developing a record structure and format which would greatly facilitate the exchange of bibliographic information between libraries, group of libraries and computer systems. Early trials around 1966 worked with MARC I format, and superseded in 1967 by MARC II often referred as MARC. Presently, most of the ILMS software are using MACR21.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

“MARC format” is a widely accepted structural coding scheme for a particular type of material, including monographs, serials, sound recordings, scores, manuscripts, maps, audio-visual materials, and machine readable data files. The data that can be included in a MARC format include almost all information represented on cataloguing cards such as author, title editor, \u00a0physical description, series statement, notes, subject headings, added entries call number and various control numbers plus a great deal of other information which is helpful for categorization and processing by the computer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

8.2\u00a0 CCF (Common Communication Format)\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

UNESCO\u2019s General Information Programme (PGI) recommended MARC format for libraries and UNSISIT Reference Manual for abstracting and indexing agencies. But, because it is common for developing countries to support only a single bibliographic agency, some countries have indicated that they find neither of these two formats entirely satisfactory. The direct result of this dissatisfaction has been the development of Common Communication Format (CCF). It was first published by UNESCO in 1984. It provides a standard for bibliographic records in machine readable form that will be useful for both library and non-library agencies. It follows the rules for bibliographic record formats laid down in ISO.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

8.3\u00a0 UNIMARC\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

MARC formats were also developed in other countries like Canada, Latin America, Spain, Denmark, Australia, Japan, Germany, France, Belgium, Switzerland, etc. The multiplicity of these formats made it difficult to exchange machine readable data on an international scale. The IFLA Working Group on Content Designators formed in 1973 under the joint auspices of the Committee on Cataloguing and Committee on Mechanization took steps to establish what is known as ‘UNIMARC’, which could facilitate translation of records and international exchange of data.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The basics of ‘UNIMARC’ are ISBD with full content designation provided for full data elements. The primary purpose of UNIMARC was to facilitate the international exchange of bibliographic data in machine-readable form between national bibliographic agencies. UNIMARC may also be used as a model for the development of new machine-readable bibliographic formats.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The scope of UNIMARC was to specify the content designators (tags, indicators Automation of Cataloguing and subfield codes) to be assigned to bibliographic records in machine-readable form and to specify the logical and physical format of the records. It covers monographs, serials, cartographic materials, music, sound recordings, graphics, projected and video materials, rare books and electronic resources.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

UNIMARC was intended to be a carrier format for exchange purposes. It does not stipulate the form, content, or record structure of the data within individual systems. Records are usually structured in exchange tape format as the last stage in any conversion process after form, content, and content designators have been converted to the UNIMARC standard. Those organizations intending to use UNIMARC for data interchange will find it useful to co-ordinate their\u00a0internal format content designators and field and sub field definitions with those in UNIMARC to reduce the complexity of data conversion when the records are converted into the UNIMARC exchange tape structure.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

8.4\u00a0 ISBD\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD) was developed out of a resolution of the International Meeting of Cataloguing Experts, organized by the IFLA Committee on Cataloguing in Copenhagen in 1969, which recommended that standardization of the form and content of bibliographic description be established. This ISBD contained provisions covering machine readable data files. However, when the ISBD (NBM) was being reviewed, together with the ISBD(CM), ISBD(M), and ISBD(S), by the ISBD Review Committee formed by IFLA in 1981, it was decided that special consideration should be given to the rapidly increasing need for a separate ISBD for computer files. With the development of programs and data files for smaller computers, the ISBD (CF) was published in 1988 as a result of developments like emergence of interactive multimedia, development of optical technology availability of remote electronic resources on the Internet and World Wide Web, and reproductions of electronic resources. These formats conform to AACR2 Rules and are also useful for exchange of bibliographic data.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

8.5\u00a0 Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Functional \u00a0Requirements \u00a0for \u00a0Bibliographic \u00a0Records (FRBR)\u00a0 \u00a0is\u00a0 \u00a0a conceptual entity-relationship model <\/a>developed by the International Federation<\/a> of Library Associations and Institutions <\/a>(IFLA) to describe entities, relationships, and attributes (i.e., metadata). User tasks of retrieval and access in online library catalogues and bibliographic databases from a user\u2019s perspective. It represents a more holistic approach to retrieval and access as the relationships between the entities provide links to navigate through the hierarchy of relationships. The model is significant because it is separate from specific cataloguing standards such as AACR2 <\/a>or International Standard Bibliographic<\/a> Description <\/a>(ISBD).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records – the entities, relationships, and attributes from that model to describe how it is currently affecting work on the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules and the extension of the model into the area of authority control.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

