{"id":44,"date":"2019-09-04T12:21:36","date_gmt":"2019-09-04T12:21:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/icp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&p=44"},"modified":"2019-09-06T05:04:49","modified_gmt":"2019-09-06T05:04:49","slug":"veda%e1%b9%85gas","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/icp05\/chapter\/veda%e1%b9%85gas\/","title":{"rendered":"Ved\u0101\u1e45gas"},"content":{"raw":"
\"epgp<\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n
\r\n

Veda<\/strong><\/p>\r\n \r\n

The mass of knowledge, called Veda, is considered to be eternal, i.e. without beginning or end and was discovered by sages. They contain literature that is useful for human beings in terms of Ethics and Spirituality.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

The Vedic literature can chiefly be divided into two parts \u2013 the former dealing with rituals that would cause transitory results and the latter which deals with Knowledge that causes freedom from the cycle of birth and death.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

In order to understand the Indian culture, that is stood on four pillars called Puru\u1e63\u0101rthas (the purposes of life), viz. Dharma, Artha (money), K\u0101ma (systematic married life) and Mok\u1e63a (uniting the individual soul with universal soul, whereby the cycle of birth and death is arrested). The term Dharma is untranslatable as it is pregnant with meaning. It can be duty or the right path etc. Veda is described as the text from where Dharma has originated.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

The way of life that is advocated by Indian Tradition is called san\u0101tanadharma (eternal Dharma). It is not a Religion, which means \"a system acceptable to a group of people\".<\/p>\r\n \r\n

\"Satyam vada\" (speak the truth), \"dharma\u1e43 cara\" (live in a way that is not devoid of Dharma), \"ahi\u1e43s\u0101 paramo dharma\u1e25\" (non-violence is the best Dharma) etc. are universals, i.e. applicable to all human beings and not to any group.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

So, San\u0101tanadharma, preached by Veda and its ancillaries that are an integral part of Vedic literature, is meant for a comfortable living of man-kind in terms of Dharma, Artha, K\u0101ma and Mok\u1e63a. Therefore, the translation of the term \"Dharma\" as \"religion\" is not faithful. Back-translation, i.e. religion = matam (liked by some people), also fails to prove that religion means Dharma.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

What is Dharma?<\/strong><\/p>\r\n \r\n

It is a quintessential system of life, whereby the universe is upheld: \u0927\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0947\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0928\u0907\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0924 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0903, dhriyate anena iti dharma\u1e25 - dhriyate = being upheld, anena = by this, iti = therefore, dharma\u1e25 = it is called Dharma.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

The insinuation is that in case people neglect or deviate from Dharma, then starts the decay of the universe that will be miserable.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

What is Veda?<\/strong><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Vidy\u0101 literally means Knowledge. In Indian tradition there are fourteen centers (disciplines) of Knowledge \u2013<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0940\u0930\u094d\u093e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0919\u094d\u0917\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0903\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0935\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0928 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u093e\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u091a \u091a\u0924\u0941\u0926\u092e\u0936\u0965 \u092f\u093e\u091c\u094d\u091e\u0935\u0932\u094d\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094d\u0943\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0903\u0967.\u0969 \u0965<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

pur\u0101\u1e47any\u0101yam\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101dharma\u015b\u0101str\u0101\u1e45gami\u015brit\u0101\u1e25\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n

ved\u0101\u1e25 sth\u0101n\u0101ni vidy\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 dharmasya ca caturda\u015ba \u0965 y\u0101j\u00f1avalkyasm\u1e5bti\u1e25 1.3 \u0965<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

pur\u0101\u1e47a = the eighteen Pur\u0101\u1e47as authored by Vedavy\u0101sa, ny\u0101ya = ny\u0101yadar\u015banam, m\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 = P\u016brvam\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101, dharma\u015b\u0101stra = called Sm\u1e5bti, a\u1e45ga = Ved\u0101\u1e45gas, viz. \u015aik\u1e63\u0101 (Phonetics), Vy\u0101kara\u1e47am (Grammar +), Chandas (Prosody), Niruktam (Semantics and thesaurus), Jyoti\u1e63am (Astrology) and Kalpa (that deals with the practice of rites); ved\u0101\u1e25 = \u1e5agveda, Yajurveda, S\u0101maveda and Atharvaveda, caturda\u015ba = these fourteen are, sth\u0101n\u0101ni = abodes, vidy\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 = of knowledge, dharmasya ca = and of Dharma.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

