{"id":86,"date":"2018-07-10T10:19:30","date_gmt":"2018-07-10T10:19:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lisp11.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&p=86"},"modified":"2018-08-02T06:18:52","modified_gmt":"2018-08-02T06:18:52","slug":"ict-application-in-academic-libraries","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp11\/chapter\/ict-application-in-academic-libraries\/","title":{"rendered":"ICT Application in Academic Libraries"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nIntroduction\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

Today due to information technology information being produced in the form of various format and is being produced print as well as in non-print form documents. The requirements for information of users have also grown. Library budgets have not grown at the rate as compared to the prices of documents have grown. Due to the remarkable growth of knowledge, there is need for libraries to use information and communication technologies for improving their services. ICT incorporates a range of technologies used to support communication and information. ICT includes both networks and applications. Networks include wireless and satellite telecommunications, broadcasting networks and well known applications are the Internet, database management systems and multimedia tools. ICT makes library work easier, faster, cheaper and more effective. It helps to manage information overload as information retrieval is made easier in computerized systems. Remote access is enabled through networked systems. Computerization saves space and reduces paper. Information and Communication Technology is a set of technological tools and resources which are used to communicate, to create, disseminate, store and manage the information.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\nConcept and Meaning of ICT\/ Automation\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is synonymous with IT and sometimes used in preference to Information Technology (IT). Sharma, Singh & Kumar (2011) express \u201cICT\u201d is an umbrella term that includes all technologies for the manipulation and communication of information. The term \u201cICT\u201d describes the use of computer-based technology and the Internet to make information and communication services available to a wide range of users. Hamelink, (1997) defined as ICTs are those technologies that enable the handling of information and facilitate different forms of communication. These include capturing technologies (e.g. camcorders), storage technologies (e.g. CD-ROMs), processing technologies (e.g. application software), communication technologies (e.g. Local Area Network) and display technologies (e.g. computer monitors).<\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u201cICTs are basically information-handling tools \u2013 a varied set of goods, applications and services that are used to produce, store, process, distribute and exchange information for the development of the country. They include the \u201cold\u201d and \u201ctraditional\u201d ICTs of radio, television and telephone, and the \u201cnew\u201d and \u201cadvanced\u201d ICTs of computers, satellite and wireless technology and the Internet. These different tools are now able to work together, and combine to form our \u201cnetworked world\u201d -a massive infrastructure of interconnected telephone services, standardized computing hardware, the Internet, radio and television, which reaches into every corner of the globe\u201d (Chitla, 2012).<\/p>\r\n \r\n

Meaning of Automation <\/em><\/strong>The word \u201cautomation\u201d has been derived from Greek word \u201cautomose\u201d means something, which has power of spontaneous motion or self-movement. The term \u201cautomation\u201d was first introduced by D.S. Harder in 1936, who was then with General Motor Company in the U.S. He used the term automation to mean automatic handling of parts between progressive production processes. According to Webster\u2019s Third New International Dictionary of English Languages, automation is, \u201cthe techniques of making an apparatus, a process or a system operate automatically\u201d. Automation is \u201cthe creation and application of technology to monitor and control the production and delivery of products and services.\u201d In simply words Automation is technology of doing work automatically with the use of machines to control systems and information technologies to increase the productivity in the production of goods and delivery of services.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

The Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science define Automation as \u201cautomation is the technology concerned with the design and development of process and system that minimize the necessity of human intervention in operation\u201d. (Kent, 1977)<\/p>\r\n \r\n

According to McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology It defines automation as \u201ca coined word having no precise generally accepted technical meaning but widely used to imply the concept, development, or use of highly automatic machinery or control systems\u201d. As per the Oxford English<\/p>\r\n \r\n

Dictionary automation is \u201capplication of automatic control to any branch of industry or science by extension, the use of electronic or mechanical devices to replace human labour\u201d (Simpson & Weiner, 1989).<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nHistory of Application of ICT\/ Automation in Libraries\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

The first application of automatic data automation in libraries can be traced back to 1936 when the University of Texas adapted a mechanical system for its circulation function. It started in early fifties in the Untied States of America and during this phase computers entered in American libraries. The use of computers and application was very limited and restricted due to the high cost of hardware and non-availability of application software packages.\u00a0 The landmark was the initiation of\u00a0 MARC project (Machine Readable Cataloguing) by the Library of Congress to provide a format for cataloguing. H.P. Luhn had organized computerized indexes in 1950s.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

In the early 1960s library automation began especially in the U.S.A. after the World War II. During this period, many libraries in North America and in the U.K began to experiment processing of information by using computers. The era of ICT based library began in the late 1960s to a great extent with the success of INTREX and the MARC projects. During this online, real time interactive computer systems were introduced in the library and information field. In April 1960 the American Chemical Society published its \u2018Chemical Titles\u2019 through computers. During this phase, OPAC i.e. Online Public Access Catalogue was in an experimental stage in the U.S.A. and Machine Readable Catalogue i.e. MARC came into existence in year 1963 at the Library of Congress, U.S.A for providing standardization in automation. W.K. Gilbert prepared a report in the year 1963 on computerization of Library of Congress. On the basis of this report of MARC I project was started in 1966, and the work of bringing out of the Library of Congress Catalog in Machine Readable Catalog (MARC) form was started and completed.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

During this phase, OPAC i.e. Online Public Access Catalogue was in an experimental stage in the U.S.A. In 1967, the Ohio College Library Centre (OCLC) was set up which is an online system which marked\u00a0the beginning of cooperative systems and union catalogue. In 1969, the Library of Congress started distribution of records in the new MARC II format. (Tedd, 1977).In 1967 both OCLC and BALLOTS became operative. In the early 1970s, Online Systems were in operation in several libraries, for example, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Eastern Illinois University etc.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n \r\n

In the 1970s there has been an increase in library cooperation and resource sharing by libraries developing computer based systems. In this phase, designing of online systems and conversion of batch systems into online mode was done and also the growth of library network and databases were seen in these Phase. Here magnetic tapes and floppy disks were used for storing information. During late 1970s there were some achievements like production of National Union Catalogue of Scientific Serials by INSDOC, production of Union Catalogue of DRDO libraries of Western Region by the Institute of Armament Technology at Pune.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

Information Technology (recently called ICT) word first time found and appeared in the literature of library and information science in 'Library and Information Science Abstracts' (LISA) in 1975, but term was not in regular use until the early 1980s as mentioned in a guidebook for young professional librarian, (Rowley and Lea, 1988). In the 1980s there was in intensive use of online systems networks, optical disks, CD-ROMs etc. In this period, microcomputers came to be used in libraries. Late on through Internet and library networks, all processes of libraries were integrated. <\/strong>(Rajagopalan, 1986).Many techniques were introduced in the universities and national libraries. Several of these systems were like tabulators, sorters; punched cards were used for circulation i.e. for providing books on loan, serial control, acquisition, cataloguing etc. (Laxminarayan, 1986).<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\nHistory of ICT \/ Automation Application in Library in India\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

The Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta was first in India to install a computer system in 1955, and to develop an indigenous computer in 1964. In India, some libraries and information centers made efforts to \u2018automate\u2019 their library routines and information services in 1960s with punch card and with a couple of second generation general computers that were available at Kanpur and Bombay.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

INSDOC was the leader in experimenting with computers for their application in documentation and information work in 1964. Initially they made use of the IBM 1620 Model I that was available at IIT Kanpur. The first attempt was with work on data collected for union catalogue of scientific serial (Raizada, 1965).<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n \r\n

In India computers were used in library work for the first time possibly by INSDOC when they computerized the author and subject indexes of \u2018Indian Science Abstract\u2019 in 1965.The next experiment carried out at INSDOC in computerization was on preparing author and subject indexes to Indian Science Abstracts.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

In 1967 the INSDOC brought out the \u2018Roster of Indian Scientific and Technical Translators\u2019 with the help of computers. In 1978 INSDOC initiated SDI service as a NISSAT project with Chemical Abstracts and INSPEC data-bases, with the use of CAN\/SDI software of IIT, Madras.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

In 1970s many libraries ventured in preparing computerized databases. Through the initiative and financial support of NISSAT many library networks were initiated and are operative. Notables of these networks are CALIBNET (Calcutta Library Network) and DELNET (Delhi Libraries Network), INFLIBNET (Information & Library Network) PUNENET (Pune Library Network) etc. Among other networks are notable are NICNET, INDONET, SIRNET etc. Now a-\u00a0days many institutions such as DRTC, INSDOC, DESIDOC, NISSAT etc. are engaged in imparting training for computer application in library work through regular, sponsored and adhoc courses. The price of computer hardware and software has been considerably reduced. Owing to these factors computers have become popular with Indian libraries (Pandey, 1995).<\/p>\r\n \r\n

