{"id":86,"date":"2018-07-09T06:13:10","date_gmt":"2018-07-09T06:13:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/liscp10.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&p=86"},"modified":"2018-12-07T05:46:46","modified_gmt":"2018-12-07T05:46:46","slug":"obsolescence-factor-definition-and-calculation","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/liscp10\/chapter\/obsolescence-factor-definition-and-calculation\/","title":{"rendered":"Obsolescence factor: Definition and Calculation"},"content":{"raw":"
\"epgp<\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nI.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Objectives<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 to discuss the meaning, definition, and concept of obsolescence factors.\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 to identify the types of Obsolescence factors.\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 to show the steps and methodology to calculate obsolescence factors.\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 to explain the application of obsolescence factors in Collection Development of the library.\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 to show the methodology for using Semi log graph to get obsolescence factors.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nII. Learning Outcome<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

After completion of this module, you will be familiar with various concepts of obsolescence of literature; you have learnt how to compute various parameters such as obsolescence factor, utility factor, half-life, etc; you are also now familiar with exponential distribution, geometric distribution, etc.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\nIII. Module Structure<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n1.\u00a0 Introduction\r\n\r\n2.\u00a0 Meaning and Definition\r\n\r\n3.\u00a0 Types of Obsolescence\r\n\r\n4.\u00a0 Theoretical framework for the Obsolescence factors\r\n\r\n5.\u00a0 Worked out Example\r\n\r\n6.\u00a0 Summary\r\n\r\n7.\u00a0 References\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n1. Introduction<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

\u2018Obsolete\u2019 generally means out of date or no longer in use. The process of becoming obsolete is known as obsolescence. It is also often referred to as \u2018phenomenon of replacement.\u2019 The term obsolescence was used for the first time by Gross and Gross in 1927. They analyzed the references in the 1926 volume of the Journal of Chemical Literature and observed that the number of references fell to one-half in fifteen years. Obsolescence is thus a characteristic of scientific and technical literature. Thus, obsolescence means decreasing value of functional and physical assets or value of a product or facility from technological changes rather than deterioration. Every newborn grows old and eventually dies. This is universally accepted as truth. So, perplexity sets in when sometimes it is reported that \"life expectancies may not always decrease as organisms grow older\". It was reported in Science and quoted in the Times of India dated 30 th Oct. 1992 that the results of certain experiments on fruit flies indicated that once a fly was past a certain age, its life expectancy may increase with age. Is this consistent with the universal truth stated in the first line above? Such\u00a0seeming anomalies may be reconciled only through a detailed study of the phenomenon of aging.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

The concept obsolescence is of obvious interest to information theoreticians who concern themselves with the development of career and librarians who administer growing collection in finite spaces. Such librarians look to research on obsolescence to help them decide which item to keep and which to store or discard in order to make room for new acquisitions. Increased periodical costs have made imperative to cancel some subscriptions and librarians have turned once again to obsolescence research in hope that the concept can be employed to forecast future as well as to describe the current or past use.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

2. Meaning and Definition<\/strong><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Obsolescence means the decreasing value of functional and physical assets from technological change rather than deterioration. It is characterized by terminology and metaphors that link inevitable organic (aging or decay) or scientific phenomenon (half life) to the phenomenon of changing use or published literature over a period of time. In other words, obsolescence is decline in the usage of literature over a period of time. When the use of document ceases, it is termed as obsolete.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

3. Types of Obsolescence<\/strong><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Actually obsolescence implies a relation between time and use but the effect of time are revealed in different ways. The impact of time on use of document can be studied in two ways: namely synchronous studies and dia- chrounus studies (Line, 1970). Synchronous studies are made on records of uses or references at one point in time and compress the uses against the age of distribution of the materials used or cited. With respect to obsolescence studies majority of the studies have used citations, records of consultations or loans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

In synchronous study the citations are counted back ward i.e. references in an journal articles is examined to find out how many references have been cited for that particular year. Like, year wise references are analyzed. Half life annual aging factor and utility factors are studied with this type of study. The half life of journal article is the time during which half of all the currently active literature was used. The median of an age distribution in other words is half life.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

In diachronous study the successive observations at different time are made by counting the citations in forward direction i.e. counting the citations that an article or journal published in 2005 is going to get in year 2006, 2007\u2026etc. This type of study is helps in determining the rate at which the citations decline in future. Many studies have been undertaken in this field. Some of the notable studies in the field are Gros and Gross (1927), Burton and Kessler (1960), Kent and Others (1979), Jain (1966), Brookes (1970), Line (1970, 1974) Ravichandra Rao (1971), Sangam (1989), Moed (1998), Gupta (1997,1998), etc.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

While studying and reviewing the studies in the field of obsolescence, it is observed that very few studies have been done. Though new indicators and methods are being developed and applied to study the obsolescence, the case studies are found to be very\u00a0<\/span>less. In the present study an attempt has been made to identify the obsolescence factors and pattern in the field of chemical science.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

4. Theoretical framework for the Obsolescence factors<\/strong><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Burton and Kebler (1960) were the first to use the term \u2018half- life\u2019 as applied to documents in 1960. It is defined as \u2018the time during which one-half of all the currently active literature published.\u2019 It is the period of time needed to account for one-half all the citations received by a group of publications. The concept of half-life is always discussed in the context of diachronous studies. More precisely, Line and Sandison (1974) refer to diachronous studies in those that follow the use of particular items through successive observations at different points in time, whereas synchronous studies are concerned with the plotting the age distribution of material used at one point of time. However, there is no reason to suppose that the half-life for some subject is the same as the median citation age in that subject. Half-life in the context of synchronous data is referred to as median age of the citations \/ references. The use of literature may decline much faster with data of ephemeral relevance, if it is in the form of reports, thesis, advance communication or pre-print and in the context of advancing technology. However, the use of literature may decline slowly when it is descriptive (e.g., taxonomic botany) and critical (e.g., literary criticism).<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Brookes (1970) in one of his articles argued that if growth rates of literature and contributors are equal then the obsolescence rate remains constant. In this sense growth and obsolescence are related. Ravichandra Rao and Meera (1991) studied the relationship between growth and obsolescence of literature, particularly in mathematics. Gupta (1999) studied the relationship between growth rates and obsolescence rates and half-life of theoretical population genetics literature. He observed that the lognormal distribution fits very well to the age distribution of citations over a period of time.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

