{"id":77,"date":"2018-07-12T09:34:26","date_gmt":"2018-07-12T09:34:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=77"},"modified":"2019-05-15T09:29:24","modified_gmt":"2019-05-15T09:29:24","slug":"antennas","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/chapter\/antennas\/","title":{"rendered":"Antennas"},"content":{"raw":"<div><span style=\"float: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/AeU-vufpOU8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n<strong>Learning Objective<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Introduction<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Overview of Antenna<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Characteristics<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Classification<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Additional Antenna<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Application<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Summary<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This module is talking about an antenna its definition, characteristics, types and different parameters that affects the efficiency of an antenna. Based on different factors, it has been classified in different groups. At end of the module its application area are listed.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Overview of Antenna<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">An antenna is a metallic device for radiating or receiving radio waves. It is the transitional structure between free space and guiding device. The guiding device may take the form of coaxial line, which transport electromagnetic energy from the transmitting source to the antenna or from antenna to receiver.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-80 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/Pic1M05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"390\" height=\"197\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Figure 1: Antennas<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div><strong>\r\nAntennas Characteristics\u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 90px;\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">Antennas size and shapes<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 90px;\"><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">It depends on following characteristics<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"padding-left: 90px;\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Frequency for transmitting and receiving<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Direction of radiated electromagnetic wave<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The size of antenna is inversely proportional to the wavelength signal to which it is designed to transmit and receive. Lower signal require large antenna.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Radiation Pattern<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The radiation pattern is the mathematical function which describes graphically radiation property with respect to space coordinates.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Radiation Power Density<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Power has been associated with the waves. Electromagnetic waves are used to transport information from one point to another. The power intensity decide the distance covered by the EM wave.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Radiation Intensity<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is defined as power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle .It is multiplication of radiation density to square of distance.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Beam width<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is the angular distance between two identical points on the opposite side.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Directivity<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nIt is the ratio of radiation intensity in a direction to the overall radiation intensity in all directions.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Efficiency<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The efficiency of antenna is defined as the ration of power radiated to the total input power supplied to the antenna.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Gain<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Gain is the ratio of maximum radiation intensity in a given direction to the maximum radiation intensity from a reference antenna produced in the same direction with same power input.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Polarization<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The polarization of an antenna defines the orientation of the E and H waves transmitted or received by the antenna<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Classification of Antenna<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">There are numbers of basis on which the antennas are classified. Mainly the bases are Radiation, Frequency, Aperture and Polarization. Figure 2 is describing categories of some of antennas.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-81 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/Pic2M05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"622\" height=\"322\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Figure 2: Classification of Antennas<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Radiation<\/strong>: It is differentiated on the basis of Radiation Patte Radiation pattern is a mathematical function which represents the radiation properties of antenna. It includes density, intensity, field strength, directivity, and phase.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Following are the types of antenna on the base of radiation pattern:<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<table class=\"lines\" border=\"1px solid black\" width=\"650\" align=\"center\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 306.063px;\"><strong>Isotropic Antenna<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nAn\u00a0 \u00a0isotropic\u00a0 \u00a0antenna\u00a0 \u00a0is\u00a0 \u00a0a\u00a0 \u00a0fabricated\r\n\r\nantenna. It radiates uniformly in all directions.\r\n\r\nAn isotropic antenna is a hypothetical lossless antenna. An isotropic antenna is used as reference antenna with which practical antennas are compared.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 489.063px;\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-82 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT1M05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"156\" height=\"120\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figure 3:Isotropic Antenna<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 306.063px;\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-83 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT2M05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"164\" height=\"130\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figure 4:Omnidirectional Antenna<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 489.063px;\"><strong>Omnidirectional Antenna<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThey are\u00a0 used \u00a0to \u00a0send \u00a0and \u00a0transmit \u00a0equal\r\n\r\nintensity signals in all the directions. These antennas will cover equally in azimuth direction and having angle in elevation direction. Mostly the wire antennas are having Omnidirectional radiation pattern. Figure 4 shows Omnidirectional antenna.