The four Vedas, supported by eighteen Pur\u0101\u1e47as (taken as one), Ny\u0101ya, M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101, Dharma\u015b\u0101stram and the six Ved\u0101\u1e45gas \u2013 these fourteen are the abodes of Knowledge and Dharma.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Vi\u1e63\u1e47upur\u0101\u1e47am enumerates eighteen abodes of Knowledge by adding four Upavedas (ancillaries of Vedas), viz. \u0100yurveda (Medicine and Surgery), Dhanurveda (Archery), G\u0101ndharvaveda (Music) and Artha\u015b\u0101stram (Economy and Administration).<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Ved\u0101\u1e45gas <\/strong>(Veda + a\u1e45ga = Ved\u0101\u1e45ga)<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

The word <\/span>a\u1e45ga<\/em> means a limb. If we consider Veda as a person (Knowledge personified) then the a\u1e45gas are limbs. The relation between Veda and Ved\u0101\u1e45gas is called a\u1e45g\u0101\u1e45gibh\u0101va or the relation of constitute and constituents. \u015a\u0101stram is a synonym of Ved\u0101\u1e45ga. P\u0101\u1e47in\u012bya\u015bik\u1e63\u0101, a popular work on Phonetics describes the above aspect \u2013<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u091b\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0903 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u094c \u0924\u0941\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094c \u0915\u0932\u094d\u0915\u092a\u094b\u093d\u0925 \u092a\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0941\u0903\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0902\u093f\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0941\u091a\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0947\u0965<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0915\u094d\u093e \u0918\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0941\u0916\u093e\u0902\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094d\u0943\u0924\u0930\u094d\u094d\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0924\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0919\u094d\u0917\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0940\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0948\u0935\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0947\u0930\u094d\u0939\u0940\u092f\u0924\u0947\u0965<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

chanda\u1e25 p\u0101dau tu vedasya hastau kalpo'tha pa\u1e6dhyate \u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n

jyoti\u1e63\u0101mayana\u1e43 cak\u1e63u\u1e25 nirukta\u1e43 \u015brotramucyate \u0965<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u015bik\u1e63\u0101 ghr\u0101\u1e47a\u1e43 tu vedasya mukha\u1e43 vy\u0101kara\u1e47a\u1e43 sm\u1e5btam \u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n

tasm\u0101ts\u0101\u1e45gamadh\u012btyaiva brahmaloke mah\u012byate \u0965<\/span><\/p>\r\n

vedasya tu = of a person called Veda, chanda\u1e25 = chanda\u1e25 \u015b\u0101stram is, p\u0101dau = two feet, kalpa\u1e25<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

=\u00a0 Kalpa\u015b\u0101stram is, hastau = two hands; atha = afterwards, jyoti\u1e63\u0101mayana\u1e43 = the one which deals with the movement of stars and planets, i.e. jyoti\u1e63am is; cak\u1e63u\u1e25 = two eyes; niruktam = niruktam, ucyate = is being described as, \u015brotram = two ears; \u015bik\u1e63\u0101 = \u015bik\u1e63\u0101\u015b\u0101stram is; ghr\u0101\u1e47a\u1e43<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

=\u00a0 nose; vy\u0101kara\u1e47a\u1e43 = Vy\u0101kara\u1e47a\u1e43 is; mukha\u1e43 sm\u1e5btam = described as the mouth; vedasya = of Veda; tasm\u0101t = therefore; adh\u012btya = having studied; s\u0101\u1e45gam eva = the Veda along with a\u1e45gas only; mah\u012byate = is respected; brahmaloke = in the world of brahman.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