In the analysis of obsolescence, Brookes (1970) argued that the geometric distribution expresses the idea that when a reference is made to particular periodical of age t years (1-a) at-1 . \u2018a (< 1)\u2019 is a parameter \u2013 the annual aging factor; it is assumed to be constant over all values of t. Let U = 1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + \u2026. + at + \u2026. i.e., U = 1\/(1-a). Similarly if U(t) = at + at+1 + at+1 + at+2 + \u2026\u2026 = at (U(0), then U(t)\/U(0) =a<\/span>t<\/sup>. Using this relation, by graphical method, we can compute half-life as well as \u2018a\u2019.If we assume that the literature is growing exponentially at an annual rate of g, we then have R(T) = R(0)egT, where R(T) is the number of references made to the literature during the year T. We also have<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n

U(0) = R(0)\/(1-a0) and U(T)=\u00a0 R(T)\/(1-aT)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Where a0 and\u00a0\u00a0 aT are the annual aging factors corresponding to the years 0 and T\u00a0<\/span>respectively. Under the assumption that utility remains constant (U(0) = U(T)) , we haveR(0)\/(1-a0) = R(T) )\/(1-aT). By substituting the value of R(T), we get a relationship value between the growth and the obsolescence:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

e<\/strong>gT<\/strong><\/sup>\u00a0 = <\/strong>(1-aT)\/(1- a0)<\/p>\r\n

However, Egghe and Ravichandra Rao (1992) showed that the obsolescence factors (aging factors) \u2018a\u2019 is not a constant, but merely a function of time. They have also shown that the function \u2018a\u2019 has a minimum which is obtained at a time t later than the time at which the maximum of the number of citations is reached.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Egghe (1993) developed a model to study the influence of growth on obsolescence. He obtained different results for the synchronous and diachronus studies. He argued that for an increase of growth implies an increase of obsolescence for the synchronous case and for the diachronous case, it is quite the opposite. In order to derive the relationship, he also assumed the exponential models for growth as well as for obsolescence. In another paper, for the diachronous aging distribution and based on a decreasing exponential model, Egghe (2000) derived first citation distribution. In his study he assumed the distribution of the total number of citations received conforms to a classical Lotka\u2019s function (16). The first citation distribution is given by<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u03c6 (t1) = \u03b3 (1- a <\/span>t1<\/sup>)<\/span>\u03b1-1<\/sup><\/p>\r\n

where \u03b3 is the fraction of papers that eventually get cited; t1 is the time of the citation, \u2018a\u2019 is the aging rate and \u03b1 is Lotka\u2019s exponent. Egghe and Ravichandra Rao (2002) in their study in 2002 observed that the cumulative distribution of the age of the most recent references is the dual variant of the first citation distribution. This model is different from the first citation distribution. In another study, Egghe and Rao (2001) have shown the general relation between the first citation distribution and the general citation age distribution; if Lotka\u2019s exponent \u03b1 = 2, both these distributions are the same. In the same study, they have argued that the distribution of nth citation is similar to that of the first citation distribution. Egghe, Rao and Rousseau (1995) studied the influence of production on utilization function. Assuming an increasing exponential function for production and a decreasing one for aging, these authors have shown that in the synchronous case, the greater the increase in production, the greater the obsolescence; however, for the diachronous case it is quite the opposite. This proof is different from the earlier one derived by Egghe.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

The study of obsolescence, in practical terms, is related to changes in the use of documents over time. Line and Sandison (1974), Jain (1966a, 1966b), Kent at el. (1979) in their Pittsburgh study; and FussIer and Simon (1969) attempt to prove the hypothesis that are used declines over time. Line and Sandison, however, arguedthat this hypothesis is to be tested first and should not be made a starting assumption. Brookes (1970) claims that; the decline of use over time conforms closely to a negative exponential distribution. He hypothesizes that the number of references to an issue is a function of its age~, and he assumes the function to be a geometric distribution:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n

p(t) = (1-a)at\u00a0<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 0 \u2264 t \u2264 \"\"\u00a0 and 0 \u2264 a \u2264 1.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

p(t) is the probability mass function of reference to an issue of the journal of age t years; if R references are made to a given periodical during its first year of life, then references can be expected during its second year, a2Rreferences can be expected during its third year, and so on. Under the assumption that a is constant for all values of tand for a <1, the series at converges to the sum \u00a0as t . . Therefore, the total number of references that will be made to it during its infinite life time is<\/p>\r\n

U(o) =<\/span> R<\/span><\/p>\r\n

1-a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

If the periodical is t years old, then the number of further references to it can be computed by:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n \r\n

U(o)is called the total utility of a periodical which hasjust been published. Brookes (1970) suggests a graphical method for computing a. The function is called the utility factor of the periodicals. Under the assumption that the literature is growing exponentially at an annual rate of growth g, we have:<\/p>\r\n \r\n

R(T) = Regt<\/sup><\/p>\r\n \r\n

where R(T)is the number of articles at time T and Ris the number of articles at time T=O. Brookes (1970) and also Line (1970) have discussed the computational aspects of half-life, utility factor, etc. in their articles. Below a worked out example has been given in this regard.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n5. Worked out Example<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