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table class=\"lines\" border=\"1px solid black\" width=\"650\" align=\"center\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 491.063px;\"><strong>Directional Antenna<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThey are used when signals are required to propagate in one directional only.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Yagi Antenna-&gt; emits a wider less focused RF energy beam.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Parabolic dish antenna-&gt; emits a narrow more concentrated energy beam.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Patch antenna-&gt; emits a horizontal wider beam but vertically taller.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 5(a)-(c)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 show\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 these antennas.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 304.063px;\">&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-84 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT3M05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"276\" height=\"301\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figure 5(a):Directional Antenna<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 491.063px;\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-86 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT5M05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"113\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figure 5(b):Yagi Antenna<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 304.063px;\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-85 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT4M05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"165\" height=\"112\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figure 5(c): Dish Antenna<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<strong>2) Frequency<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The antennas are working with some specific frequency. The frequency range is defined as under:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"hanging-indent\">Very Low Frequency (VLF) &amp; Low frequency (LF) antenna<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"hanging-indent\">Medium Frequency (MF) antennas<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"hanging-indent\">High Frequency (HF) antennas<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"hanging-indent\">Very High Frequency (VHF) &amp; Ultra High Frequency (UHF) antennas<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"hanging-indent\">Super High Frequency (SHF) &amp; Extremely High Frequency (EHF) antennas<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>3) Aperture based antennas:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">These are sophisticated antennas which utilizes higher frequencies. They are mainly used in aircraft and spacecraft.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<table class=\"lines\" border=\"1px solid black\" width=\"650\" align=\"center\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 218px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 218px; width: 291.063px;\"><strong>Wire Antennas<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">These are common antennas virtually seen everywhere \u2013 aircraft, building, car etc. There are different shapes of these antennas dipole, loop and helix.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 218px; width: 505.063px;\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-87 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT7M05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"343\" height=\"144\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 120px;\">(a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (b)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (c)<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figure 6(a-c): (a) Wire dipole (b) Monopole (c) Loop<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 143px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 143px; width: 291.063px;\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-88 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT8M05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"274\" height=\"114\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figure 7 (a) E-Plane\u00a0 (b)Conical<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 143px; width: 505.063px;\"><strong>Horn Antenna<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It \u00a0is \u00a0most \u00a0widely \u00a0used \u00a0microwave \u00a0antenna. It is having different forms. It is basically a hollow pipe of different cross sections, which has been pointed towards a larger opening. The type, direction and amount of opening will affect the overall performance. Typically there are four forms of Horn antennas such as E-plane, H-plane, Pyramidal and Conical.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 320px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 320px; width: 291.063px;\"><strong>Parabolic Antenna<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A parabola is a two dimensional plane curve. It is having three dimensional curved surfaces. It is formed by rotating a parabola about its axis. The surface is known as paraboloid or microwave dish or parabolic reflector.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The antenna consists of a primary antenna (dipole or horn) situated at the focal point of a paraboloid reflector.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 320px; width: 505.063px;\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-89 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT6M05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"95\" height=\"141\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figure 8: Parabolic Antenna<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 131px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 131px; width: 291.063px;\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-90 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT7M05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"131\" height=\"111\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figure 9: Microstrip Antenna<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 131px; width: 505.063px;\"><strong>Microstrip Antenna<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">They \u00a0became \u00a0popular \u00a0in \u00a01970 \u00a0for \u00a0space \u00a0borne applications. They are low profile antennas, appropriate for plane and non plane surfaces.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Its main application is in spacecraft or aircraft where size, weight, cost, performance, ease of installation all different constraints exist.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>4) Polarization<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Every sine wave has some orientation while exiting from antenna. The orientation of a wave leaving the antenna is called polarization.