The real boost in library automation came from the establishment of INFLIBNET, Before INFLIBNET; scattered efforts were being made in academic libraries especially in institution of special characters like IITS, IIMS etc. INFLIBNET proved a real catalyst by providing finance and laying standards (Singh, 2003).<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\nKaul (1999) has given the growth of library automation can be better understood from the following table:<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nGrowth and Developments of Library Automation\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n
    \r\n \t
  • 1940-1949 Semi-mechanical applications including edge-notched cards, optical coincidence, peek- a-boo cards.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • 1950-1959 Use of punched cards, data processing equipments, early computers and micro image searching systems.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • 1960-1969 \u00a0Application \u00a0of \u00a0general \u00a0purpose \u00a0digital \u00a0computers, \u00a0feasibility \u00a0studies \u00a0of \u00a0online interactive and advance micro image systems, experiments in library networking.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • 1970-1979 Design of online systems and conversion of batch systems into online mode, growth of library network and databases.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • 1980-1989 Intensive use of online systems, networks, mini and microcomputers, optical disks, CD- ROMs, FAX etc.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • 1990s Use of internet and library networks aims towards higher levels of computer application such as recording through electronic media, artificial intelligence etc.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n \r\n\r\nMeaning of ICT Application in Libraries\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

    The emerging Information and communication technologies have changed the face of the libraries services in information storage, retrieval and dissemination of information. \u201cTraditional library housekeeping methods are now carried by using newer technologies. Newer technologies have given better solution to most of the problems encountered in the field of library related to the acquisition, organisation of information, reference services, circulation and bibliographical services\u201d(Perera and Dinesh, 2010). The use of ICT in libraries is automation of libraries completely. The automation means the use of computers application, telecommunications and microelectronics etc is in the libraries for various works like acquisition, storage, retrieval, transfer and dissemination of information.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

    Library automation or library computerization is synonymous term used for ICT application in libraries or application of computers and utilization of computer based product and services in the performance of different library operations and functions in carrying out various services. There is a great impact of computers and information technology due to its application in the libraries. ICTs helps library professionals to manage their housekeeping and documentation activities such as circulation, acquisition, maintenance of catalogue, periodical management etc. in the libraries by automating them. The other automated services in the libraries are storage, dissemination and advance searched for the scholars such as SDI, compiling bibliographies, indexing\/abstracting etc. Libraries with the ICT application a huge amount of information can be stored and transmit throughout the world<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

    \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThe ICT technologies applied in libraries to face their housekeeping problems and to seek better solution is as stated following (Kakkar, 2006)\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n1.\u00a0 Computing technology (hardware\/software)\r\n\r\n2. Communication technology\r\n\r\n3. Network and Internet technology\r\n\r\n4. Web world\r\n\r\n5. Printers\/Publishing technology\r\n\r\n6. Reprographic and micrographic technology\r\n\r\n \r\n

    An automated library is one where a computer system is used to manage one or several of the libraries key functions such as acquisitions, serials control, cataloging, circulation\u00a0 and the public access catalog. Library automation is the general term for information and communications technologies (ICT) that are used to replace manual systems in the library. Automation is a procedure of using the machineries to do for working easily and saving the labour of human and time. Library Computerization is the part of library automation. At present use of the computer technology for library keeping operation such as administrative work, acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, serial control, \u00a0OPAC \u00a0etc. \u00a0known \u00a0as \u00a0library \u00a0computerization. \u00a0Table \u00a02 \u00a0shows \u00a0the compared concept of\u00a0traditional library functions with changing into ICT based library (Branscomb, 1981) as cited from Nasir Uddin, 2001<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

    \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nTable 2: Comparison between old and new technologies\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
    \r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nDefinition of ICT\/ Automation Application in Library\r\n\r\n \r\n

    Library automation may be defined as the application of automatic and semiautomatic data processing machines (computers) to perform traditional library housekeeping activities such as acquisition, circulation, cataloguing and reference and serials control. Today \u201cLibrary Automation\u201d is by far the most commonly used terms to describe the mechanization of library activities using the computer (Uddin, 2009).<\/p>\r\n \r\n

    Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences \u201cLibrary Automation is the use of automatic and semiautomatic data processing machines to perform such traditional library activities as acquisitions, cataloguing, and circulation. These activities are not necessarily performed in traditional ways, the activities themselves are those traditionally associated with libraries; library automation may thus be distinguished from related fields such as information retrieval fields such as information retrieval, automatic indexing and abstracting and automatic textual analysis\u201d (Kent, 1977).<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

    \r\n\r\n \r\n

    Aims and Objectives of ICT\/ Automation Application in Library\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n \r\n

    In the light of these developments, a library needs to\u00a0 chalk out a programme for efficient and effective management of its services through the use of ICTs. Though library automation programmes started out in many libraries in India as ad-hoc developments which were regularized later, efficiency and effectiveness in library services can be\u00a0 brought\u00a0 out by detailing the objectives of\u00a0 a 'library automation programme.' These objectives can be emphasized that library automation is an expensive affair, may be it involves in one time expenditure on computer parts (hardware), but many other costs such as on software, data entry, data storage, maintenance etc has to be done time to time for up gradation.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

      \r\n \t
    • Speedily disposal of library work and to provide access to information at a faster rate.<\/li>\r\n \t
    • To improve control over collection and to have an effective control over the entire operation;<\/li>\r\n \t
    • To \u00a0avoid \u00a0duplication \u00a0of \u00a0work \u00a0by \u00a0reducing \u00a0the \u00a0repetition \u00a0in \u00a0the \u00a0technical \u00a0processes \u00a0of housekeeping operations<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Establishment of a well storage & retrieval system<\/li>\r\n \t
    • To improve development in the new and existing services library services<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Time and proper use of human resources saving with qualitative services of the existing staff effectively<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Suitability for library cooperation & coordination development<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Simplicity in library management to meet the objectives<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Preparation of reports and correspondence<\/li>\r\n \t
    • To share effectively and have Suitability for resource sharing and networking among various libraries in a region; to share the resources through library networking.<\/li>\r\n \t
    • To maintain and provide bibliographical records of in a computerized form of all the holdings of a library materials through a single enumerative access point.<\/li>\r\n \t
    • To provide bibliographical details<\/li>\r\n \t
    • To implements new IT processes to provide high quality information.<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Improving cost-efficiency in library operations identified above. When discussing cost- efficiency, this must not be understood that by using ICTs, the resulting costs of the operations\/services would be necessarily less than those before the use of ICTs.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
      \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nNeed of ICT\/ Automation in Libraries\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n
        \r\n \t
      • In the traditional library systems, <\/strong>library functions were performed manually and\u00a0 due to information explosion and increasing demands of users it was getting difficult to provide all the services to users by saving their time.<\/li>\r\n \t
      • The size of recorded information is ever growing whereas space available at the disposal of each library is limited. No library can think of getting additional space every year, although the collection will grow continuously;<\/li>\r\n \t
      • Due to knowledge explosion, the society is faced with multifaceted and multidimensional information to such an extent that not only its storage has created challenge, but the organization of this bulk of information has also become unwieldy;<\/li>\r\n \t
      • Library operations, due to potential growth of information, could take many hours to perform manually but with automation all sorts of housekeeping jobs and other works can be performed with effective and accuracy.<\/li>\r\n \t
      • Availability of information in various formats print and non-print, and different approaches and needs of user<\/li>\r\n \t
      • Limitation of \u00a0library to buy all published documents, less time, space and human power<\/li>\r\n \t
      • To avoid the duplication in housekeeping operation and to improve the quality, speed and effectiveness of services to users<\/li>\r\n \t
      • To provide users a well management and retrieval of information so that they can\u00a0 \u00a0search national and international database<\/li>\r\n \t
      • Due to impact of communication technology on society<\/li>\r\n \t
      • To improve access the resources on other networks and systems, including the Web at remote place<\/li>\r\n \t
      • To improve the financial resources and to participate in resource-sharing and library networks<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
        \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nPreparation for ICT Application in Library\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

        Before taking decision for library automation it is important to know the how much it is need and hoe to afford. Knowledge about Computer hardware and software is must.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

        Hardware and Software: <\/strong>When automating the library, the hardware to be procured should also be given a thought. While procuring the hardware, it should be seen whether the software which will be implemented will be compatible with the hardware procured. The term software refers to a set of computer programmes written or developed to enable the computer to do desired operations (Pandey, 1995). It is one of the most important components which should be taken notice of, while automation.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

        Budget: <\/strong>When planning for library automation and networking sufficient funds has to be provided by the institution or the funding agencies for purchasing of hardware, software, furniture etc. It should\u00a0be noted that if sufficient funds are not available for purchasing the entire software, then the library should automate only those areas, which are of utmost importance and then later on go for overall automation modules.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