We considered synchronous approach to collect the data for obsolescence analysis. The citation appended to the articles published in the following two journals<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Indian Journal of Experimental Biology (CSIR), New Delhi\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Asian Journal of Chemistry\u201d New Delhi.\r\n\r\n \r\n

were considered as source data. We have collected the dta for five years (2001-2005).For computation of obsolescence rate, the graphical method as explained by Brookes may be used. The data is given in Table 2. Table 1 gives the summary of the data.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

Below, an attempt has been made to fit the exponential distribution, to compute the ageing factor, utility factor and half-life.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Year<\/strong><\/td>\r\nAsians Journal of Chemistry<\/strong><\/td>\r\nIndian Journal of Exp. Biology<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
<\/td>\r\nArticles<\/strong><\/td>\r\nReferences<\/strong><\/td>\r\nCitation ate<\/strong><\/td>\r\nArticles<\/strong><\/td>\r\nReferences<\/strong><\/td>\r\nCitation<\/strong>\r\n\r\nRate<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2001<\/td>\r\n276<\/td>\r\n1409<\/td>\r\n5.11<\/td>\r\n378<\/td>\r\n4735<\/td>\r\n12.53<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2002<\/td>\r\n271<\/td>\r\n1583<\/td>\r\n5.66<\/td>\r\n314<\/td>\r\n4494<\/td>\r\n14.31<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2003<\/td>\r\n302<\/td>\r\n1783<\/td>\r\n5.90<\/td>\r\n278<\/td>\r\n3772<\/td>\r\n13.57<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2004<\/td>\r\n295<\/td>\r\n1878<\/td>\r\n6.37<\/td>\r\n297<\/td>\r\n3009<\/td>\r\n10.13<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2005<\/td>\r\n351<\/td>\r\n2470<\/td>\r\n7.04<\/td>\r\n265<\/td>\r\n5059<\/td>\r\n19.09<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Total<\/strong><\/td>\r\n1495<\/strong><\/td>\r\n9073<\/strong><\/td>\r\n6.02<\/strong><\/td>\r\n1534<\/strong><\/td>\r\n22069<\/strong><\/td>\r\n13.926<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nTable-1: Average Citation Rate of Journals<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n