The term Ved\u0101\u1e45ga suggests that just like recitation of Veda, which is ordained as Nityakarma (a rite to be performed regularly) by Veda, the study of Ved\u0101\u1e45gas is also a Nityakarma.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

1. Sik\u1e63\u0101<\/strong><\/p>\r\n \r\n

This is the basic Ved\u0101\u1e45ga that explains as to how the letters are born, how to pronounce letters, the time for pronouncing short, long etc. letters, how to read\/speak, different accents (useful in Vedic recitation), qualities of good and bad reader and the general mistakes committed by speakers etc. P\u0101\u1e47ini in his \u015aik\u1e63\u0101 (25) shows the perfect way of pronunciation offering a simile:<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0918\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092f\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0930\u0947\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0902\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092d\u092f\u093e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0941\u092a\u0940\u0921\u092f\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u092d\u0940\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0924\u0928\u092d\u0947\u0926\u093e\u092d\u092f\u093e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0928\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u092f\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0965<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

vy\u0101ghr\u012b yath\u0101 haretputr\u0101nda\u1e43\u1e63\u1e6dr\u0101bhy\u0101\u1e43 na tu p\u012b\u1e0dayet \u0964 bh\u012bt\u0101 patanabhed\u0101bhy\u0101\u1e43 tadvadvar\u1e47\u0101n prayojayet \u0965<\/span><\/p>\r\n

yath\u0101 = it is how; vy\u0101ghr\u012b = a tigress; putr\u0101n = cubs; da\u1e43\u1e63\u1e6dr\u0101bhy\u0101m = with its two jaws; haret = carries; na tu = but does not; p\u012b\u1e0dayet = cause pain; bh\u012bt\u0101 = having had fear; patanabhed\u0101bhy\u0101m<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

=\u00a0 from falling and cutting of cubs; tadvat = like that; var\u1e47\u0101n = letters; prayojayet = one should employ.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

It is how a tigress carries its cubs with two of its sharp jaws but without causing pain. It is also afraid of the cubs falling in case of a loose grip and of cutting the cubs body in case of too tight a grip. Like that, one should pronounce the letters.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Eight place of pronunciation are mentioned by P\u0101\u1e47ini:<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0905\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094c \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0928 \u0935\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094d\u094d\u0909\u0930\u0903 \u0915\u0923\u094d\u0920\u0903 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0927\u094d\u0930\u091c\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0942\u0932\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0926\u0928\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0936\u094d\u091a \u0928\u093e\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094c \u091a \u0924\u093e\u0932\u0941\u091a\u0965<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

a\u1e63\u1e6dau sth\u0101n\u0101ni var\u1e47\u0101n\u0101m ura\u1e25 ka\u1e47\u1e6dha\u1e25 \u015birastath\u0101\u0964 jihv\u0101m\u016bla\u1e43 ca dant\u0101\u015bca n\u0101siko\u1e63\u1e6dhau ca t\u0101lu ca \u0965<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

var\u1e47\u0101n\u0101m = for letters; a\u1e63\u1e6dau = eight; sth\u0101n\u0101ni = places are there; ura\u1e25 = chest; ka\u1e47\u1e6dha\u1e25 = throat; \u015bira\u1e25 = head; tath\u0101 = like that; jihv\u0101m\u016bla\u1e43 ca = the root of the tongue; dant\u0101\u015bca = teeth as well; n\u0101sik\u0101 = nose; o\u1e63\u1e6dhau ca = also both the lips; t\u0101lu ca = also the palate.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

There are eight places where the letters are born \u2013 the chest, throat, head, the root of the tongue, the teeth, the nose, the lips and the palate.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

There are Pr\u0101ti\u015b\u0101khyas for each Veda and they are akin to \u015aik\u1e63\u0101 <\/span>2. Vy\u0101kara\u1e47am<\/strong><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Literally it means an instrument that separates perfect \u015aabdas imperfect ones. The bottom line is that the sages of Indian origin wished to achieve Dharma even through the use of \u015aabdas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