        \r\n\r\n \r\n

        Training: <\/strong>Manpower or personnel of the library is also an essential necessity. To provide effective and efficient services to the users, the staff should be provided training about the computers, how to work on computers, and the essential features of the software adopted and how the software is used.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\nAreas and Functions for ICT\/ Automation in a library\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nICT is used in various areas and fields of library activities are as follows:\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nOrdering and Acquisitions Acquisition:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u00b7 Ordering Receipting and Acquisition\/Accession list\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Order file\/report\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Claiming\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Fund accounting\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Enquiries (about the status of orders)\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Reports and statistics (about orders)\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nSerials management:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u00b7 Ordering (placing and renewing subscriptions)Receipting (of individual issues)\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Claiming\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Serials cheek-in\/out and claiming\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Union\/holding list\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Binding (control Of items in binding) Fund accounting\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Cataloguing (of new titles) Circulation control (if items are issued or circulated)\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Inquiries (related to serials)\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Reports and statistics\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nCataloguing\/classification:\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

        \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Data Entry\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Authority control\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Downloading of records from other databases, OPAC and other catalogue forms\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Online access and On-line catalogue\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Public Access Interface\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Other Catalogue forms\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Access from remote users over the Internet Catalogue card\/label production\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Retrospective conversion\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nCirculation Control\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u00b7 Setting parameters (to reflect loan policies, opening times, etc.)\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Issue and Return\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Renewal\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Fines\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Reservations\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Borrower file maintenance\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Enquiries (concerning borrower or the status of items) Notices Reports and statistics (about the utilization of stock)\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nManagement:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u00b7 Accounting\/budgeting\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Word processing\/mailing\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Scheduling\/planning\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Statistics\/report\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Tools and analysis of statistical information\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nInter library loans\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u00b7 (Similar to circulation control but usually with fewer options)<\/span>\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Entry<\/span>\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Issue and Return<\/span>\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Fines<\/span>\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Borrower file maintenance<\/span>\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Enquiries<\/span>\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Reports and statistics<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
        \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nAudio-visual management:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Audio-visual acquisition\/cataloging\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nInformation storage\/retrieval:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Database construction\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Online database searching\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Down loading\/uploading\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Indexing and abstracting\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nReference\/Information services:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Bibliographic listings\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Library instructions\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Public access\/com\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nCommunity Information\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u00b7 Data Entry\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Online access\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Public Access interface\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Public literacy\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nApplication of ICT \/ Automation in House Keeping Operations\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

        Impact of ICT has transformed the \u2018traditional library\u2019 into \u2018automated library\u2019. Libraries have been serving as hybrid libraries and new form of libraries are \u2018Digital library\u2019 and \u2018virtual library\u2019 also seen due to ICT. The use of information technology for automating various library housekeeping jobs, functions and activities. Use of information technology in libraries is aimed to provide better services and to save the time of the library patrons. Library with the ICT application can operate house- keeping, planning, maintenance and other administrative works.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

        \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nApplication of ICT Acquisition\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

        Acquisition is important part of the house keeping jobs as it add the new collection support in achieving the aim of a library. Automated library acquisition system helps doing all those work in more accurate, timely and with complete records of orders. This reduces labour and paper work and the personnel time and efforts required to do which is involved in manual system.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\nTypes of files processed in acquisition\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

        Libraries differ in nature, size, collection, services, budget and objectives, etc. Hence, the files required and functions involved in automated library acquisition would vary from library to library. The records of files processed in acquisition commonly are as:<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Record of document data\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Record of \u00a0vendors data\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Record of document In-acquisition or in-process data\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Record of financial data\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Record of invoice\/ bill data\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Record of library purchase policy and decision taken file\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Record of Files related to currency conversion data and users data, etc.\r\n\r\n \r\n

        Acquisition processes or operations involved in library acquisitions are selection, order, receive and accession. The acquisition of document goes through following processed such as:<\/p>\r\n \r\n

        Pre-Order: <\/strong>In this process documents are <\/span>c<\/strong>heck if the requested items are already there in the library or in the process of acquisition to avoid duplication of documents.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

        \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Approval is obtain from the authority for purchase and\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Select vendor, type of grant etc.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nOrder: <\/strong>Order of the documents is placed through electronically generated or print\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nPost-Order <\/strong>Follow-up claims for overdue orders\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Receive and record items against delivery bills\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Physical verification is done of received items\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Process invoice for payments\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Accessioning of the documents\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Reports are generated for pertaining to acquisition\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Send items for further processing i.e. classification, cataloguing and binding\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Supports accessioning of the items such as in regular order, on-approval, gifts or Exchange, etc.;\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Supports and handles ordering of multiple copies and multi volume documents;\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Capable of transforming the input data into actual order to be sent;\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Handles the partial receipt of an order;\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Accommodates variety of materials in different formats;\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Generates claims\/ reminder notices for un-received items\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Supports the cancellation of order due to non-supply of orders and Provides wide range of access points to search one or more data files in relation to acquisition\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nLibrary Automation in Serial \/ Periodical Control\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

        Acquire periodicals like newspapers, magazines, and journals as well as other periodical publications such as serials, conference proceedings of learned societies etc. The term serials\/ periodical are used to describe the function, policies, procedures and operations for the acquisition of periodicals in a library. The acquisition systems of periodical publications are not same as acquiring of books. Therefore the acquisition functions of\u00a0 periodicals deal\u00a0 with periodicals section\u00a0 in\u00a0 a library only. Library can have an efficient control over acquisition, maintenance and circulation of serial\/ periodical publications. The process of overed under automated serial control is as follows<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

        \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nFor New Subscription and Purchasing\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Placing and starting new subscription orders for new titles\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Checking \u00a0out \u00a0of \u00a0expiry \u00a0of \u00a0subscribed \u00a0and \u00a0renew \u00a0of \u00a0existing \u00a0subscription \u00a0and \u00a0sending renewal\/standing orders.\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Entry of issues arrived in a library Sending reminders for overdue issues and if not required subscription to be stop\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Cancellation of subscription\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Preparing lists of periodicals subject wise, vendor wise, according to local parameters such as academic department\/unit wise for academic libraries\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Maintaining budget records related to payments and other expenditures by preparation of routing slips for journal issues\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Preparation of lists of periodicals for updating of holding list\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Preparation and maintenance of files on publishers, vendors, languages, countries, currencies, subjects, frequencies and mode of delivery.\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Invoice processing\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nReceipt of Issues\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u00b7 Check-in on computer data entry of received regular or special issues of journals including supplements and indexes, etc.<\/span>\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Claiming and sending reminders\/ claims for un-received or missing issues of journals<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
        \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nPost Receipt\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u00b7 Routing involves in circulation of individual issues\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Binding of old periodicals and accessioning of bound volumes\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Management reports based on titles, checked-in and claims, etc.\r\n\r\n\u00b7 On-line user access to be provided through OPAC\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Circulation of bound volumes if the library does\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Preparing indexing for subject bibliographies and for services like CAS, SDI\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nLibrary Automation in Cataloguing:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

        Cataloguing is one of the most important tools (catalogues) that are to be used maximum of times by most of the users. The catalogues tools help in utilization of a library's resources and services. Computerised cataloguing is one of the most used retrieval tool all over the world. It is also used to exchange, distribute and use the bibliographic data across the geographical boundaries. Computer based cataloguing became possible with the creation of Computer Output Microform (COM) catalogues in 1960s.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\nRowley (1987) listed the use of catalogues are mainly by two ways:\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n(a)\u00a0 Cataloguing and other catalogue forms, and.\r\n\r\n(b)\u00a0 OPAC\r\n\r\n \r\n

        The basic use of computers in cataloguing is for reducing the data-entry effort. Once bibliographic details of document are fit into the system, the data can be used for generating catalogue cards, as well as getting output in given electronic forms, e.g. the Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC). In many cases libraries in their initial stages have only electronic catalogues without those available\u00a0online. Production of book catalogues of new arrivals is also possible. Book cards and spine labels can also be produced using the same data that was entered at an earlier stage in technical or circulation or acquisition sections.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