Some Observation: Out of 30142 references 38% are received for the publications of the last 10 years; 69.57% for the last two decade; 93 % for the last four decade, 99.10% citations are received for the last 6 decades and only 0.9% are for the other decades which are 269 in number. The half of the citations has been produced up to the age of 13 years (15180). Maximum number of references has been observed in the year 2000 (1562 i.e. 5.08%) followed by 1998 (1530), 1996 (1510) and 1997 (1501).This shows that scholars are using current information for their research purposes. More than 117 articles are from the age more than 71 to 105 years.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Year<\/strong><\/td>\r\nAge (x)<\/strong><\/td>\r\nCitations<\/strong><\/td>\r\nCumulative<\/strong>\r\nCitations<\/strong><\/td>\r\nTail<\/strong><\/td>\r\n% of<\/strong>\r\nCitations<\/strong><\/td>\r\n%<\/strong>\r\nCumulative<\/strong>\r\nCitations<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2005<\/td>\r\n0<\/td>\r\n15<\/td>\r\n15<\/td>\r\n30142<\/td>\r\n0.049764<\/td>\r\n0.049764<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2004<\/td>\r\n1<\/td>\r\n191<\/td>\r\n206<\/td>\r\n30127<\/td>\r\n0.633667<\/td>\r\n0.683432<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2003<\/td>\r\n2<\/td>\r\n410<\/td>\r\n616<\/td>\r\n29936<\/td>\r\n1.360228<\/td>\r\n2.04366<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2002<\/td>\r\n3<\/td>\r\n761<\/td>\r\n1377<\/td>\r\n29526<\/td>\r\n2.524716<\/td>\r\n4.568376<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2001<\/td>\r\n4<\/td>\r\n1221<\/td>\r\n2598<\/td>\r\n28765<\/td>\r\n4.050826<\/td>\r\n8.619202<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2000<\/td>\r\n5<\/td>\r\n1562<\/td>\r\n4160<\/td>\r\n27544<\/td>\r\n5.182138<\/td>\r\n13.80134<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1999<\/td>\r\n6<\/td>\r\n1497<\/td>\r\n5657<\/td>\r\n25982<\/td>\r\n4.966492<\/td>\r\n18.76783<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1998<\/td>\r\n7<\/td>\r\n1530<\/td>\r\n7187<\/td>\r\n24485<\/td>\r\n5.075974<\/td>\r\n23.84381<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1997<\/td>\r\n8<\/td>\r\n1501<\/td>\r\n8688<\/td>\r\n22955<\/td>\r\n4.979762<\/td>\r\n28.82357<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1996<\/td>\r\n9<\/td>\r\n1510<\/td>\r\n10198<\/td>\r\n21454<\/td>\r\n5.009621<\/td>\r\n33.83319<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1995<\/td>\r\n10<\/td>\r\n1276<\/td>\r\n11474<\/td>\r\n19944<\/td>\r\n4.233296<\/td>\r\n38.06649<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1994<\/td>\r\n11<\/td>\r\n1306<\/td>\r\n12780<\/td>\r\n18668<\/td>\r\n4.332825<\/td>\r\n42.39931<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1993<\/td>\r\n12<\/td>\r\n1278<\/td>\r\n14058<\/td>\r\n17362<\/td>\r\n4.239931<\/td>\r\n46.63924<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1992<\/td>\r\n13<\/td>\r\n1122<\/td>\r\n15180<\/td>\r\n16084<\/td>\r\n3.722381<\/td>\r\n50.36162<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1991<\/td>\r\n14<\/td>\r\n1070<\/td>\r\n16250<\/td>\r\n14962<\/td>\r\n3.549864<\/td>\r\n53.91149<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1990<\/td>\r\n15<\/td>\r\n971<\/td>\r\n17221<\/td>\r\n13892<\/td>\r\n3.221419<\/td>\r\n57.1329<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1989<\/td>\r\n16<\/td>\r\n882<\/td>\r\n18103<\/td>\r\n12921<\/td>\r\n2.92615<\/td>\r\n60.05905<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1988<\/td>\r\n17<\/td>\r\n757<\/td>\r\n18860<\/td>\r\n12039<\/td>\r\n2.511446<\/td>\r\n62.5705<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1987<\/td>\r\n18<\/td>\r\n734<\/td>\r\n19594<\/td>\r\n11282<\/td>\r\n2.43514<\/td>\r\n65.00564<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1986<\/td>\r\n19<\/td>\r\n716<\/td>\r\n20310<\/td>\r\n10548<\/td>\r\n2.375423<\/td>\r\n67.38106<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1985<\/td>\r\n20<\/td>\r\n662<\/td>\r\n20972<\/td>\r\n9832<\/td>\r\n2.196271<\/td>\r\n69.57733<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1984<\/td>\r\n21<\/td>\r\n723<\/td>\r\n21695<\/td>\r\n9170<\/td>\r\n2.398646<\/td>\r\n71.97598<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1983<\/td>\r\n22<\/td>\r\n595<\/td>\r\n22290<\/td>\r\n8447<\/td>\r\n1.97399<\/td>\r\n73.94997<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1982<\/td>\r\n23<\/td>\r\n553<\/td>\r\n22843<\/td>\r\n7852<\/td>\r\n1.834649<\/td>\r\n75.78462<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1981<\/td>\r\n24<\/td>\r\n529<\/td>\r\n23372<\/td>\r\n7299<\/td>\r\n1.755026<\/td>\r\n77.53965<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1980<\/td>\r\n25<\/td>\r\n475<\/td>\r\n23847<\/td>\r\n6770<\/td>\r\n1.575874<\/td>\r\n79.11552<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1979<\/td>\r\n26<\/td>\r\n479<\/td>\r\n24326<\/td>\r\n6295<\/td>\r\n1.589145<\/td>\r\n80.70466<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1978<\/td>\r\n27<\/td>\r\n444<\/td>\r\n24770<\/td>\r\n5816<\/td>\r\n1.473028<\/td>\r\n82.17769<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1977<\/td>\r\n28<\/td>\r\n396<\/td>\r\n25166<\/td>\r\n5372<\/td>\r\n1.313781<\/td>\r\n83.49147<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1976<\/td>\r\n29<\/td>\r\n333<\/td>\r\n25499<\/td>\r\n4976<\/td>\r\n1.104771<\/td>\r\n84.59624<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1975<\/td>\r\n30<\/td>\r\n359<\/td>\r\n25858<\/td>\r\n4643<\/td>\r\n1.191029<\/td>\r\n85.78727<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1974<\/td>\r\n31<\/td>\r\n386<\/td>\r\n26244<\/td>\r\n4284<\/td>\r\n1.280605<\/td>\r\n87.06788<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1973<\/td>\r\n32<\/td>\r\n311<\/td>\r\n26555<\/td>\r\n3898<\/td>\r\n1.031783<\/td>\r\n88.09966<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1972<\/td>\r\n33<\/td>\r\n272<\/td>\r\n26827<\/td>\r\n3587<\/td>\r\n0.902395<\/td>\r\n89.00206<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1971<\/td>\r\n34<\/td>\r\n254<\/td>\r\n27081<\/td>\r\n3315<\/td>\r\n0.842678<\/td>\r\n89.84473<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1970<\/td>\r\n35<\/td>\r\n284<\/td>\r\n27365<\/td>\r\n3061<\/td>\r\n0.942207<\/td>\r\n90.78694<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