The term '\u015aabda' is untranslatable as it denotes many things, viz. var\u1e47a (phoneme), prak\u1e5bti \/ pratyaya (morpheme), pada (word), v\u0101kya (sentence), av\u0101ntarav\u0101kya (sub-sentence), mah\u0101v\u0101kya (discourse), par\u0101, pa\u015byant\u012b, madhyam\u0101 (spho\u1e6da), vaikhar\u012b, dhvani (sound) etc. \u015aabd\u0101nu\u015b\u0101sanam is a synonym of Vy\u0101kara\u1e47a and the system deals with the form of \u015aabda but not \"artha\" (meaning). Niruktam deals with meaning.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

There have been nine Vy\u0101kara\u1e47as and the one authored by P\u0101\u1e47ini, considered to be the most genius person on earth, is the best of them.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u015aabdas can be put under two headings \u2013 Vaidika (that are there in the Vedas) and Laukika (secular). So far as the meaning is concerned there is no difference between Vaidika\u015babdas and Laukika\u015babdas. Svara (accent) is important in Vedic literature and there can be slight difference in the form of certain Vaidika\u015babdas when compared with their secular counterparts.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Earlier to P\u0101\u1e47ini, people used to refer to Pr\u0101ti\u015b\u0101khyas (a combination of \u015aik\u1e63\u0101 and Vaidikavy\u0101kara\u1e47am) for the analysis of Vaidika\u015babdas and Vy\u0101kara\u1e47as for Laukika\u015babdas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

It was P\u0101\u1e47ini, who authored the unparalleled work called A\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dhy\u0101y\u012b (consisting of eight chapters), that is a nutshell for the analyses of both Vaidika\u015babdas and Laukika\u015babdas. A\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dhy\u0101y\u012b consists of roughly 4,000 s\u016btras (elliptical sentences, with economy of letters, and terse). There are V\u0101rtikas (amendments in the form of sentences) authored by K\u0101ty\u0101yana et al. Pata\u00f1jali authored a great and profound treatise called Mah\u0101bh\u0101\u1e63yam. As a result, it is called \"trimunivy\u0101kara\u1e47am\" (a grammar compiled by three sages, viz. P\u0101\u1e47ini, K\u0101ty\u0101yana and Pata\u00f1jali).<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\"Grammar\" is a rough translation of \"Vy\u0101kara\u1e47am\". Grammar deals with parts of speech etc., whereas Vy\u0101kara\u1e47am, besides dealing with different parts of speech, prescribes \u015aabdas to be employed. The fact is that \u015aabdas (the perfect ones) fetch Dharma whereas Apa\u015babdas (that area not sanctioned by Vy\u0101kara\u1e47am, but in use) accrue Adharma (that causes sin). \"Bheda\" is a \u015aabda, whereas \u2013 \"bhedha\", \"bedha\", \"beda\" etc., used in the same sense are Apa\u015babdas. Naturally, language undergoes change due to several factors. It is only \"sa\u1e43sk\u1e5btam\" (the language that has got the \"sa\u1e43sk\u0101ra\" or refinement of Vy\u0101kara\u1e47am) that has been protected through ages. Thus the association of Sa\u1e43sk\u1e5btam with philosophy made the language unique and the only suitable to computers.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Pata\u00f1jali, with his acumen, achieved Vy\u0101kara\u1e47am a place among Dar\u015banas, such as Ved\u0101nta, Yoga etc. Dar\u015banam means one which exhibits the noumenon (tattvam), viz. Brahman, which means attaining Mok\u1e63a.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Vy\u0101kara\u1e47am is described as the mouth of Vedapuru\u1e63a, thereby suggesting that it is the most important among Ved\u0101\u1e45gas. All the Vidyas are based on Vy\u0101kara\u1e47am. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0930\u094d\u094d (prayoga\u015bara\u1e47a\u1e43 vy\u0101kara\u1e47am) is the norm. vy\u0101kara\u1e47am = Vy\u0101kara\u1e47am has got, prayoga\u015bara\u1e47am = usage as its base. In other words, the \u015aabdas already used are being analysed and registered.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