        \r\n\r\n \r\n

        The automation done in cataloguing process provides speed up in the processing of materials into the collection. It reduces the clerical effort, stationery (cards.) and unit cost of cataloguing a work and act as a common means to library materials across libraries. Machine Readable Cataloguing \"MARC format\" is a broadly accepted structural coding scheme for all type of material, like monographs, serials, sound recordings, scores, manuscripts, maps, audio-visual materials, and machine readable data files. The data can be included in a MARC format is all information represented on cataloguing cards such as author, title editor, physical description, series statement, notes, subject headings, added entries call number, ISBN and information which is helpful for cataloguing and processing by the computer.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\nComponents of Machine Readable Format\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThe machine format consists of the following components:\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\ni)\u00a0 Data element: <\/strong>To be entered with information such as ISBN.\r\n

        ii)\u00a0Field: <\/strong>It contains detail description of the documents- author, title, and place of publication, publishers, year of publication, edition, volume, and series. Fields are of two kinds: a) Fixed fields, containing data elements that is always expressed in a predetermined number of characters; b) Variable fields, containing data elements with no predetermined length.<\/p>\r\nii) Record: <\/strong>The complete collection of fields treated a record represents a particular bibliographic item i.e., a book, periodical article, etc.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nA machine readable record format will have three major components. They are\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\ni) The \u00a0structure \u00a0of \u00a0a \u00a0record, \u00a0which \u00a0is \u00a0the \u00a0physical \u00a0representation \u00a0of \u00a0data \u00a0on \u00a0the \u00a0machine readable medium\r\n\r\nii) The content designators of labels, which are the means of identifying the data elements or\u00a0providing additional information about each data element or sometimes referred to as codes used to represent data elements;<\/span>\r\n\r\niii) The contents of the record, which are the data elements themselves.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

        \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nComputer Based Cataloguing (OPAC) <\/strong>display deals with\r\n
          \r\n \t
        • Retrieved Results,<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Individual Records<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Should provide appropriate amount of information<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Generally there are three layer displays in an OPAC<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Brief display; and<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Full Display<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n \r\n\r\nLibrary Automation in Circulation:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nLibraries control circulation by keeping records in order to achieve optimum availability to use of its reading materials by users. Automated circulation systems need the following data for record:\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nRecords of Users ( Library Member) data\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 New Registration or Renewal of membership to create a unique ID\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Entry of personal details\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Entry of patron\u2019s eligibility and other parameters like number of documents to be issued, period of loan and category of membership, expiry date of membership, etc.\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Generation of patron ID card with a barcode embedded.\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Edit or modification in any of the above\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Deletion or cancellation of membership\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Issue of \u2018No-dues\u2019 or \u2018clearance\u2019 certificate\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nRecords for Documents\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
          \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Maintenance of document database automatically done through Acquisition and Catalogue modules of library\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nRecords of Administration work\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Update Calendar (due date and calculation of overdue charges)\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Inter Library Loan\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Fiscal Management\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Generation of reports related to circulation\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nRecords of Transaction Management\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Preparation of Check-in\/ Check-out , overdue and recall notices for lent out items\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Facilitation of renewals Collection of issue statistics\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Identification and trapping of reserved books upon their return Helping in calculation and collection of overdue charges\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nReminder of over borrowing and other borrower details<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0 Report generation\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nBar-coding\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

          Barcode is an optical machine, which can read\\ represent the data relating to the object to which it is attached. Barcode technology is widely used in circulation activities in a library. The details of the document and of the users needed for issue and return is captured from barcodes. Using Barcodes lots of library and users time is saves; reduced Cost; reduced errors; and improves the operational efficiency.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\nServices to the Users in ICT Environment\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

          Library users have now accepted and making use computers, the Internet, the Web, Intranet, Extranet and other technologies. Library automation and networking provides numerous benefits to\u00a0library users. As a result, library users are placing new demands on their libraries. Users are always in need to access the current and latest information resources.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

          \r\n\r\n \r\n

          Libraries provide speedy and easy access <\/strong>to information with the use of ICT. The users can access the information at remote place and enhances users' satisfaction. Users can access to unlimited information from different sources. Networked information resources have made possible to combine and reform information from different sources<\/p>\r\n \r\n

          Web access to OPACs: <\/strong>Libraries are providing access to Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) interfaces. This is making it easier for users to learn and use resources available in the library collection.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

          Electronic document delivery: <\/strong>Libraries are providing ICT based interlibrary lending system. Through electronic networks deliver of electronic document, copies of journal articles and other documents in digital format to library users' desktops has become easy.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

          Networked information resources: <\/strong>Libraries are providing their users with access to networked information resources, i.e. databases, electronic scholarly journals, encyclopedias, public government information, etc, provided by various publishers or suppliers.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

          Information delivery to users\u2019 <\/strong>desktop: <\/strong>Library users can now access to electronic information resources from the computer desktops in the computer centers, Internet cafes, offices and even at home.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

          Online instructions: <\/strong>library programmes to users how to use library sources and services. These include online tutorials on searching online resources and virtual tours of library collections.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

          Online reader\u2019s advisory services to users <\/strong>include services such as informing users via e-mail, the website of the library about new arrivals of the documents , periodicals and providing facilities for readers to interact with the reference staff through online virtual reference desks), etc.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

          <\/p>\r\n\r\n

          \r\n\r\n \r\n

          References<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

            \r\n \t
          1. Chitla, Arathi (2012) Impact of Information and Communication Technology on Rural India Document Transcript. Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSRJCE) Vol. 3, Issue 2 (July-Aug. 2012), PP 32-35. www.iosrjournals.org<\/li>\r\n \t
          2. Branscomb, L.M., (1981), In: Nasiruddin, M., 2001. Information Infrastructure in Bangladesh: Need for a National Approach, Rajshahi University Studies, Part-C, 9: 45.<\/li>\r\n \t
          3. Hamelink, C.J., (1997). New Information and Communication Technologies: Social Development and Cultural Changes. Discussion paper. Dp.86 UNRISD, Geneva.<\/li>\r\n \t
          4. Kakkar, Anuradha (2006). Evaluation of Changing User Needs of Social Scientists in an IT Environment, In International Conference on Digital Libraries 2006: Information Management for Global Access, The Energy Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi, 5-8 December, Vol. 1, pp. 131-141.<\/li>\r\n \t
          5. Kaul, H.K. (1999). Library Resource Sharing and Networking. New Delhi: Virgo Publication.38.<\/li>\r\n \t
          6. Kent, (1977). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. New York: Marcel , Dekkar. McGraw, 1982 (Simpson & Weiner, 1989).<\/li>\r\n \t
          7. Laxminarayan, Ishwar. (1986). Computer Applications in Libraries. Paper presented at the seminar of Madras Library Association on Library Automation, Madras, 19 June.<\/li>\r\n \t
          8. Nasiruddin, M. and M. Roknuzzaman, (2002). Technological Influences on Library Environment: Contemporary challenges for the professionals of Bangladesh, Rajshahi University Studies, Part-C, 10: 23-39.<\/li>\r\n \t
          9. Pandey, S.K. and Sharma. (1995). Fundamentals of Library Automation. New Delhi :Ess Ess Publications. 131.<\/li>\r\n \t
          10. Perera, <\/strong>Kamani and, Dinesh Chandra, (2010) Use of Information Communication Technologies (ICT) in Academic Libraries: A Gateway to the Scholarly World. Conference Proceeding 2nd International Symposium. on. Emerging Trends and Technologies in Libraries and Information Services. June 3-5, 2010<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
          11. Rajagopalan, T.S., (1986). Computer Application in Library Work. Papers presented at the seminar of Madras Library Association on Library Automation. Madras, June<\/li>\r\n \t
          12. Raizada, A. S. et al., (1965). Union Catalogue by Digital Computers (Automation in documentation-1). Annals of Library Science and Documentation, 11(4), 54-76.<\/li>\r\n \t
          13. Rowley, J.E. and P. Lea, (1987). Info Tech: A Guide for Young Professional Libraries, London: Remploy Ltd., pp: 3-5.<\/li>\r\n \t
          14. Sharma, P., Singh, M. and Pankaj kumar (2011). \u201cApproach to ICT in Library Training, Education and Technology issues and challenges\u201d, Journal of Library & Information Science Vol. 1 No. 1, Jun 2011.<\/li>\r\n \t
          15. Singh, Yogendra. (2003). Library Automation in Academic Libraries in India: Problems and Prospects. www.Caliberdspace.inflibnet.ac.in\/<\/li>\r\n \t
          16. Tedd, L.A., (1977). An Introduction to computer based library systems. London: Heyden International. 129-131.<\/li>\r\n \t
          17. Uddin, \u00a0Hanif, \u00a0(2009). \u00a0Library \u00a0Automaton: \u00a0A \u00a0study \u00a0of \u00a0the \u00a0AIC, \u00a0INSDOC \u00a0and \u00a0National \u00a0Libraries \u00a0of Bangaladesh.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"
            \n