1969<\/td>\r\n36<\/td>\r\n239<\/td>\r\n27604<\/td>\r\n2777<\/td>\r\n0.792914<\/td>\r\n91.57986<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1968<\/td>\r\n37<\/td>\r\n230<\/td>\r\n27834<\/td>\r\n2538<\/td>\r\n0.763055<\/td>\r\n92.34291<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1967<\/td>\r\n38<\/td>\r\n178<\/td>\r\n28012<\/td>\r\n2308<\/td>\r\n0.590538<\/td>\r\n92.93345<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1966<\/td>\r\n39<\/td>\r\n189<\/td>\r\n28201<\/td>\r\n2130<\/td>\r\n0.627032<\/td>\r\n93.56048<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1965<\/td>\r\n40<\/td>\r\n143<\/td>\r\n28344<\/td>\r\n1941<\/td>\r\n0.474421<\/td>\r\n94.0349<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1964<\/td>\r\n41<\/td>\r\n135<\/td>\r\n28479<\/td>\r\n1798<\/td>\r\n0.44788<\/td>\r\n94.48278<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1963<\/td>\r\n42<\/td>\r\n100<\/td>\r\n28579<\/td>\r\n1663<\/td>\r\n0.331763<\/td>\r\n94.81454<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1962<\/td>\r\n43<\/td>\r\n127<\/td>\r\n28706<\/td>\r\n1563<\/td>\r\n0.421339<\/td>\r\n95.23588<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1961<\/td>\r\n44<\/td>\r\n159<\/td>\r\n28865<\/td>\r\n1436<\/td>\r\n0.527503<\/td>\r\n95.76339<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1960<\/td>\r\n45<\/td>\r\n91<\/td>\r\n28956<\/td>\r\n1277<\/td>\r\n0.301904<\/td>\r\n96.06529<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1959<\/td>\r\n46<\/td>\r\n104<\/td>\r\n29060<\/td>\r\n1186<\/td>\r\n0.345034<\/td>\r\n96.41032<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1958<\/td>\r\n47<\/td>\r\n101<\/td>\r\n29161<\/td>\r\n1082<\/td>\r\n0.335081<\/td>\r\n96.74541<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1957<\/td>\r\n48<\/td>\r\n100<\/td>\r\n29261<\/td>\r\n981<\/td>\r\n0.331763<\/td>\r\n97.07717<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1956<\/td>\r\n49<\/td>\r\n80<\/td>\r\n29341<\/td>\r\n881<\/td>\r\n0.26541<\/td>\r\n97.34258<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1955<\/td>\r\n50<\/td>\r\n64<\/td>\r\n29405<\/td>\r\n801<\/td>\r\n0.212328<\/td>\r\n97.55491<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1954<\/td>\r\n51<\/td>\r\n66<\/td>\r\n29471<\/td>\r\n737<\/td>\r\n0.218964<\/td>\r\n97.77387<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1953<\/td>\r\n52<\/td>\r\n72<\/td>\r\n29543<\/td>\r\n671<\/td>\r\n0.238869<\/td>\r\n98.01274<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1952<\/td>\r\n53<\/td>\r\n65<\/td>\r\n29608<\/td>\r\n599<\/td>\r\n0.215646<\/td>\r\n98.22839<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1951<\/td>\r\n54<\/td>\r\n53<\/td>\r\n29661<\/td>\r\n534<\/td>\r\n0.175834<\/td>\r\n98.40422<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1950<\/td>\r\n55<\/td>\r\n44<\/td>\r\n29705<\/td>\r\n481<\/td>\r\n0.145976<\/td>\r\n98.5502<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1949<\/td>\r\n56<\/td>\r\n49<\/td>\r\n29754<\/td>\r\n437<\/td>\r\n0.162564<\/td>\r\n98.71276<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1948<\/td>\r\n57<\/td>\r\n47<\/td>\r\n29801<\/td>\r\n388<\/td>\r\n0.155929<\/td>\r\n98.86869<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1947<\/td>\r\n58<\/td>\r\n27<\/td>\r\n29828<\/td>\r\n341<\/td>\r\n0.089576<\/td>\r\n98.95826<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1946<\/td>\r\n59<\/td>\r\n27<\/td>\r\n29855<\/td>\r\n314<\/td>\r\n0.089576<\/td>\r\n99.04784<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1945<\/td>\r\n60<\/td>\r\n18<\/td>\r\n29873<\/td>\r\n287<\/td>\r\n0.059717<\/td>\r\n99.10756<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1944<\/td>\r\n61<\/td>\r\n20<\/td>\r\n29893<\/td>\r\n269<\/td>\r\n0.066353<\/td>\r\n99.17391<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1943<\/td>\r\n62<\/td>\r\n12<\/td>\r\n29905<\/td>\r\n249<\/td>\r\n0.039812<\/td>\r\n99.21372<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1942<\/td>\r\n63<\/td>\r\n22<\/td>\r\n29927<\/td>\r\n237<\/td>\r\n0.072988<\/td>\r\n99.28671<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1941<\/td>\r\n64<\/td>\r\n14<\/td>\r\n29941<\/td>\r\n215<\/td>\r\n0.046447<\/td>\r\n99.33316<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1940<\/td>\r\n65<\/td>\r\n20<\/td>\r\n29961<\/td>\r\n201<\/td>\r\n0.066353<\/td>\r\n99.39951<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1939<\/td>\r\n66<\/td>\r\n12<\/td>\r\n29973<\/td>\r\n181<\/td>\r\n0.039812<\/td>\r\n99.43932<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1938<\/td>\r\n67<\/td>\r\n19<\/td>\r\n29992<\/td>\r\n169<\/td>\r\n0.063035<\/td>\r\n99.50236<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1937<\/td>\r\n68<\/td>\r\n16<\/td>\r\n30008<\/td>\r\n150<\/td>\r\n0.053082<\/td>\r\n99.55544<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1936<\/td>\r\n69<\/td>\r\n7<\/td>\r\n30015<\/td>\r\n134<\/td>\r\n0.023223<\/td>\r\n99.57866<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1935<\/td>\r\n70<\/td>\r\n10<\/td>\r\n30025<\/td>\r\n127<\/td>\r\n0.033176<\/td>\r\n99.61184<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
<\/td>\r\n71<\/td>\r\n117<\/td>\r\n30142<\/td>\r\n117<\/td>\r\n0.388163<\/td>\r\n100<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Total<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n30142<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n100<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Table -2:\u00a0<\/strong>Citation frequency Distribution of\u00a0Journals<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nTest of Exponentially of Citation Distribution<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