3. Chandas<\/strong><\/p>\r\n \r\n

The term \"chandas\" is used to mean Veda and \"the discipline related to prosody\". Here it is the latter. The Ved\u0101\u1e45ga, chandas, is described as the feet of Vedapuru\u1e63a. Pi\u1e45gal\u0101c\u0101rya, the author of \"Chanda\u015b\u015b\u0101stram\" is considered as a popular authority on \"chandas\". There are seven chief meters called \"b\u1e5bhacchand\u0101\u1e43si\" available in Veda \u2013 g\u0101yatr\u012b, u\u1e63\u1e6dnik, anu\u1e63\u1e6dup, b\u1e5bhat\u012b, pa\u1e45kti\u1e25, tri\u1e63\u1e6dup and jagati\u012b. The Chanda\u015b\u015b\u0101stram also discusses Laukika (secular) meters along with Vaidika meters. Pi\u1e45gala picks up the origin of chandas from Veda \u2013 \"tri\u1e63\u1e6dubh\u0101 yajati\" (he is performing the sacrifice with tri\u1e63\u1e6dup), \"b\u1e5bhaty\u0101 g\u0101yati\" (he is singing with b\u1e5bhat\u012b), \"g\u0101yatry\u0101 stauti\" (he is praising with g\u0101yatr\u012b) etc. There are eight ga\u1e47as (each ga\u1e47a consists of three letters), ya, m\u0101, t\u0101, r\u0101, ja, bh\u0101, na and sa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

4. Niruktam<\/strong><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0928\u0936\u094d\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0930\u094d\u094d\u0905\u0925\u092e\u0903\u0909\u091a\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0947\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0928\u0907\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0924 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094d\u094d- ni\u015b\u015be\u1e63am artha\u1e25 ucyate anena iti niruktam. anena = by this, artha\u1e25 = meaning is, ni\u015b\u015be\u1e63am = exclusively, ucyate = being notified, iti = therefore it is called, niruktam = niruktam.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Niruktam is described as the ears of Vedapuru\u1e63a. Y\u0101ska, the author of Niruktam, available today, declares that Niruktam is supplementary to Vy\u0101kara\u1e47am. The origin of Thesaurus \/ Dictionary is found in Niruktam, by the name Nigha\u1e47\u1e6du.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Y\u0101ska puts the gamut of \u015aabdas under four headings \u2013 n\u0101ma (noun), \u0101khy\u0101ta (verb), upasarga (prefix) and nip\u0101ta (words used in a specific sense). According to Niruktam, the verb in a sentence is important rather than the noun. The most important aspect discussed in Niruktam is \"constant change of everything\". Y\u0101ska asserts that there are six stages for a thing, viz. j\u0101yate (is born), asti (exists), vipari\u1e47amate (undergoes change), vardhate (increases), apak\u1e63\u012byate (decays) and vina\u015byati (perishes). The above are called \"\u1e63a\u1e0dbh\u0101vavik\u0101r\u0101\u1e25\" (the six variations of existence). The rest of changes are to be included in these six variations.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

5. Jyoti\u1e63am<\/strong><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Also called Jyauti\u1e63am and Jyoti\u015b\u015b\u0101stram, it is described as the eyes of Vedapuru\u1e63a. The term Jyoti\u1e25 means a star or a planet. The description which deals with the movement of stars (nak\u1e63atr\u0101\u1e47i) or planets (grah\u0101\u1e25) and related matters is called Jyoti\u1e63am.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