             <\/p>\n

            Introduction\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            Today due to information technology information being produced in the form of various format and is being produced print as well as in non-print form documents. The requirements for information of users have also grown. Library budgets have not grown at the rate as compared to the prices of documents have grown. Due to the remarkable growth of knowledge, there is need for libraries to use information and communication technologies for improving their services. ICT incorporates a range of technologies used to support communication and information. ICT includes both networks and applications. Networks include wireless and satellite telecommunications, broadcasting networks and well known applications are the Internet, database management systems and multimedia tools. ICT makes library work easier, faster, cheaper and more effective. It helps to manage information overload as information retrieval is made easier in computerized systems. Remote access is enabled through networked systems. Computerization saves space and reduces paper. Information and Communication Technology is a set of technological tools and resources which are used to communicate, to create, disseminate, store and manage the information.<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            Concept and Meaning of ICT\/ Automation\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is synonymous with IT and sometimes used in preference to Information Technology (IT). Sharma, Singh & Kumar (2011) express \u201cICT\u201d is an umbrella term that includes all technologies for the manipulation and communication of information. The term \u201cICT\u201d describes the use of computer-based technology and the Internet to make information and communication services available to a wide range of users. Hamelink, (1997) defined as ICTs are those technologies that enable the handling of information and facilitate different forms of communication. These include capturing technologies (e.g. camcorders), storage technologies (e.g. CD-ROMs), processing technologies (e.g. application software), communication technologies (e.g. Local Area Network) and display technologies (e.g. computer monitors).<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            \u201cICTs are basically information-handling tools \u2013 a varied set of goods, applications and services that are used to produce, store, process, distribute and exchange information for the development of the country. They include the \u201cold\u201d and \u201ctraditional\u201d ICTs of radio, television and telephone, and the \u201cnew\u201d and \u201cadvanced\u201d ICTs of computers, satellite and wireless technology and the Internet. These different tools are now able to work together, and combine to form our \u201cnetworked world\u201d -a massive infrastructure of interconnected telephone services, standardized computing hardware, the Internet, radio and television, which reaches into every corner of the globe\u201d (Chitla, 2012).<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            Meaning of Automation <\/em><\/strong>The word \u201cautomation\u201d has been derived from Greek word \u201cautomose\u201d means something, which has power of spontaneous motion or self-movement. The term \u201cautomation\u201d was first introduced by D.S. Harder in 1936, who was then with General Motor Company in the U.S. He used the term automation to mean automatic handling of parts between progressive production processes. According to Webster\u2019s Third New International Dictionary of English Languages, automation is, \u201cthe techniques of making an apparatus, a process or a system operate automatically\u201d. Automation is \u201cthe creation and application of technology to monitor and control the production and delivery of products and services.\u201d In simply words Automation is technology of doing work automatically with the use of machines to control systems and information technologies to increase the productivity in the production of goods and delivery of services.<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            The Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science define Automation as \u201cautomation is the technology concerned with the design and development of process and system that minimize the necessity of human intervention in operation\u201d. (Kent, 1977)<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            According to McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology It defines automation as \u201ca coined word having no precise generally accepted technical meaning but widely used to imply the concept, development, or use of highly automatic machinery or control systems\u201d. As per the Oxford English<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            Dictionary automation is \u201capplication of automatic control to any branch of industry or science by extension, the use of electronic or mechanical devices to replace human labour\u201d (Simpson & Weiner, 1989).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

            \n

             <\/p>\n

            History of Application of ICT\/ Automation in Libraries\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            The first application of automatic data automation in libraries can be traced back to 1936 when the University of Texas adapted a mechanical system for its circulation function. It started in early fifties in the Untied States of America and during this phase computers entered in American libraries. The use of computers and application was very limited and restricted due to the high cost of hardware and non-availability of application software packages.\u00a0 The landmark was the initiation of\u00a0 MARC project (Machine Readable Cataloguing) by the Library of Congress to provide a format for cataloguing. H.P. Luhn had organized computerized indexes in 1950s.<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            In the early 1960s library automation began especially in the U.S.A. after the World War II. During this period, many libraries in North America and in the U.K began to experiment processing of information by using computers. The era of ICT based library began in the late 1960s to a great extent with the success of INTREX and the MARC projects. During this online, real time interactive computer systems were introduced in the library and information field. In April 1960 the American Chemical Society published its \u2018Chemical Titles\u2019 through computers. During this phase, OPAC i.e. Online Public Access Catalogue was in an experimental stage in the U.S.A. and Machine Readable Catalogue i.e. MARC came into existence in year 1963 at the Library of Congress, U.S.A for providing standardization in automation. W.K. Gilbert prepared a report in the year 1963 on computerization of Library of Congress. On the basis of this report of MARC I project was started in 1966, and the work of bringing out of the Library of Congress Catalog in Machine Readable Catalog (MARC) form was started and completed.<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            During this phase, OPAC i.e. Online Public Access Catalogue was in an experimental stage in the U.S.A. In 1967, the Ohio College Library Centre (OCLC) was set up which is an online system which marked\u00a0the beginning of cooperative systems and union catalogue. In 1969, the Library of Congress started distribution of records in the new MARC II format. (Tedd, 1977).In 1967 both OCLC and BALLOTS became operative. In the early 1970s, Online Systems were in operation in several libraries, for example, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Eastern Illinois University etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

            \n

             <\/p>\n

            In the 1970s there has been an increase in library cooperation and resource sharing by libraries developing computer based systems. In this phase, designing of online systems and conversion of batch systems into online mode was done and also the growth of library network and databases were seen in these Phase. Here magnetic tapes and floppy disks were used for storing information. During late 1970s there were some achievements like production of National Union Catalogue of Scientific Serials by INSDOC, production of Union Catalogue of DRDO libraries of Western Region by the Institute of Armament Technology at Pune.<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            Information Technology (recently called ICT) word first time found and appeared in the literature of library and information science in ‘Library and Information Science Abstracts’ (LISA) in 1975, but term was not in regular use until the early 1980s as mentioned in a guidebook for young professional librarian, (Rowley and Lea, 1988). In the 1980s there was in intensive use of online systems networks, optical disks, CD-ROMs etc. In this period, microcomputers came to be used in libraries. Late on through Internet and library networks, all processes of libraries were integrated. <\/strong>(Rajagopalan, 1986).Many techniques were introduced in the universities and national libraries. Several of these systems were like tabulators, sorters; punched cards were used for circulation i.e. for providing books on loan, serial control, acquisition, cataloguing etc. (Laxminarayan, 1986).<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            History of ICT \/ Automation Application in Library in India\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            The Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta was first in India to install a computer system in 1955, and to develop an indigenous computer in 1964. In India, some libraries and information centers made efforts to \u2018automate\u2019 their library routines and information services in 1960s with punch card and with a couple of second generation general computers that were available at Kanpur and Bombay.<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            INSDOC was the leader in experimenting with computers for their application in documentation and information work in 1964. Initially they made use of the IBM 1620 Model I that was available at IIT Kanpur. The first attempt was with work on data collected for union catalogue of scientific serial (Raizada, 1965).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

            \n

             <\/p>\n

            In India computers were used in library work for the first time possibly by INSDOC when they computerized the author and subject indexes of \u2018Indian Science Abstract\u2019 in 1965.The next experiment carried out at INSDOC in computerization was on preparing author and subject indexes to Indian Science Abstracts.<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            In 1967 the INSDOC brought out the \u2018Roster of Indian Scientific and Technical Translators\u2019 with the help of computers. In 1978 INSDOC initiated SDI service as a NISSAT project with Chemical Abstracts and INSPEC data-bases, with the use of CAN\/SDI software of IIT, Madras.<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            In 1970s many libraries ventured in preparing computerized databases. Through the initiative and financial support of NISSAT many library networks were initiated and are operative. Notables of these networks are CALIBNET (Calcutta Library Network) and DELNET (Delhi Libraries Network), INFLIBNET (Information & Library Network) PUNENET (Pune Library Network) etc. Among other networks are notable are NICNET, INDONET, SIRNET etc. Now a-\u00a0days many institutions such as DRTC, INSDOC, DESIDOC, NISSAT etc. are engaged in imparting training for computer application in library work through regular, sponsored and adhoc courses. The price of computer hardware and software has been considerably reduced. Owing to these factors computers have become popular with Indian libraries (Pandey, 1995).<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            The real boost in library automation came from the establishment of INFLIBNET, Before INFLIBNET; scattered efforts were being made in academic libraries especially in institution of special characters like IITS, IIMS etc. INFLIBNET proved a real catalyst by providing finance and laying standards (Singh, 2003).<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            Kaul (1999) has given the growth of library automation can be better understood from the following table:<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