The data of column 5 of table-3 are plotted as frequency polygon 'AA' in figure 3. The curve AA looks like a negative exponential distribution. The data indicates a roughly declining trend in the frequency citations as against the cited ages. The points are concentrated at one end and the curve tapers off gradually to years at the other end while an initial build-up occurs from the first entry (t = 0).With the help of table 3 the values of \u00a0and \u03c3 are calculated; Mean =17.06234; Variance =159.2974; SD =12.62131; also, in order to test the exponentially of the distribution, another test i.e. Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test (K-S Test), is applied. The observed value of cumulative citation frequencies are calculated and presented in column 6 of Table-3. The calculation of the estimated values: -<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nF(x)=l-e\u03f4x\u00a0 ...................(1)\r\n\r\nWhere x = 0,1,2,3,4,5,.......\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 and\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\"\"\r\n

The estimated values using (10 are presented in column 7 (represented as E(x) in Table-3.To test the exponentiality of the distribution, K-S test is used. According to this test, the maximum deviation in observed and estimated values, 'D' is calculated as follows: D = |F(x)-En (x)|. At the 0.01 level of significance, the K-S statistics is equal to 1.63\/ n1\/2. If 'D' is greater than K-S statistics; than the distribution does not fit the theoretical distribution at this level of significance. In this case n =71, hence K-S statistics for the 0.01 level should be 1.63\/701\/2 =0.1948 and the value of 'D' should not exceed this. The examination of the data of column 6, 7 and 8of table-3 reveals that 'D' value does not exceed the 0.1948 limits, Theeta value 0.058609 and D value is 0.193445and hence it confirms statistically that the distribution of the data follows negative exponential distribution.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Year<\/strong><\/td>\r\nAge<\/strong><\/td>\r\nCitations<\/strong><\/td>\r\n%<\/strong><\/td>\r\nCumulative<\/strong><\/td>\r\nF(x)<\/strong><\/td>\r\nE(x)<\/strong><\/td>\r\nD<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
<\/td>\r\nx<\/strong><\/td>\r\nf(x)<\/strong><\/td>\r\nxf(x)<\/strong><\/td>\r\nx<\/strong>2<\/strong>f(x)<\/strong><\/td>\r\nObserved<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2005<\/td>\r\n0<\/td>\r\n15<\/td>\r\n0<\/td>\r\n0<\/td>\r\n0.000498<\/td>\r\n0<\/td>\r\n0.000498<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2004<\/td>\r\n1<\/td>\r\n191<\/td>\r\n191<\/td>\r\n191<\/td>\r\n0.006337<\/td>\r\n0.056924<\/td>\r\n0.050588<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2003<\/td>\r\n2<\/td>\r\n410<\/td>\r\n820<\/td>\r\n1640<\/td>\r\n0.013602<\/td>\r\n0.110608<\/td>\r\n0.097006<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2002<\/td>\r\n3<\/td>\r\n761<\/td>\r\n2283<\/td>\r\n6849<\/td>\r\n0.025247<\/td>\r\n0.161236<\/td>\r\n0.135989<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2001<\/td>\r\n4<\/td>\r\n1221<\/td>\r\n4884<\/td>\r\n19536<\/td>\r\n0.040508<\/td>\r\n0.208982<\/td>\r\n0.168474<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2000<\/td>\r\n5<\/td>\r\n1562<\/td>\r\n7810<\/td>\r\n39050<\/td>\r\n0.051821<\/td>\r\n0.25401<\/td>\r\n0.202189<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1999<\/td>\r\n6<\/td>\r\n1497<\/td>\r\n8982<\/td>\r\n53892<\/td>\r\n0.049665<\/td>\r\n0.296475<\/td>\r\n0.24681<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1998<\/td>\r\n7<\/td>\r\n1530<\/td>\r\n10710<\/td>\r\n74970<\/td>\r\n0.05076<\/td>\r\n0.336522<\/td>\r\n0.285763<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1997<\/td>\r\n8<\/td>\r\n1501<\/td>\r\n12008<\/td>\r\n96064<\/td>\r\n0.049798<\/td>\r\n0.37429<\/td>\r\n0.324493<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1996<\/td>\r\n9<\/td>\r\n1510<\/td>\r\n13590<\/td>\r\n122310<\/td>\r\n0.050096<\/td>\r\n0.409908<\/td>\r\n0.359812<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1995<\/td>\r\n10<\/td>\r\n1276<\/td>\r\n12760<\/td>\r\n127600<\/td>\r\n0.042333<\/td>\r\n0.443499<\/td>\r\n0.401166<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1994<\/td>\r\n11<\/td>\r\n1306<\/td>\r\n14366<\/td>\r\n158026<\/td>\r\n0.043328<\/td>\r\n0.475177<\/td>\r\n0.431849<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1993<\/td>\r\n12<\/td>\r\n1278<\/td>\r\n15336<\/td>\r\n184032<\/td>\r\n0.042399<\/td>\r\n0.505052<\/td>\r\n0.462653<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1992<\/td>\r\n13<\/td>\r\n1122<\/td>\r\n14586<\/td>\r\n189618<\/td>\r\n0.037224<\/td>\r\n0.533227<\/td>\r\n0.496003<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1991<\/td>\r\n14<\/td>\r\n1070<\/td>\r\n14980<\/td>\r\n209720<\/td>\r\n0.035499<\/td>\r\n0.559798<\/td>\r\n0.524299<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1990<\/td>\r\n15<\/td>\r\n971<\/td>\r\n14565<\/td>\r\n218475<\/td>\r\n0.032214<\/td>\r\n0.584856<\/td>\r\n0.552642<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