{"id":89,"date":"2018-07-11T10:55:57","date_gmt":"2018-07-11T10:55:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/itp4.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=89"},"modified":"2019-05-13T12:01:00","modified_gmt":"2019-05-13T12:01:00","slug":"advanced-encryption-standardaes-aesadvanced-encryption-standard-cipher-rijndael","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/chapter\/advanced-encryption-standardaes-aesadvanced-encryption-standard-cipher-rijndael\/","title":{"rendered":"ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD(AES)  AES(ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD) cipher \u2013 Rijndael"},"content":{"raw":"<div><span style=\"float: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/vh_QzkI0Wac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD(AES)\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">AES(ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD) cipher \u2013 Rijndael<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a8 Symmetric block cipher<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a8 Works on data in block length of 128-bit, Key length is 128 bits or 192 bits or 256-bits keys<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a8 designed by Rijmen-Daemen in Belgium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a8 Has an iterative kind of structure in place of feistel.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a4 Data is divided into blocks and processed as 4 octet columns<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a4 The operations are performed on the whole data block in each round<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Basic structure :<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a8 The block length is Nb. This indicates total words of 32 bit size.(columns having 4 octets).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a8 AES has 128 bit block size so Nb=4<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a8 The key length is N This indicates the total 32 bit words formed from encryption key. For AES-128 Nk = 4, For AES-192 Nk = 6, For AES-256 Nk = 8.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe total rounds performed are Nr. Nr= 6+max(Nb, Nk). AES-128 has 10 rounds. AES-192 has 12 rounds. AES-256 performs 14 rounds\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-90 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/itp4.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-52.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"413\" height=\"500\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-91 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/itp4.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-53.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1007\" height=\"775\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Rijndael is based on four primitive operations:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a8 Exclusive OR<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a8 Octet to octet substitution, with S-Box.(Substitute Bytes)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-92 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/itp4.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-54.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"936\" height=\"508\" \/>\r\n\r\nThis is Rijndael S-box. In case input is 52, visit the row of 5 and column of 2, the cell contains 00 so 52 will be substituted by 00.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a8 Perform rotation in row or column to rearrange the octets.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nShiftRows indicates circular byteshift. First row stays unchanged. 2nd row performs circular shift to left by 1 byte. 3rd row performs circular shift to left by 2 bytes. 4th row performs circular shift to left by 3 bytes.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a8 MixColumn operation, where 4 octet column is replaced by another 4 octet column.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-93 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/itp4.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-55.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"704\" height=\"821\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThis operation replaces a 4 octet column with another 4-octet column. This operation involves above table. This table contains 256 - 4 octet columns.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nEach octet is input to the MixColumn table. Left nibble will identify the row, right nibble will identify the column.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n4 octet input column will retrieve set of four columns.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nRotation is performed on retrieved table columns and rotation is performed in vertical direction, to get top octet in the same row as the input octet.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-94\" src=\"http:\/\/itp4.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-56.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1011\" height=\"524\" \/>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-95\" src=\"http:\/\/itp4.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-57.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"992\" height=\"517\" \/>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-96 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/itp4.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-58.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"972\" height=\"804\" \/>\r\n\r\nTo generate the ith set of Nk columns, (i-1)st set is required. The above diagram is for Nk\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u2264 Supplied key takes 0th set. Column 0 of the newly defined set is generated by performing rotation of the last column of the (i-1)st set in up direction by one cell. S-box is applied to each<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\noctet and Ex-OR is performed with a constant depends on i.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-97 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/itp4.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-59.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"973\" height=\"357\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nFor the rest of the columns in the set are generated by Ex-OR the previous column with the corresponding column from the previous (i-1)st set.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Rounds :<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Each round has 3 identical operations.<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Each octet of the state has S-Box applied t it.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Row 1 of the state is rotated left 1 column.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nRow 2 of the state is rotated left 2+\u2514Nb\/8 \u2518 columns. Row 3 of the state is rotated left 3+\u2514Nb\/7 \u2518 columns.\r\n<ol start=\"3\">\r\n \t<li>Each column of the state has MixColumn applied to it. For round number Nr, this operation is not performed.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>you can view video on AES(ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD) cipher<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/vh_QzkI0Wac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n<strong>Suggested Reading:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practice by William Stallings, sixth Edition, PEARSON.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Security in Computing by Charles Pfleeger &amp; Shari Lawrence Pfleeger, fourth Edition, PEARSON.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Network Security by Charlie Kaufman, Radia Perlman, Mike Speciner, second Edition, PHI.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The Complete Reference \u2013 Network Security by Roberta Bragg, Mark Rhodes-Ousley &amp; Keith Strassberg, Tata McGraw Hill<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Network Security Bible by Eric Cole, Ronald Krutz, James Conley, Wiley<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Hacking 6 Exposed by Stuart McClure, Joel Scambray &amp; George Kurtz , Tata McGraw Hill .<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.snort.org\/\">www.snort.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/nmap.org\/\">https:\/\/nmap.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","rendered":"<div><span style=\"float: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/vh_QzkI0Wac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD(AES)\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">AES(ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD) cipher \u2013 Rijndael<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u00a8 Symmetric block cipher<\/li>\n<li>\u00a8 Works on data in block length of 128-bit, Key length is 128 bits or 192 bits or 256-bits keys<\/li>\n<li>\u00a8 designed by Rijmen-Daemen in Belgium<\/li>\n<li>\u00a8 Has an iterative kind of structure in place of feistel.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a4 Data is divided into blocks and processed as 4 octet columns<\/li>\n<li>\u00a4 The operations are performed on the whole data block in each round<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Basic structure :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a8 The block length is Nb. This indicates total words of 32 bit size.(columns having 4 octets).<\/li>\n<li>\u00a8 AES has 128 bit block size so Nb=4<\/li>\n<li>\u00a8 The key length is N This indicates the total 32 bit words formed from encryption key. For AES-128 Nk = 4, For AES-192 Nk = 6, For AES-256 Nk = 8.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The total rounds performed are Nr. Nr= 6+max(Nb, Nk). AES-128 has 10 rounds. AES-192 has 12 rounds. AES-256 performs 14 rounds<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-90 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/itp4.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-52.