The auspicious or suitable time for the performance of Vedic rites is prescribed by Jyoti\u1e63am. The \u015a\u0101stram is divided into three Skandhas (parts) \u2013 Muh\u016brtaskandha (dealing with fixing auspicious time), J\u0101takaskandha (dealing with predictions) and Siddh\u0101ntaskandha (dealing with preparation of a Pa\u00f1c\u0101\u1e45gam or Almanac). In India, Pa\u00f1c\u0101\u1e45gams authored by different Siddh\u0101ntis (one who is a master in Siddh\u0101ntaskandha and prepares a Pa\u00f1c\u0101\u1e45ga), that deal with Muh\u016brta and J\u0101taka, are available every year and the rituals are held as per the time prescribed therein on a day to day basis.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Lagadh\u0101c\u0101rya, a great Astrologer, compiled three works, each called Ved\u0101\u1e45gajyoti\u1e63am - \u0100rcajyoti\u1e63am (related to \u1e5agveda), Y\u0101ju\u1e63ajyoti\u1e63am (Yajurveda) and \u0100tharva\u1e47ajyoti\u1e63am (Atharvaveda). It may be noted that \u1e5agveda, when recited with G\u0101nam (music), is called S\u0101maveda. The Bhacakram (zodiac) which is of 3600, is divided into twelve equal parts called R\u0101\u015bis (signs), viz. Me\u1e63a (Aries), V\u1e5b\u1e63abha (Taurus) etc. There are nine planets useful for the system, viz. Ravi (Sun), Candra (Moon), Kuja (Mars) etc. Twenty seven nak\u1e63atras (stars) are taken in this system \u2013 a\u015bvini, bhara\u1e47i k\u1e5bttik\u0101 etc. A year consists of twelve months such as Caitra, Vai\u015b\u0101kha etc. and each month is named after a star with which the Moon is associated on the full moon day (P\u016br\u1e47im\u0101).<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

The horoscope is nothing but a chart that gives an idea of both the good and bad Karmas, one has to face during the present lifetime. Mathematics of Ga\u1e47ita\u015b\u0101stram is considered as an integral part of Jyoti\u1e63am.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

6.Kalpa<\/strong><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Kalpyate = samarthayate (being suggested), prayoga\u1e25 (the action to be performed) for Mantras), iti (therefore it is called) Kalpa\u1e25. In other words, while the Mantras for a rite are provided by Veda the practical part is explained by Kalpa. Kalpa\u015b\u0101stram can be put under two headings \u2013 \u015arautas\u016btram (the s\u016btras dealing with y\u0101gas or sacrifices) and G\u1e5bhyas\u016btram (the s\u016btras dealing with sa\u1e43sk\u0101ras such as Viv\u0101ha or marriage). \u015aulbas\u016btram (\u015aulbam = rope; a rope was being used for measurements) is a part of \u015arautas\u016btram and the same is useful for measuring yaj\u00f1a\u015b\u0101las (the cottages where sacrifice is performed - geometry). Dharmas\u016btram or Dharma\u015b\u0101stram, as it is popularly called, is a part and parcel of G\u1e5bhyas\u016btram and prescribes Dharma in line with Veda.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Summary<\/strong><\/p>\r\n \r\n

All the four Vedas have got different Kalpas. The final result of all the Karmas (rites) is attaining Mok\u1e63a through \"citta\u015buddhi\" (cleansing the mind).<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
you can view video on Ved\u0101\u1e45gas<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\"\"<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n \r\n\r\n ","rendered":"
\"epgp<\/a>
\n<\/span><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

Veda<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The mass of knowledge, called Veda, is considered to be eternal, i.e. without beginning or end and was discovered by sages. They contain literature that is useful for human beings in terms of Ethics and Spirituality.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The Vedic literature can chiefly be divided into two parts \u2013 the former dealing with rituals that would cause transitory results and the latter which deals with Knowledge that causes freedom from the cycle of birth and death.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In order to understand the Indian culture, that is stood on four pillars called Puru\u1e63\u0101rthas (the purposes of life), viz. Dharma, Artha (money), K\u0101ma (systematic married life) and Mok\u1e63a (uniting the individual soul with universal soul, whereby the cycle of birth and death is arrested). The term Dharma is untranslatable as it is pregnant with meaning. It can be duty or the right path etc. Veda is described as the text from where Dharma has originated.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The way of life that is advocated by Indian Tradition is called san\u0101tanadharma (eternal Dharma). It is not a Religion, which means “a system acceptable to a group of people”.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