1989<\/td>\r\n16<\/td>\r\n882<\/td>\r\n14112<\/td>\r\n225792<\/td>\r\n0.029261<\/td>\r\n0.608487<\/td>\r\n0.579226<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1988<\/td>\r\n17<\/td>\r\n757<\/td>\r\n12869<\/td>\r\n218773<\/td>\r\n0.025114<\/td>\r\n0.630774<\/td>\r\n0.60566<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1987<\/td>\r\n18<\/td>\r\n734<\/td>\r\n13212<\/td>\r\n237816<\/td>\r\n0.024351<\/td>\r\n0.651792<\/td>\r\n0.627441<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1986<\/td>\r\n19<\/td>\r\n716<\/td>\r\n13604<\/td>\r\n258476<\/td>\r\n0.023754<\/td>\r\n0.671613<\/td>\r\n0.647859<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1985<\/td>\r\n20<\/td>\r\n662<\/td>\r\n13240<\/td>\r\n264800<\/td>\r\n0.021963<\/td>\r\n0.690307<\/td>\r\n0.668344<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1984<\/td>\r\n21<\/td>\r\n723<\/td>\r\n15183<\/td>\r\n318843<\/td>\r\n0.023986<\/td>\r\n0.707936<\/td>\r\n0.683949<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1983<\/td>\r\n22<\/td>\r\n595<\/td>\r\n13090<\/td>\r\n287980<\/td>\r\n0.01974<\/td>\r\n0.724561<\/td>\r\n0.704821<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1982<\/td>\r\n23<\/td>\r\n553<\/td>\r\n12719<\/td>\r\n292537<\/td>\r\n0.018346<\/td>\r\n0.74024<\/td>\r\n0.721894<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1981<\/td>\r\n24<\/td>\r\n529<\/td>\r\n12696<\/td>\r\n304704<\/td>\r\n0.01755<\/td>\r\n0.755027<\/td>\r\n0.737477<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1980<\/td>\r\n25<\/td>\r\n475<\/td>\r\n11875<\/td>\r\n296875<\/td>\r\n0.015759<\/td>\r\n0.768972<\/td>\r\n0.753213<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1979<\/td>\r\n26<\/td>\r\n479<\/td>\r\n12454<\/td>\r\n323804<\/td>\r\n0.015891<\/td>\r\n0.782123<\/td>\r\n0.766231<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1978<\/td>\r\n27<\/td>\r\n444<\/td>\r\n11988<\/td>\r\n323676<\/td>\r\n0.01473<\/td>\r\n0.794525<\/td>\r\n0.779795<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1977<\/td>\r\n28<\/td>\r\n396<\/td>\r\n11088<\/td>\r\n310464<\/td>\r\n0.013138<\/td>\r\n0.806222<\/td>\r\n0.793084<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1976<\/td>\r\n29<\/td>\r\n333<\/td>\r\n9657<\/td>\r\n280053<\/td>\r\n0.011048<\/td>\r\n0.817252<\/td>\r\n0.806205<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1975<\/td>\r\n30<\/td>\r\n359<\/td>\r\n10770<\/td>\r\n323100<\/td>\r\n0.01191<\/td>\r\n0.827655<\/td>\r\n0.815745<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1974<\/td>\r\n31<\/td>\r\n386<\/td>\r\n11966<\/td>\r\n370946<\/td>\r\n0.012806<\/td>\r\n0.837466<\/td>\r\n0.82466<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
1973<\/td>\r\n32<\/td>\r\n311<\/td>\r\n9952<\/td>\r\n318464<\/td>\r\n0.010318<\/td>\r\n0.846718<\/td>\r\n0.8364<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1972<\/td>\r\n33<\/td>\r\n272<\/td>\r\n8976<\/td>\r\n296208<\/td>\r\n0.009024<\/td>\r\n0.855443<\/td>\r\n0.846419<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1971<\/td>\r\n34<\/td>\r\n254<\/td>\r\n8636<\/td>\r\n293624<\/td>\r\n0.008427<\/td>\r\n0.863672<\/td>\r\n0.855245<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1970<\/td>\r\n35<\/td>\r\n284<\/td>\r\n9940<\/td>\r\n347900<\/td>\r\n0.009422<\/td>\r\n0.871433<\/td>\r\n0.86201<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1969<\/td>\r\n36<\/td>\r\n239<\/td>\r\n8604<\/td>\r\n309744<\/td>\r\n0.007929<\/td>\r\n0.878751<\/td>\r\n0.870822<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1968<\/td>\r\n37<\/td>\r\n230<\/td>\r\n8510<\/td>\r\n314870<\/td>\r\n0.007631<\/td>\r\n0.885653<\/td>\r\n0.878023<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1967<\/td>\r\n38<\/td>\r\n178<\/td>\r\n6764<\/td>\r\n257032<\/td>\r\n0.005905<\/td>\r\n0.892162<\/td>\r\n0.886257<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1966<\/td>\r\n39<\/td>\r\n189<\/td>\r\n7371<\/td>\r\n287469<\/td>\r\n0.00627<\/td>\r\n0.898301<\/td>\r\n0.89203<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1965<\/td>\r\n40<\/td>\r\n143<\/td>\r\n5720<\/td>\r\n228800<\/td>\r\n0.004744<\/td>\r\n0.90409<\/td>\r\n0.899346<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1964<\/td>\r\n41<\/td>\r\n135<\/td>\r\n5535<\/td>\r\n226935<\/td>\r\n0.004479<\/td>\r\n0.90955<\/td>\r\n0.905071<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1963<\/td>\r\n42<\/td>\r\n100<\/td>\r\n4200<\/td>\r\n176400<\/td>\r\n0.003318<\/td>\r\n0.914698<\/td>\r\n0.911381<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1962<\/td>\r\n43<\/td>\r\n127<\/td>\r\n5461<\/td>\r\n234823<\/td>\r\n0.004213<\/td>\r\n0.919554<\/td>\r\n0.915341<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1961<\/td>\r\n44<\/td>\r\n159<\/td>\r\n6996<\/td>\r\n307824<\/td>\r\n0.005275<\/td>\r\n0.924133<\/td>\r\n0.918858<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1960<\/td>\r\n45<\/td>\r\n91<\/td>\r\n4095<\/td>\r\n184275<\/td>\r\n0.003019<\/td>\r\n0.928452<\/td>\r\n0.925433<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1959<\/td>\r\n46<\/td>\r\n104<\/td>\r\n4784<\/td>\r\n220064<\/td>\r\n0.00345<\/td>\r\n0.932525<