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<table class=\"lines\" border=\"1px solid black\" width=\"650\" align=\"center\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Vertical Polarization Antenna<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nIf \u00a0antenna \u00a0is \u00a0transmitting \u00a0or \u00a0receiving\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nVertical E field vector, then antenna is said to be vertically polarized antenna.<\/td>\r\n<td><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-91 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT9M05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"264\" height=\"269\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figure 10:Vertical Polarized Antenna<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-92 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT10M05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"264\" height=\"269\" \/><strong><em>Figure 11:Horizontal Polarized Antenna<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Horizontal Polarization Antenna<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nIf antenna is transmitting\/receiving\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nhorizontal E field vector, then antenna is said to be horizontally polarized antenna.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Circular polarization antenna<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nIf the antenna is able to transmit or receive\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nE field vectors of any orientation, then antenna is said to be Circularly polarized antenna.<\/td>\r\n<td><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-93 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT12M05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"149\" height=\"100\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figure 12:Circular Polarized Antenna<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<strong>Some Additional Antennas<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Array Antennas<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Some application require aggregation of radiation, there requirement does not be met by one radiator. So the arrangement of array has been made to add up all the radiation and get maximum radiation in a specific direction.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-94 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT11M05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"736\" height=\"244\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Figure 13: Array Antennas<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Reflector<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">When the communication is required in great distance, sophisticated antennas are used. These antennas are made of large diameters. The signals can travel miles of distance.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-95 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT11M05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"158\" height=\"174\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Figure 14: Corner Reflector Antenna<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<strong>Smart Antenna<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It will increase the capacity and useful received signal level by lowering the interferences level. It will increase the range because they are more directional as compared to Omnidirectional or sectorized antennas. They are more secure because it is difficult to tap a connection in smart antenna. They can be used for location based services.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Antenna Applications<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Defense Services<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Astronomy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Satellite communication<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Geographical information system<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Wireless communication<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The field of wireless communication is growing fast and antennas plays a vital role in it.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There are many categories of antenna.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Radiation pattern plays an important role in the performance of an antenna.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Satellite communication is done only with the help of antennas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The signal transmission across the globe is done with the help of antennas.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>you can view video on Antennas<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/AeU-vufpOU8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n<strong>Suggested Reading:<\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Mobile Communication 2nd edition by Jochen Schiller, Pearson education<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mobile Computing by Asoke Talukder, Roopa Yavagal (Tata McGraw Hill)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\"Wireless communication and networking\" by William Stallings<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mobile Cellular Telecommunications \u2014 W.C.Y. Lee, Mc Graw Hill<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Wireless Communications \u2013 Theodore. S. Rapport, Pearson Education<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reza B'Far (Ed), \"Mobile Computing Principles\", Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","rendered":"<div><span style=\"float: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/AeU-vufpOU8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><strong>Learning Objective<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Introduction<\/li>\n<li>Overview of Antenna<\/li>\n<li>Characteristics<\/li>\n<li>Classification<\/li>\n<li>Additional Antenna<\/li>\n<li>Application<\/li>\n<li>Summary<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This module is talking about an antenna its definition, characteristics, types and different parameters that affects the efficiency of an antenna. Based on different factors, it has been classified in different groups. At end of the module its application area are listed.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Overview of Antenna<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">An antenna is a metallic device for radiating or receiving radio waves. It is the transitional structure between free space and guiding device. The guiding device may take the form of coaxial line, which transport electromagnetic energy from the transmitting source to the antenna or from antenna to receiver.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-80 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/Pic1M05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"390\" height=\"197\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/Pic1M05.png 390w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/Pic1M05-300x152.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/Pic1M05-65x33.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/Pic1M05-225x114.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/Pic1M05-350x177.