            \n

             <\/p>\n

            Growth and Developments of Library Automation\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \n
            • 1940-1949 Semi-mechanical applications including edge-notched cards, optical coincidence, peek- a-boo cards.<\/li>\n
            • 1950-1959 Use of punched cards, data processing equipments, early computers and micro image searching systems.<\/li>\n
            • 1960-1969 \u00a0Application \u00a0of \u00a0general \u00a0purpose \u00a0digital \u00a0computers, \u00a0feasibility \u00a0studies \u00a0of \u00a0online interactive and advance micro image systems, experiments in library networking.<\/li>\n
            • 1970-1979 Design of online systems and conversion of batch systems into online mode, growth of library network and databases.<\/li>\n
            • 1980-1989 Intensive use of online systems, networks, mini and microcomputers, optical disks, CD- ROMs, FAX etc.<\/li>\n
            • 1990s Use of internet and library networks aims towards higher levels of computer application such as recording through electronic media, artificial intelligence etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Meaning of ICT Application in Libraries\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              The emerging Information and communication technologies have changed the face of the libraries services in information storage, retrieval and dissemination of information. \u201cTraditional library housekeeping methods are now carried by using newer technologies. Newer technologies have given better solution to most of the problems encountered in the field of library related to the acquisition, organisation of information, reference services, circulation and bibliographical services\u201d(Perera and Dinesh, 2010). The use of ICT in libraries is automation of libraries completely. The automation means the use of computers application, telecommunications and microelectronics etc is in the libraries for various works like acquisition, storage, retrieval, transfer and dissemination of information.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Library automation or library computerization is synonymous term used for ICT application in libraries or application of computers and utilization of computer based product and services in the performance of different library operations and functions in carrying out various services. There is a great impact of computers and information technology due to its application in the libraries. ICTs helps library professionals to manage their housekeeping and documentation activities such as circulation, acquisition, maintenance of catalogue, periodical management etc. in the libraries by automating them. The other automated services in the libraries are storage, dissemination and advance searched for the scholars such as SDI, compiling bibliographies, indexing\/abstracting etc. Libraries with the ICT application a huge amount of information can be stored and transmit throughout the world<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

              \n

               <\/p>\n

              The ICT technologies applied in libraries to face their housekeeping problems and to seek better solution is as stated following (Kakkar, 2006)<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              1.\u00a0 Computing technology (hardware\/software)<\/p>\n

              2. Communication technology<\/p>\n

              3. Network and Internet technology<\/p>\n

              4. Web world<\/p>\n

              5. Printers\/Publishing technology<\/p>\n

              6. Reprographic and micrographic technology<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              An automated library is one where a computer system is used to manage one or several of the libraries key functions such as acquisitions, serials control, cataloging, circulation\u00a0 and the public access catalog. Library automation is the general term for information and communications technologies (ICT) that are used to replace manual systems in the library. Automation is a procedure of using the machineries to do for working easily and saving the labour of human and time. Library Computerization is the part of library automation. At present use of the computer technology for library keeping operation such as administrative work, acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, serial control, \u00a0OPAC \u00a0etc. \u00a0known \u00a0as \u00a0library \u00a0computerization. \u00a0Table \u00a02 \u00a0shows \u00a0the compared concept of\u00a0traditional library functions with changing into ICT based library (Branscomb, 1981) as cited from Nasir Uddin, 2001<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

              \n

               <\/p>\n

              Table 2: Comparison between old and new technologies<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

              \n

              \"\"<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Definition of ICT\/ Automation Application in Library<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Library automation may be defined as the application of automatic and semiautomatic data processing machines (computers) to perform traditional library housekeeping activities such as acquisition, circulation, cataloguing and reference and serials control. Today \u201cLibrary Automation\u201d is by far the most commonly used terms to describe the mechanization of library activities using the computer (Uddin, 2009).<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences \u201cLibrary Automation is the use of automatic and semiautomatic data processing machines to perform such traditional library activities as acquisitions, cataloguing, and circulation. These activities are not necessarily performed in traditional ways, the activities themselves are those traditionally associated with libraries; library automation may thus be distinguished from related fields such as information retrieval fields such as information retrieval, automatic indexing and abstracting and automatic textual analysis\u201d (Kent, 1977).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

              \n

               <\/p>\n

              Aims and Objectives of ICT\/ Automation Application in Library\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              In the light of these developments, a library needs to\u00a0 chalk out a programme for efficient and effective management of its services through the use of ICTs. Though library automation programmes started out in many libraries in India as ad-hoc developments which were regularized later, efficiency and effectiveness in library services can be\u00a0 brought\u00a0 out by detailing the objectives of\u00a0 a ‘library automation programme.’ These objectives can be emphasized that library automation is an expensive affair, may be it involves in one time expenditure on computer parts (hardware), but many other costs such as on software, data entry, data storage, maintenance etc has to be done time to time for up gradation.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • Speedily disposal of library work and to provide access to information at a faster rate.<\/li>\n
              • To improve control over collection and to have an effective control over the entire operation;<\/li>\n
              • To \u00a0avoid \u00a0duplication \u00a0of \u00a0work \u00a0by \u00a0reducing \u00a0the \u00a0repetition \u00a0in \u00a0the \u00a0technical \u00a0processes \u00a0of housekeeping operations<\/li>\n
              • Establishment of a well storage & retrieval system<\/li>\n
              • To improve development in the new and existing services library services<\/li>\n
              • Time and proper use of human resources saving with qualitative services of the existing staff effectively<\/li>\n
              • Suitability for library cooperation & coordination development<\/li>\n
              • Simplicity in library management to meet the objectives<\/li>\n
              • Preparation of reports and correspondence<\/li>\n
              • To share effectively and have Suitability for resource sharing and networking among various libraries in a region; to share the resources through library networking.<\/li>\n
              • To maintain and provide bibliographical records of in a computerized form of all the holdings of a library materials through a single enumerative access point.<\/li>\n
              • To provide bibliographical details<\/li>\n
              • To implements new IT processes to provide high quality information.<\/li>\n
              • Improving cost-efficiency in library operations identified above. When discussing cost- efficiency, this must not be understood that by using ICTs, the resulting costs of the operations\/services would be necessarily less than those before the use of ICTs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
                \n

                 <\/p>\n

                Need of ICT\/ Automation in Libraries\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  \n
                • In the traditional library systems, <\/strong>library functions were performed manually and\u00a0 due to information explosion and increasing demands of users it was getting difficult to provide all the services to users by saving their time.<\/li>\n
                • The size of recorded information is ever growing whereas space available at the disposal of each library is limited. No library can think of getting additional space every year, although the collection will grow continuously;<\/li>\n
                • Due to knowledge explosion, the society is faced with multifaceted and multidimensional information to such an extent that not only its storage has created challenge, but the organization of this bulk of information has also become unwieldy;<\/li>\n
                • Library operations, due to potential growth of information, could take many hours to perform manually but with automation all sorts of housekeeping jobs and other works can be performed with effective and accuracy.<\/li>\n
                • Availability of information in various formats print and non-print, and different approaches and needs of user<\/li>\n
                • Limitation of \u00a0library to buy all published documents, less time, space and human power<\/li>\n
                • To avoid the duplication in housekeeping operation and to improve the quality, speed and effectiveness of services to users<\/li>\n
                • To provide users a well management and retrieval of information so that they can\u00a0 \u00a0search national and international database<\/li>\n
                • Due to impact of communication technology on society<\/li>\n
                • To improve access the resources on other networks and systems, including the Web at remote place<\/li>\n
                • To improve the financial resources and to participate in resource-sharing and library networks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
                  \n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Preparation for ICT Application in Library\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Before taking decision for library automation it is important to know the how much it is need and hoe to afford. Knowledge about Computer hardware and software is must.<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Hardware and Software: <\/strong>When automating the library, the hardware to be procured should also be given a thought. While procuring the hardware, it should be seen whether the software which will be implemented will be compatible with the hardware procured. The term software refers to a set of computer programmes written or developed to enable the computer to do desired operations (Pandey, 1995). It is one of the most important components which should be taken notice of, while automation.<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Budget: <\/strong>When planning for library automation and networking sufficient funds has to be provided by the institution or the funding agencies for purchasing of hardware, software, furniture etc. It should\u00a0be noted that if sufficient funds are not available for purchasing the entire software, then the library should automate only those areas, which are of utmost importance and then later on go for overall automation modules.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                  \n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Training: <\/strong>Manpower or personnel of the library is also an essential necessity. To provide effective and efficient services to the users, the staff should be provided training about the computers, how to work on computers, and the essential features of the software adopted and how the software is used.<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Areas and Functions for ICT\/ Automation in a library\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  ICT is used in various areas and fields of library activities are as follows:<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Ordering and Acquisitions Acquisition:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Ordering Receipting and Acquisition\/Accession list<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Order file\/report<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Claiming<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Fund accounting<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Enquiries (about the status of orders)<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Reports and statistics (about orders)<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Serials management:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Ordering (placing and renewing subscriptions)Receipting (of individual issues)<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Claiming<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Serials cheek-in\/out and claiming<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Union\/holding list<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Binding (control Of items in binding) Fund accounting<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Cataloguing (of new titles) Circulation control (if items are issued or circulated)<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Inquiries (related to serials)<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Reports and statistics<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Cataloguing\/classification:\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                  \n