\/td>\r\n0.929075<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1958<\/td>\r\n47<\/td>\r\n101<\/td>\r\n4747<\/td>\r\n223109<\/td>\r\n0.003351<\/td>\r\n0.936366<\/td>\r\n0.933015<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1957<\/td>\r\n48<\/td>\r\n100<\/td>\r\n4800<\/td>\r\n230400<\/td>\r\n0.003318<\/td>\r\n0.939988<\/td>\r\n0.936671<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1956<\/td>\r\n49<\/td>\r\n80<\/td>\r\n3920<\/td>\r\n192080<\/td>\r\n0.002654<\/td>\r\n0.943404<\/td>\r\n0.94075<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1955<\/td>\r\n50<\/td>\r\n64<\/td>\r\n3200<\/td>\r\n160000<\/td>\r\n0.002123<\/td>\r\n0.946626<\/td>\r\n0.944503<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1954<\/td>\r\n51<\/td>\r\n66<\/td>\r\n3366<\/td>\r\n171666<\/td>\r\n0.00219<\/td>\r\n0.949664<\/td>\r\n0.947475<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1953<\/td>\r\n52<\/td>\r\n72<\/td>\r\n3744<\/td>\r\n194688<\/td>\r\n0.002389<\/td>\r\n0.95253<\/td>\r\n0.950141<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1952<\/td>\r\n53<\/td>\r\n65<\/td>\r\n3445<\/td>\r\n182585<\/td>\r\n0.002156<\/td>\r\n0.955232<\/td>\r\n0.953075<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1951<\/td>\r\n54<\/td>\r\n53<\/td>\r\n2862<\/td>\r\n154548<\/td>\r\n0.001758<\/td>\r\n0.95778<\/td>\r\n0.956022<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1950<\/td>\r\n55<\/td>\r\n44<\/td>\r\n2420<\/td>\r\n133100<\/td>\r\n0.00146<\/td>\r\n0.960183<\/td>\r\n0.958724<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1949<\/td>\r\n56<\/td>\r\n49<\/td>\r\n2744<\/td>\r\n153664<\/td>\r\n0.001626<\/td>\r\n0.96245<\/td>\r\n0.960824<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1948<\/td>\r\n57<\/td>\r\n47<\/td>\r\n2679<\/td>\r\n152703<\/td>\r\n0.001559<\/td>\r\n0.964588<\/td>\r\n0.963028<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1947<\/td>\r\n58<\/td>\r\n27<\/td>\r\n1566<\/td>\r\n90828<\/td>\r\n0.000896<\/td>\r\n0.966603<\/td>\r\n0.965708<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1946<\/td>\r\n59<\/td>\r\n27<\/td>\r\n1593<\/td>\r\n93987<\/td>\r\n0.000896<\/td>\r\n0.968504<\/td>\r\n0.967609<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1945<\/td>\r\n60<\/td>\r\n18<\/td>\r\n1080<\/td>\r\n64800<\/td>\r\n0.000597<\/td>\r\n0.970297<\/td>\r\n0.9697<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1944<\/td>\r\n61<\/td>\r\n20<\/td>\r\n1220<\/td>\r\n74420<\/td>\r\n0.000664<\/td>\r\n0.971988<\/td>\r\n0.971325<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1943<\/td>\r\n62<\/td>\r\n12<\/td>\r\n744<\/td>\r\n46128<\/td>\r\n0.000398<\/td>\r\n0.973583<\/td>\r\n0.973185<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1942<\/td>\r\n63<\/td>\r\n22<\/td>\r\n1386<\/td>\r\n87318<\/td>\r\n0.00073<\/td>\r\n0.975086<\/td>\r\n0.974357<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1941<\/td>\r\n64<\/td>\r\n14<\/td>\r\n896<\/td>\r\n57344<\/td>\r\n0.000464<\/td>\r\n0.976505<\/td>\r\n0.97604<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1940<\/td>\r\n65<\/td>\r\n20<\/td>\r\n1300<\/td>\r\n84500<\/td>\r\n0.000664<\/td>\r\n0.977842<\/td>\r\n0.977179<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1939<\/td>\r\n66<\/td>\r\n12<\/td>\r\n792<\/td>\r\n52272<\/td>\r\n0.000398<\/td>\r\n0.979103<\/td>\r\n0.978705<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1938<\/td>\r\n67<\/td>\r\n19<\/td>\r\n1273<\/td>\r\n85291<\/td>\r\n0.00063<\/td>\r\n0.980293<\/td>\r\n0.979663<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1937<\/td>\r\n68<\/td>\r\n16<\/td>\r\n1088<\/td>\r\n73984<\/td>\r\n0.000531<\/td>\r\n0.981415<\/td>\r\n0.980884<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1936<\/td>\r\n69<\/td>\r\n7<\/td>\r\n483<\/td>\r\n33327<\/td>\r\n0.000232<\/td>\r\n0.982473<\/td>\r\n0.98224<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1935<\/td>\r\n70<\/td>\r\n10<\/td>\r\n700<\/td>\r\n49000<\/td>\r\n0.000332<\/td>\r\n0.98347<\/td>\r\n0.983139<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
<\/td>\r\n71<\/td>\r\n117<\/td>\r\n8307<\/td>\r\n589797<\/td>\r\n0.003882<\/td>\r\n0.984411<\/td>\r\n0.98053<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Total<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n30142<\/strong><\/td>\r\n514293<\/strong><\/td>\r\n13576583<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n0.983139<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

Table-3: Citation Frequency Distribution of Journals and Parameter values i. Annual Ageing Factor (=AAF)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Based on the negative exponential function over time or obsolescence annual aging factor is the ratio of percentage of non-used (or used) documents in successive years. In case of citations this may be measured in proportion to number of citations received in library context.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0The AAF = \"a\" has been calculated graphically, following the procedure suggested by Brookes.\r\n\r\nThe data of column 5 of table-3are plotted on semi-log paper and are shown in figure 3.\r\n\r\n \r\n