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"413\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-52.png 413w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-52-248x300.png 248w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-52-65x79.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-52-225x272.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-52-350x424.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 413px) 100vw, 413px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-91 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/itp4.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-53.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1007\" height=\"775\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-53.png 1007w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-53-300x231.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-53-768x591.png 768w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-53-65x50.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-53-225x173.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-53-350x269.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1007px) 100vw, 1007px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rijndael is based on four primitive operations:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a8 Exclusive OR<\/li>\n<li>\u00a8 Octet to octet substitution, with S-Box.(Substitute Bytes)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-92 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/itp4.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-54.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"936\" height=\"508\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-54.png 936w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-54-300x163.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-54-768x417.png 768w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-54-65x35.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-54-225x122.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-54-350x190.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 936px) 100vw, 936px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>This is Rijndael S-box. In case input is 52, visit the row of 5 and column of 2, the cell contains 00 so 52 will be substituted by 00.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a8 Perform rotation in row or column to rearrange the octets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>ShiftRows indicates circular byteshift. First row stays unchanged. 2nd row performs circular shift to left by 1 byte. 3rd row performs circular shift to left by 2 bytes. 4th row performs circular shift to left by 3 bytes.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a8 MixColumn operation, where 4 octet column is replaced by another 4 octet column.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/itp4.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-55.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"704\" height=\"821\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-55.png 704w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-55-257x300.png 257w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-55-65x76.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-55-225x262.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-55-350x408.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 704px) 100vw, 704px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This operation replaces a 4 octet column with another 4-octet column. This operation involves above table. This table contains 256 &#8211; 4 octet columns.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Each octet is input to the MixColumn table. Left nibble will identify the row, right nibble will identify the column.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>4 octet input column will retrieve set of four columns.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Rotation is performed on retrieved table columns and rotation is performed in vertical direction, to get top octet in the same row as the input octet.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-94\" src=\"http:\/\/itp4.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-56.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1011\" height=\"524\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-56.png 1011w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-56-300x155.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-56-768x398.png 768w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-56-65x34.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-56-225x117.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-56-350x181.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1011px) 100vw, 1011px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-95\" src=\"http:\/\/itp4.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-57.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"992\" height=\"517\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-57.png 992w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-57-300x156.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-57-768x400.png 768w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-57-65x34.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-57-225x117.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-57-350x182.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 992px) 100vw, 992px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-96 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/itp4.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-58.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"972\" height=\"804\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-58.png 972w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-58-300x248.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-58-768x635.png 768w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-58-65x54.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-58-225x186.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-58-350x290.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 972px) 100vw, 972px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>To generate the ith set of Nk columns, (i-1)st set is required. The above diagram is for Nk<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u2264 Supplied key takes 0th set. Column 0 of the newly defined set is generated by performing rotation of the last column of the (i-1)st set in up direction by one cell. S-box is applied to each<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>octet and Ex-OR is performed with a constant depends on i.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-97 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/itp4.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-59.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"973\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-59.png 973w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-59-300x110.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-59-768x282.png 768w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-59-65x24.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-59-225x83.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/07\/Untitled-59-350x128.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 973px) 100vw, 973px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>For the rest of the columns in the set are generated by Ex-OR the previous column with the corresponding column from the previous (i-1)st set.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rounds :<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Each round has 3 identical operations.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Each octet of the state has S-Box applied t it.<\/li>\n<li>Row 1 of the state is rotated left 1 column.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Row 2 of the state is rotated left 2+\u2514Nb\/8 \u2518 columns. Row 3 of the state is rotated left 3+\u2514Nb\/7 \u2518 columns.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>Each column of the state has MixColumn applied to it. For round number Nr, this operation is not performed.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>you can view video on AES(ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD) cipher<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/vh_QzkI0Wac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Suggested Reading:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practice by William Stallings, sixth Edition, PEARSON.<\/li>\n<li>Security in Computing by Charles Pfleeger &amp; Shari Lawrence Pfleeger, fourth Edition, PEARSON.<\/li>\n<li>Network Security by Charlie Kaufman, Radia Perlman, Mike Speciner, second Edition, PHI.<\/li>\n<li>The Complete Reference \u2013 Network Security by Roberta Bragg, Mark Rhodes-Ousley &amp; Keith Strassberg, Tata McGraw Hill<\/li>\n<li>Network Security Bible by Eric Cole, Ronald Krutz, James Conley, Wiley<\/li>\n<li>Hacking 6 Exposed by Stuart McClure, Joel Scambray &amp; George Kurtz , Tata McGraw Hill .<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.snort.org\/\">www.snort.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/nmap.org\/\">https:\/\/nmap.org<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["miss-hiteishi-diwanji"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[58],"license":[],"class_list":["post-89","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-miss-hiteishi-diwanji"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/89","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/89\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":435,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/89\/revisions\/435"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/89\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=89"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=89"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=89"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp4\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=89"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}