                   <\/p>\n

                  \u2022\u00a0 Data Entry<\/p>\n

                  \u2022\u00a0 Authority control<\/p>\n

                  \u2022\u00a0 Downloading of records from other databases, OPAC and other catalogue forms<\/p>\n

                  \u2022\u00a0 Online access and On-line catalogue<\/p>\n

                  \u2022\u00a0 Public Access Interface<\/p>\n

                  \u2022\u00a0 Other Catalogue forms<\/p>\n

                  \u2022\u00a0 Access from remote users over the Internet Catalogue card\/label production<\/p>\n

                  \u2022\u00a0 Retrospective conversion<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Circulation Control\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Setting parameters (to reflect loan policies, opening times, etc.)<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Issue and Return<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Renewal<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Fines<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Reservations<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Borrower file maintenance<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Enquiries (concerning borrower or the status of items) Notices Reports and statistics (about the utilization of stock)<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Management:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Accounting\/budgeting<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Word processing\/mailing<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Scheduling\/planning<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Statistics\/report<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Tools and analysis of statistical information<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Inter library loans\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 (Similar to circulation control but usually with fewer options)<\/span><\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Entry<\/span><\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Issue and Return<\/span><\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Fines<\/span><\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Borrower file maintenance<\/span><\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Enquiries<\/span><\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Reports and statistics<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                  \n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Audio-visual management:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  \u2022\u00a0 Audio-visual acquisition\/cataloging<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Information storage\/retrieval:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  \u2022\u00a0 Database construction<\/p>\n

                  \u2022\u00a0 Online database searching<\/p>\n

                  \u2022\u00a0 Down loading\/uploading<\/p>\n

                  \u2022\u00a0 Indexing and abstracting<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Reference\/Information services:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  \u2022\u00a0 Bibliographic listings<\/p>\n

                  \u2022\u00a0 Library instructions<\/p>\n

                  \u2022\u00a0 Public access\/com<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Community Information\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Data Entry<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Online access<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Public Access interface<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Public literacy<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Application of ICT \/ Automation in House Keeping Operations\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Impact of ICT has transformed the \u2018traditional library\u2019 into \u2018automated library\u2019. Libraries have been serving as hybrid libraries and new form of libraries are \u2018Digital library\u2019 and \u2018virtual library\u2019 also seen due to ICT. The use of information technology for automating various library housekeeping jobs, functions and activities. Use of information technology in libraries is aimed to provide better services and to save the time of the library patrons. Library with the ICT application can operate house- keeping, planning, maintenance and other administrative works.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                  \n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Application of ICT Acquisition\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Acquisition is important part of the house keeping jobs as it add the new collection support in achieving the aim of a library. Automated library acquisition system helps doing all those work in more accurate, timely and with complete records of orders. This reduces labour and paper work and the personnel time and efforts required to do which is involved in manual system.<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Types of files processed in acquisition\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Libraries differ in nature, size, collection, services, budget and objectives, etc. Hence, the files required and functions involved in automated library acquisition would vary from library to library. The records of files processed in acquisition commonly are as:<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Record of document data<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Record of \u00a0vendors data<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Record of document In-acquisition or in-process data<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Record of financial data<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Record of invoice\/ bill data<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Record of library purchase policy and decision taken file<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Record of Files related to currency conversion data and users data, etc.<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Acquisition processes or operations involved in library acquisitions are selection, order, receive and accession. The acquisition of document goes through following processed such as:<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Pre-Order: <\/strong>In this process documents are <\/span>c<\/strong>heck if the requested items are already there in the library or in the process of acquisition to avoid duplication of documents.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                  \n

                   <\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Approval is obtain from the authority for purchase and<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Select vendor, type of grant etc.<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Order: <\/strong>Order of the documents is placed through electronically generated or print<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Post-Order <\/strong>Follow-up claims for overdue orders<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Receive and record items against delivery bills<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Physical verification is done of received items<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Process invoice for payments<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Accessioning of the documents<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Reports are generated for pertaining to acquisition<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Send items for further processing i.e. classification, cataloguing and binding<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Supports accessioning of the items such as in regular order, on-approval, gifts or Exchange, etc.;<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Supports and handles ordering of multiple copies and multi volume documents;<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Capable of transforming the input data into actual order to be sent;<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Handles the partial receipt of an order;<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Accommodates variety of materials in different formats;<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Generates claims\/ reminder notices for un-received items<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Supports the cancellation of order due to non-supply of orders and Provides wide range of access points to search one or more data files in relation to acquisition<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Library Automation in Serial \/ Periodical Control\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Acquire periodicals like newspapers, magazines, and journals as well as other periodical publications such as serials, conference proceedings of learned societies etc. The term serials\/ periodical are used to describe the function, policies, procedures and operations for the acquisition of periodicals in a library. The acquisition systems of periodical publications are not same as acquiring of books. Therefore the acquisition functions of\u00a0 periodicals deal\u00a0 with periodicals section\u00a0 in\u00a0 a library only. Library can have an efficient control over acquisition, maintenance and circulation of serial\/ periodical publications. The process of overed under automated serial control is as follows<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                  \n

                   <\/p>\n

                  For New Subscription and Purchasing\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Placing and starting new subscription orders for new titles<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Checking \u00a0out \u00a0of \u00a0expiry \u00a0of \u00a0subscribed \u00a0and \u00a0renew \u00a0of \u00a0existing \u00a0subscription \u00a0and \u00a0sending renewal\/standing orders.<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Entry of issues arrived in a library Sending reminders for overdue issues and if not required subscription to be stop<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Cancellation of subscription<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Preparing lists of periodicals subject wise, vendor wise, according to local parameters such as academic department\/unit wise for academic libraries<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Maintaining budget records related to payments and other expenditures by preparation of routing slips for journal issues<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Preparation of lists of periodicals for updating of holding list<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Preparation and maintenance of files on publishers, vendors, languages, countries, currencies, subjects, frequencies and mode of delivery.<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7\u00a0 Invoice processing<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Receipt of Issues\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Check-in on computer data entry of received regular or special issues of journals including supplements and indexes, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Claiming and sending reminders\/ claims for un-received or missing issues of journals<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                  \n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Post Receipt\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Routing involves in circulation of individual issues<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Binding of old periodicals and accessioning of bound volumes<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Management reports based on titles, checked-in and claims, etc.<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 On-line user access to be provided through OPAC<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Circulation of bound volumes if the library does<\/p>\n

                  \u00b7 Preparing indexing for subject bibliographies and for services like CAS, SDI<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Library Automation in Cataloguing:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Cataloguing is one of the most important tools (catalogues) that are to be used maximum of times by most of the users. The catalogues tools help in utilization of a library’s resources and services. Computerised cataloguing is one of the most used retrieval tool all over the world. It is also used to exchange, distribute and use the bibliographic data across the geographical boundaries. Computer based cataloguing became possible with the creation of Computer Output Microform (COM) catalogues in 1960s.<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Rowley (1987) listed the use of catalogues are mainly by two ways:<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  (a)\u00a0 Cataloguing and other catalogue forms, and.<\/p>\n

                  (b)\u00a0 OPAC<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  The basic use of computers in cataloguing is for reducing the data-entry effort. Once bibliographic details of document are fit into the system, the data can be used for generating catalogue cards, as well as getting output in given electronic forms, e.g. the Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC). In many cases libraries in their initial stages have only electronic catalogues without those available\u00a0online. Production of book catalogues of new arrivals is also possible. Book cards and spine labels can also be produced using the same data that was entered at an earlier stage in technical or circulation or acquisition sections.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                  \n