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 390px) 100vw, 390px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Figure 1: Antennas<\/strong><\/p>\n<div><strong><br \/>\nAntennas Characteristics\u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 90px;\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">Antennas size and shapes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 90px;\"><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">It depends on following characteristics<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"padding-left: 90px;\">\n<ol>\n<li>Frequency for transmitting and receiving<\/li>\n<li>Direction of radiated electromagnetic wave<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The size of antenna is inversely proportional to the wavelength signal to which it is designed to transmit and receive. Lower signal require large antenna.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Radiation Pattern<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The radiation pattern is the mathematical function which describes graphically radiation property with respect to space coordinates.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Radiation Power Density<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Power has been associated with the waves. Electromagnetic waves are used to transport information from one point to another. The power intensity decide the distance covered by the EM wave.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Radiation Intensity<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is defined as power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle .It is multiplication of radiation density to square of distance.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Beam width<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is the angular distance between two identical points on the opposite side.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Directivity<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>It is the ratio of radiation intensity in a direction to the overall radiation intensity in all directions.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Efficiency<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The efficiency of antenna is defined as the ration of power radiated to the total input power supplied to the antenna.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Gain<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Gain is the ratio of maximum radiation intensity in a given direction to the maximum radiation intensity from a reference antenna produced in the same direction with same power input.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Polarization<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The polarization of an antenna defines the orientation of the E and H waves transmitted or received by the antenna<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Classification of Antenna<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">There are numbers of basis on which the antennas are classified. Mainly the bases are Radiation, Frequency, Aperture and Polarization. Figure 2 is describing categories of some of antennas.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-81 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/Pic2M05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"622\" height=\"322\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/Pic2M05.png 622w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/Pic2M05-300x155.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/Pic2M05-65x34.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/Pic2M05-225x116.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/Pic2M05-350x181.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 622px) 100vw, 622px\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Figure 2: Classification of Antennas<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Radiation<\/strong>: It is differentiated on the basis of Radiation Patte Radiation pattern is a mathematical function which represents the radiation properties of antenna. It includes density, intensity, field strength, directivity, and phase.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Following are the types of antenna on the base of radiation pattern:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table class=\"lines\" style=\"width: 650px; margin: auto;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 306.063px;\"><strong>Isotropic Antenna<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>An\u00a0 \u00a0isotropic\u00a0 \u00a0antenna\u00a0 \u00a0is\u00a0 \u00a0a\u00a0 \u00a0fabricated<\/p>\n<p>antenna. It radiates uniformly in all directions.<\/p>\n<p>An isotropic antenna is a hypothetical lossless antenna. An isotropic antenna is used as reference antenna with which practical antennas are compared.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 489.063px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-82 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT1M05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"156\" height=\"120\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT1M05.jpg 156w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT1M05-65x50.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 156px) 100vw, 156px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figure 3:Isotropic Antenna<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 306.063px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-83 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT2M05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"164\" height=\"130\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT2M05.jpg 164w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT2M05-65x52.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 164px) 100vw, 164px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figure 4:Omnidirectional Antenna<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 489.063px;\"><strong>Omnidirectional Antenna<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>They are\u00a0 used \u00a0to \u00a0send \u00a0and \u00a0transmit \u00a0equal<\/p>\n<p>intensity signals in all the directions. These antennas will cover equally in azimuth direction and having angle in elevation direction. Mostly the wire antennas are having Omnidirectional radiation pattern. Figure 4 shows Omnidirectional antenna.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table class=\"lines\" style=\"width: 650px; margin: auto;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 491.063px;\"><strong>Directional Antenna<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>They are used when signals are required to propagate in one directional only.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Yagi Antenna-&gt; emits a wider less focused RF energy beam.<\/li>\n<li>Parabolic dish antenna-&gt; emits a narrow more concentrated energy beam.<\/li>\n<li>Patch antenna-&gt; emits a horizontal wider beam but vertically taller.<\/li>\n<li>Figure\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 5(a)-(c)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 show\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 these antennas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 304.063px;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-84 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT3M05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"276\" height=\"301\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT3M05.jpg 276w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT3M05-275x300.jpg 275w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT3M05-65x71.jpg 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT3M05-225x245.