8.6\u00a0 Resource Description and Access (RDA):<\/strong> Resource Description and Access (RDA) is a standard for cataloguing <\/a>that provides instructions and guidelines on formulating bibliographic data<\/a>. Intended\u00a0for use by <\/span>libraries <\/a>and other cultural organizations such as museums and archives, RDA is the successor to the <\/span>Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules<\/a>, Second Edition (AACR2), the current cataloging standard set for English language libraries. RDA was initially released in June 2010.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

The primary distinction between RDA and AACR is structural. RDA is organised \u00a0based \u00a0on \u00a0the Functional \u00a0Requirements \u00a0for \u00a0Bibliographic<\/a> Records <\/a>(FRBR). These principles identify both the ‘user tasks’ which a library catalogue should make possible and a hierarchy of relationships in bibliographic data. Descriptions produced using the instructions of RDA are intended to be compatible with any coding schema, including the data environments used for existing records created under the AACR2 rules.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

8.7\u00a0 UNICODE\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Unicode is a computing <\/a>industry standard <\/a>for the consistent encoding<\/a>, representation and handling of text <\/a>expressed in most of the world’s writing<\/a> systems<\/a>. It supports more that 150 languages to create bibliographical records in multilingual formats. Developed in conjunction with the Universal Character<\/a> Set <\/a>Standard and published in book form as The Unicode Standard, the latest version\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0of\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Unicode\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0contains\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0a\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0repertoire\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0of\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0more\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0than 1,10,000 characters <\/a>covering 100 scripts <\/a>and various symbols. The standard consists of a set of code charts for visual reference, an encoding method and set of standard character encodings<\/a>, a set of reference data computer files<\/a>, and a number of related items, such as character properties, rules for normalization<\/a>, decomposition, collation<\/a>, rendering and bidirectional <\/a>display order (for the correct display \u00a0of \u00a0text \u00a0containing \u00a0both \u00a0right-to-left \u00a0scripts, \u00a0such \u00a0as Arabic <\/a>and Hebrew<\/a>, and left-to-right scripts).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Unicode can be implemented <\/a>by different character encodings<\/a>. The most commonly used encodings are UTF-8<\/a>, UTF-16 <\/a>and the now-obsolete UCS-2<\/a>. UTF-8 uses one byte <\/a>for any ASCII <\/a>character, all of which have the same code values in both UTF-8 and ASCII encoding, and up to four bytes for other characters. UCS-2 uses a 16-bit code unit <\/a>(two 8-bit bytes<\/a>) for each character but cannot encode every character in the current Unicode standard. UTF-16 extends UCS-2, using one 16-bit unit for the characters that were representable in UCS-2 and two 16-bit units (4 \u00d7 8 bit) to handle each of the additional characters.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

9.\u00a0 Users Services\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The cataloguing\/OPAC module of ILMS can provide the following services;<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

C<\/strong>u<\/strong>rrent awareness\/ bibliographical services: <\/strong>In principle,\u00a0 ‘Current Awareness Service’ and ‘Bibliographic Service’ are the same while CAS is generated periodically; bibliographic service is created ‘On Demand’. One can\u00a0select appropriate options and provide filters if needed and generate the report. The report can also save in different formats (in .pdf format\/Excel), print it and also send it by email to the users.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

10.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Online Public Access Catalogues\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The OPAC has simple and advanced search facility with the minimum information for each item including author, title, corporate body, conference name, subject headings, keywords, class number, series name, accession number or combination of any of two or more information regarding the item. Major functions provided in the OPAC module are:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Simple Search;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Boolean Search;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Advanced Boolean Search;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Displaying and downloading of records in MS Excel, PDF or MARCXML; and<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Search support for the items that are in the acquisition process in the library.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

11.\u00a0 Reports\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Most of the ILMS provides basic and advanced level reports, facilities with standard filter options. User can create multiple template depending on requirement by selecting fields.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Basic Report: <\/strong>One can generate basic report with limited number of fields with standard filters by class number, titles, collection type, language, shelving location, accession number record ID, subject heading, recent titles, location, accession number (ranges), users name. One has to enter appropriate parameters and filters, as well as select the desired template and get the report.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Advance Report: Allows using Boolean operator by selecting requisite MARC fields, and sub fields too. There are good numbers of filters to limit the search based on user needs.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Generate spine labels\/ barcode labels and book cards; and<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Generate lists, statistics of items added or edited by operator over a specified time period.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