                   <\/p>\n

                  The automation done in cataloguing process provides speed up in the processing of materials into the collection. It reduces the clerical effort, stationery (cards.) and unit cost of cataloguing a work and act as a common means to library materials across libraries. Machine Readable Cataloguing “MARC format” is a broadly accepted structural coding scheme for all type of material, like monographs, serials, sound recordings, scores, manuscripts, maps, audio-visual materials, and machine readable data files. The data can be included in a MARC format is all information represented on cataloguing cards such as author, title editor, physical description, series statement, notes, subject headings, added entries call number, ISBN and information which is helpful for cataloguing and processing by the computer.<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Components of Machine Readable Format\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  The machine format consists of the following components:<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  i)\u00a0 Data element: <\/strong>To be entered with information such as ISBN.<\/p>\n

                  ii)\u00a0Field: <\/strong>It contains detail description of the documents- author, title, and place of publication, publishers, year of publication, edition, volume, and series. Fields are of two kinds: a) Fixed fields, containing data elements that is always expressed in a predetermined number of characters; b) Variable fields, containing data elements with no predetermined length.<\/p>\n

                  ii) Record: <\/strong>The complete collection of fields treated a record represents a particular bibliographic item i.e., a book, periodical article, etc.<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  A machine readable record format will have three major components. They are<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  i) The \u00a0structure \u00a0of \u00a0a \u00a0record, \u00a0which \u00a0is \u00a0the \u00a0physical \u00a0representation \u00a0of \u00a0data \u00a0on \u00a0the \u00a0machine readable medium<\/p>\n

                  ii) The content designators of labels, which are the means of identifying the data elements or\u00a0providing additional information about each data element or sometimes referred to as codes used to represent data elements;<\/span><\/p>\n

                  iii) The contents of the record, which are the data elements themselves.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                  \n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Computer Based Cataloguing (OPAC) <\/strong>display deals with<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Retrieved Results,<\/li>\n
                  • Individual Records<\/li>\n
                  • Should provide appropriate amount of information<\/li>\n
                  • Generally there are three layer displays in an OPAC<\/li>\n
                  • Brief display; and<\/li>\n
                  • Full Display<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    Library Automation in Circulation:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    Libraries control circulation by keeping records in order to achieve optimum availability to use of its reading materials by users. Automated circulation systems need the following data for record:<\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    Records of Users ( Library Member) data\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    \u00b7\u00a0 New Registration or Renewal of membership to create a unique ID<\/p>\n

                    \u00b7\u00a0 Entry of personal details<\/p>\n

                    \u00b7\u00a0 Entry of patron\u2019s eligibility and other parameters like number of documents to be issued, period of loan and category of membership, expiry date of membership, etc.<\/p>\n

                    \u00b7\u00a0 Generation of patron ID card with a barcode embedded.<\/p>\n

                    \u00b7\u00a0 Edit or modification in any of the above<\/p>\n

                    \u00b7\u00a0 Deletion or cancellation of membership<\/p>\n

                    \u00b7\u00a0 Issue of \u2018No-dues\u2019 or \u2018clearance\u2019 certificate<\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    Records for Documents\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                    \n

                     <\/p>\n

                    \u00b7\u00a0 Maintenance of document database automatically done through Acquisition and Catalogue modules of library<\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    Records of Administration work\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    \u00b7\u00a0 Update Calendar (due date and calculation of overdue charges)<\/p>\n

                    \u00b7\u00a0 Inter Library Loan<\/p>\n

                    \u00b7\u00a0 Fiscal Management<\/p>\n

                    \u00b7\u00a0 Generation of reports related to circulation<\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    Records of Transaction Management\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    \u00b7\u00a0 Preparation of Check-in\/ Check-out , overdue and recall notices for lent out items<\/p>\n

                    \u00b7\u00a0 Facilitation of renewals Collection of issue statistics<\/p>\n

                    \u00b7\u00a0 Identification and trapping of reserved books upon their return Helping in calculation and collection of overdue charges<\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    Reminder of over borrowing and other borrower details<\/strong><\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    \u00b7\u00a0 Report generation<\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    Bar-coding\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    Barcode is an optical machine, which can read\\ represent the data relating to the object to which it is attached. Barcode technology is widely used in circulation activities in a library. The details of the document and of the users needed for issue and return is captured from barcodes. Using Barcodes lots of library and users time is saves; reduced Cost; reduced errors; and improves the operational efficiency.<\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    Services to the Users in ICT Environment\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    Library users have now accepted and making use computers, the Internet, the Web, Intranet, Extranet and other technologies. Library automation and networking provides numerous benefits to\u00a0library users. As a result, library users are placing new demands on their libraries. Users are always in need to access the current and latest information resources.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                    \n

                     <\/p>\n

                    Libraries provide speedy and easy access <\/strong>to information with the use of ICT. The users can access the information at remote place and enhances users’ satisfaction. Users can access to unlimited information from different sources. Networked information resources have made possible to combine and reform information from different sources<\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    Web access to OPACs: <\/strong>Libraries are providing access to Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) interfaces. This is making it easier for users to learn and use resources available in the library collection.<\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    Electronic document delivery: <\/strong>Libraries are providing ICT based interlibrary lending system. Through electronic networks deliver of electronic document, copies of journal articles and other documents in digital format to library users’ desktops has become easy.<\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    Networked information resources: <\/strong>Libraries are providing their users with access to networked information resources, i.e. databases, electronic scholarly journals, encyclopedias, public government information, etc, provided by various publishers or suppliers.<\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    Information delivery to users\u2019 <\/strong>desktop: <\/strong>Library users can now access to electronic information resources from the computer desktops in the computer centers, Internet cafes, offices and even at home.<\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    Online instructions: <\/strong>library programmes to users how to use library sources and services. These include online tutorials on searching online resources and virtual tours of library collections.<\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    Online reader\u2019s advisory services to users <\/strong>include services such as informing users via e-mail, the website of the library about new arrivals of the documents , periodicals and providing facilities for readers to interact with the reference staff through online virtual reference desks), etc.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                    \n

                    \n

                     <\/p>\n

                    References<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. Chitla, Arathi (2012) Impact of Information and Communication Technology on Rural India Document Transcript. Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSRJCE) Vol. 3, Issue 2 (July-Aug. 2012), PP 32-35. www.iosrjournals.org<\/li>\n
                    2. Branscomb, L.M., (1981), In: Nasiruddin, M., 2001. Information Infrastructure in Bangladesh: Need for a National Approach, Rajshahi University Studies, Part-C, 9: 45.<\/li>\n
                    3. Hamelink, C.J., (1997). New Information and Communication Technologies: Social Development and Cultural Changes. Discussion paper. Dp.86 UNRISD, Geneva.<\/li>\n
                    4. Kakkar, Anuradha (2006). Evaluation of Changing User Needs of Social Scientists in an IT Environment, In International Conference on Digital Libraries 2006: Information Management for Global Access, The Energy Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi, 5-8 December, Vol. 1, pp. 131-141.<\/li>\n
                    5. Kaul, H.K. (1999). Library Resource Sharing and Networking. New Delhi: Virgo Publication.38.<\/li>\n
                    6. Kent, (1977). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. New York: Marcel , Dekkar. McGraw, 1982 (Simpson & Weiner, 1989).<\/li>\n
                    7. Laxminarayan, Ishwar. (1986). Computer Applications in Libraries. Paper presented at the seminar of Madras Library Association on Library Automation, Madras, 19 June.<\/li>\n
                    8. Nasiruddin, M. and M. Roknuzzaman, (2002). Technological Influences on Library Environment: Contemporary challenges for the professionals of Bangladesh, Rajshahi University Studies, Part-C, 10: 23-39.<\/li>\n
                    9. Pandey, S.K. and Sharma. (1995). Fundamentals of Library Automation. New Delhi :Ess Ess Publications. 131.<\/li>\n
                    10. Perera, <\/strong>Kamani and, Dinesh Chandra, (2010) Use of Information Communication Technologies (ICT) in Academic Libraries: A Gateway to the Scholarly World. Conference Proceeding 2nd International Symposium. on. Emerging Trends and Technologies in Libraries and Information Services. June 3-5, 2010<\/span><\/li>\n
                    11. Rajagopalan, T.S., (1986). Computer Application in Library Work. Papers presented at the seminar of Madras Library Association on Library Automation. Madras, June<\/li>\n
                    12. Raizada, A. S. et al., (1965). Union Catalogue by Digital Computers (Automation in documentation-1). Annals of Library Science and Documentation, 11(4), 54-76.<\/li>\n
                    13. Rowley, J.E. and P. Lea, (1987). Info Tech: A Guide for Young Professional Libraries, London: Remploy Ltd., pp: 3-5.<\/li>\n
                    14. Sharma, P., Singh, M. and Pankaj kumar (2011). \u201cApproach to ICT in Library Training, Education and Technology issues and challenges\u201d, Journal of Library & Information Science Vol. 1 No. 1, Jun 2011.<\/li>\n
                    15. Singh, Yogendra. (2003). Library Automation in Academic Libraries in India: Problems and Prospects. www.Caliberdspace.inflibnet.ac.in\/<\/li>\n
                    16. Tedd, L.A., (1977). An Introduction to computer based library systems. London: Heyden International. 129-131.<\/li>\n
                    17. Uddin, \u00a0Hanif, \u00a0(2009). \u00a0Library \u00a0Automaton: \u00a0A \u00a0study \u00a0of \u00a0the \u00a0AIC, \u00a0INSDOC \u00a0and \u00a0National \u00a0Libraries \u00a0of Bangaladesh.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["dr-baljinder-kaur"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[65],"license":[],"class_list":["post-86","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-dr-baljinder-kaur"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp11\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/86","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp11\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp11\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/86\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":193,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp11\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/86\/revisions\/193"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp11\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp11\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/86\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=86"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp11\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=86"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=86"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/lisp11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=86"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}