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 276px) 100vw, 276px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figure 5(a):Directional Antenna<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 491.063px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-86 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT5M05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"113\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT5M05.jpg 168w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT5M05-65x44.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 168px) 100vw, 168px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figure 5(b):Yagi Antenna<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 304.063px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-85 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT4M05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"165\" height=\"112\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT4M05.jpg 165w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT4M05-65x44.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 165px) 100vw, 165px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figure 5(c): Dish Antenna<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>2) Frequency<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The antennas are working with some specific frequency. The frequency range is defined as under:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"hanging-indent\">Very Low Frequency (VLF) &amp; Low frequency (LF) antenna<\/li>\n<li class=\"hanging-indent\">Medium Frequency (MF) antennas<\/li>\n<li class=\"hanging-indent\">High Frequency (HF) antennas<\/li>\n<li class=\"hanging-indent\">Very High Frequency (VHF) &amp; Ultra High Frequency (UHF) antennas<\/li>\n<li class=\"hanging-indent\">Super High Frequency (SHF) &amp; Extremely High Frequency (EHF) antennas<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>3) Aperture based antennas:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">These are sophisticated antennas which utilizes higher frequencies. They are mainly used in aircraft and spacecraft.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table class=\"lines\" style=\"width: 650px; margin: auto;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 218px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 218px; width: 291.063px;\"><strong>Wire Antennas<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">These are common antennas virtually seen everywhere \u2013 aircraft, building, car etc. There are different shapes of these antennas dipole, loop and helix.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 218px; width: 505.063px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-87 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT7M05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"343\" height=\"144\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT7M05.png 343w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT7M05-300x126.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT7M05-65x27.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT7M05-225x94.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 343px) 100vw, 343px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 120px;\">(a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (b)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (c)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figure 6(a-c): (a) Wire dipole (b) Monopole (c) Loop<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 143px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 143px; width: 291.063px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-88 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT8M05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"274\" height=\"114\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT8M05.png 274w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT8M05-65x27.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT8M05-225x94.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 274px) 100vw, 274px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figure 7 (a) E-Plane\u00a0 (b)Conical<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 143px; width: 505.063px;\"><strong>Horn Antenna<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It \u00a0is \u00a0most \u00a0widely \u00a0used \u00a0microwave \u00a0antenna. It is having different forms. It is basically a hollow pipe of different cross sections, which has been pointed towards a larger opening. The type, direction and amount of opening will affect the overall performance. Typically there are four forms of Horn antennas such as E-plane, H-plane, Pyramidal and Conical.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 320px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 320px; width: 291.063px;\"><strong>Parabolic Antenna<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A parabola is a two dimensional plane curve. It is having three dimensional curved surfaces. It is formed by rotating a parabola about its axis. The surface is known as paraboloid or microwave dish or parabolic reflector.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The antenna consists of a primary antenna (dipole or horn) situated at the focal point of a paraboloid reflector.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 320px; width: 505.063px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-89 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT6M05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"95\" height=\"141\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT6M05.jpg 95w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT6M05-65x96.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 95px) 100vw, 95px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figure 8: Parabolic Antenna<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 131px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 131px; width: 291.063px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-90 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT7M05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"131\" height=\"111\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT7M05.jpg 131w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT7M05-65x55.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 131px) 100vw, 131px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figure 9: Microstrip Antenna<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 131px; width: 505.063px;\"><strong>Microstrip Antenna<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">They \u00a0became \u00a0popular \u00a0in \u00a01970 \u00a0for \u00a0space \u00a0borne applications. They are low profile antennas, appropriate for plane and non plane surfaces.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Its main application is in spacecraft or aircraft where size, weight, cost, performance, ease of installation all different constraints exist.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>4) Polarization<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Every sine wave has some orientation while exiting from antenna. The orientation of a wave leaving the antenna is called polarization.