12.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Summary\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The most important house-keeping activities associated with any modern library comprise of acquisition, cataloguing, circulation control and serials control. The success of a library depends to a large extent, on the efficient and effective organization of these house-keeping activities. In the past, these activities have been carried out manually. In today’s context, these operations were being carried out with the help of computers.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The catalogue module describes the objectives, advantages, features of computerized cataloguing. Basic requirements, processes and basic job in cataloguing, importing and exporting data from different format based on standards is also covered. Module also highlights various master databases, standards, reports and user services. The module helps to acquire knowledge required to understand the use of computers in library house-keeping activities.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

There are a number of software packages which could be used to accomplish these activities. The main objective is to indicate the factors which must be taken into consideration when studying automation of these routines and to examine how some of the software deals with this work.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

13.\u00a0 References\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bilal Meghabghab, D. (1997). Automating Media Centers and Small Libraries: A Microcomputer-based Approach. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Boss, R. W. (1997). The Library Administrator’s Automation Handbook.<\/p>\n

Medford, NJ : Information Today.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cohn, John M. (2001). Planning for Integrated Systems and Technologies: A How to-do-it Manual for Librarians. London: Neal- Schuman.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cooper, Michael D. (1996). Design of Library Automation Systems: File Structures, Data Structures. and Tools. New York: Wiley & Sons.<\/p>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cortez, E. M. and Smorch, T. (1993). Planning Second Generation Automated Library. Westport: Greenwood Press.<\/p>\n

6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dempsey, L. (1994). Distributed Library and Information Systems: The Significance of Z39.50. Managing Information. 1(6) 41-42.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Furrie, Betty. (2003). Understanding MARC: Bibliographic Machine- Readable Cataloging. Available online at htt.p:\/Iwww.loc.gov\/marc<\/a> (accessed on 03.01.04).<\/p>\n

8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mcqueen J. and Boss, R.W. (1984). Serials Control in Libraries: Automated Options. Library Technology Reports. 89-282.<\/p>\n

9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mishra, R.K. (1999). Library Software Selection: An Analysis. IASLIC Bulletin. 44(3); 125-132.<\/p>\n

10.\u00a0 \u00a0 Murray, I.R. (1997). Assessing the Effect of New Generation Library Management Systems. Program. 31(4); 313-327.<\/p>\n

11.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Rayward, W.B. (2002). A History of Computer Applications in Libraries: Prolegomena IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. April-June 2002, 4-15.<\/p>\n

12.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Reynold, \u00a0D. \u00a0(1985). \u00a0Library \u00a0Automation: \u00a0Issues \u00a0and \u00a0Applications.<\/p>\n

London: Bowker. Rowley, J. (1998). The Electronic Library. London: Library Association Publishing.<\/p>\n

13.\u00a0 \u00a0 Simmons, P. and Hopkinson, A. (ed.) (1992). CCF\/B: The Common Communication Format for Bibliographic Information. Paris: UNESCO.<\/p>\n

14.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Sharma, \u00a0C.D. \u00a0(1988). \u00a0Advances \u00a0in \u00a0Library \u00a0and \u00a0Information \u00a0Science.<\/p>\n

Vol.l. Jaipur:R.B.S.A. Publishers.116<\/p>\n

15.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Swan, J (1996). Automating Small Libraries. Wisconsin: High\u00a0 Smith Press LLC.<\/p>\n

16.\u00a0 \u00a0 Tedd, \u00a0L.A. \u00a0(1987). \u00a0Introduction \u00a0to \u00a0Computer \u00a0Based \u00a0Library \u00a0System.<\/p>\n

London: Heyde.<\/p>\n

17.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Thomas, P.A. (1975). Task Analysis of Library Operations. London: Aslib.<\/p>\n

18.\u00a0 \u00a0 Thurman-Day, T., Flanders, B. and Zuck, G ed. (1994). Automationfor School Libraries:<\/p>\n

19.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0How to do it from Those Who Have Done It. Chicago: American Library<\/p>\n

Association. Housekeeping Operations<\/p>\n

20.\u00a0 \u00a0 WINNEBAGO. (1997). The Guide to Library Automation. Caledonia, Minnesota:<\/p>\n

Winnebago Software Company.<\/p>\n

21.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Yates, R. \u00a0(1996). \u00a0Library \u00a0Automation: \u00a0The \u00a0Way \u00a0Forward? \u00a0Program. 30(3),239-53.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"menu_order":18,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["mr-h-g-hosamani"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[70],"license":[],"class_list":["post-160","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-mr-h-g-hosamani"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp5\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/160","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp5\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp5\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp5\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp5\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/160\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":348,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp5\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/160\/revisions\/348"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp5\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp5\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/160\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp5\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=160"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp5\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=160"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp5\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=160"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp5\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=160"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}