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table class=\"lines\" style=\"width: 650px; margin: auto;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Vertical Polarization Antenna<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>If \u00a0antenna \u00a0is \u00a0transmitting \u00a0or \u00a0receiving<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Vertical E field vector, then antenna is said to be vertically polarized antenna.<\/td>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-91 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT9M05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"264\" height=\"269\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT9M05.png 264w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT9M05-65x66.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT9M05-225x229.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 264px) 100vw, 264px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figure 10:Vertical Polarized Antenna<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-92 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT10M05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"264\" height=\"269\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT10M05.png 264w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT10M05-65x66.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT10M05-225x229.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 264px) 100vw, 264px\" \/><strong><em>Figure 11:Horizontal Polarized Antenna<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td><strong>Horizontal Polarization Antenna<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>If antenna is transmitting\/receiving<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>horizontal E field vector, then antenna is said to be horizontally polarized antenna.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Circular polarization antenna<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>If the antenna is able to transmit or receive<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>E field vectors of any orientation, then antenna is said to be Circularly polarized antenna.<\/td>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-93 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT12M05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"149\" height=\"100\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT12M05.jpg 149w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT12M05-65x44.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 149px) 100vw, 149px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figure 12:Circular Polarized Antenna<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Some Additional Antennas<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Array Antennas<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Some application require aggregation of radiation, there requirement does not be met by one radiator. So the arrangement of array has been made to add up all the radiation and get maximum radiation in a specific direction.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-94 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT11M05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"736\" height=\"244\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT11M05.jpg 736w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT11M05-300x99.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT11M05-65x22.jpg 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT11M05-225x75.jpg 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT11M05-350x116.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Figure 13: Array Antennas<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Reflector<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">When the communication is required in great distance, sophisticated antennas are used. These antennas are made of large diameters. The signals can travel miles of distance.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-95 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/itp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT11M05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"158\" height=\"174\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT11M05.png 158w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2018\/07\/PicT11M05-65x72.png 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 158px) 100vw, 158px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Figure 14: Corner Reflector Antenna<\/p>\n<div>\n<p><strong>Smart Antenna<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It will increase the capacity and useful received signal level by lowering the interferences level. It will increase the range because they are more directional as compared to Omnidirectional or sectorized antennas. They are more secure because it is difficult to tap a connection in smart antenna. They can be used for location based services.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Antenna Applications<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Defense Services<\/li>\n<li>Astronomy<\/li>\n<li>Satellite communication<\/li>\n<li>Geographical information system<\/li>\n<li>Wireless communication<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The field of wireless communication is growing fast and antennas plays a vital role in it.<\/li>\n<li>There are many categories of antenna.<\/li>\n<li>Radiation pattern plays an important role in the performance of an antenna.<\/li>\n<li>Satellite communication is done only with the help of antennas.<\/li>\n<li>The signal transmission across the globe is done with the help of antennas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>you can view video on Antennas<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/AeU-vufpOU8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Suggested Reading:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Mobile Communication 2nd edition by Jochen Schiller, Pearson education<\/li>\n<li>Mobile Computing by Asoke Talukder, Roopa Yavagal (Tata McGraw Hill)<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;Wireless communication and networking&#8221; by William Stallings<\/li>\n<li>Mobile Cellular Telecommunications \u2014 W.C.Y. Lee, Mc Graw Hill<\/li>\n<li>Wireless Communications \u2013 Theodore. S. Rapport, Pearson Education<\/li>\n<li>Reza B&#8217;Far (Ed), &#8220;Mobile Computing Principles&#8221;, Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["miss-suchit-purohit"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[59],"license":[],"class_list":["post-77","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-miss-suchit-purohit"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/77","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/77\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":629,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/77\/revisions\/629"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/77\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=77"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=77"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=77"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/itp12\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=77"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}