“Satyam vada” (speak the truth), “dharma\u1e43 cara” (live in a way that is not devoid of Dharma), “ahi\u1e43s\u0101 paramo dharma\u1e25” (non-violence is the best Dharma) etc. are universals, i.e. applicable to all human beings and not to any group.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

So, San\u0101tanadharma, preached by Veda and its ancillaries that are an integral part of Vedic literature, is meant for a comfortable living of man-kind in terms of Dharma, Artha, K\u0101ma and Mok\u1e63a. Therefore, the translation of the term “Dharma” as “religion” is not faithful. Back-translation, i.e. religion = matam (liked by some people), also fails to prove that religion means Dharma.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What is Dharma?<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

It is a quintessential system of life, whereby the universe is upheld: \u0927\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0947\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0928\u0907\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0924 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0903, dhriyate anena iti dharma\u1e25 – dhriyate = being upheld, anena = by this, iti = therefore, dharma\u1e25 = it is called Dharma.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The insinuation is that in case people neglect or deviate from Dharma, then starts the decay of the universe that will be miserable.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What is Veda?<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Vidy\u0101 literally means Knowledge. In Indian tradition there are fourteen centers (disciplines) of Knowledge \u2013<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0940\u0930\u094d\u093e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0919\u094d\u0917\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0903\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0935\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0928 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u093e\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u091a \u091a\u0924\u0941\u0926\u092e\u0936\u0965 \u092f\u093e\u091c\u094d\u091e\u0935\u0932\u094d\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094d\u0943\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0903\u0967.\u0969 \u0965<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

pur\u0101\u1e47any\u0101yam\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101dharma\u015b\u0101str\u0101\u1e45gami\u015brit\u0101\u1e25\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

ved\u0101\u1e25 sth\u0101n\u0101ni vidy\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 dharmasya ca caturda\u015ba \u0965 y\u0101j\u00f1avalkyasm\u1e5bti\u1e25 1.3 \u0965<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

pur\u0101\u1e47a = the eighteen Pur\u0101\u1e47as authored by Vedavy\u0101sa, ny\u0101ya = ny\u0101yadar\u015banam, m\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 = P\u016brvam\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101, dharma\u015b\u0101stra = called Sm\u1e5bti, a\u1e45ga = Ved\u0101\u1e45gas, viz. \u015aik\u1e63\u0101 (Phonetics), Vy\u0101kara\u1e47am (Grammar +), Chandas (Prosody), Niruktam (Semantics and thesaurus), Jyoti\u1e63am (Astrology) and Kalpa (that deals with the practice of rites); ved\u0101\u1e25 = \u1e5agveda, Yajurveda, S\u0101maveda and Atharvaveda, caturda\u015ba = these fourteen are, sth\u0101n\u0101ni = abodes, vidy\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 = of knowledge, dharmasya ca = and of Dharma.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The four Vedas, supported by eighteen Pur\u0101\u1e47as (taken as one), Ny\u0101ya, M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101, Dharma\u015b\u0101stram and the six Ved\u0101\u1e45gas \u2013 these fourteen are the abodes of Knowledge and Dharma.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Vi\u1e63\u1e47upur\u0101\u1e47am enumerates eighteen abodes of Knowledge by adding four Upavedas (ancillaries of Vedas), viz. \u0100yurveda (Medicine and Surgery), Dhanurveda (Archery), G\u0101ndharvaveda (Music) and Artha\u015b\u0101stram (Economy and Administration).<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ved\u0101\u1e45gas <\/strong>(Veda + a\u1e45ga = Ved\u0101\u1e45ga)<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The word <\/span>a\u1e45ga<\/em> means a limb. If we consider Veda as a person (Knowledge personified) then the a\u1e45gas are limbs. The relation between Veda and Ved\u0101\u1e45gas is called a\u1e45g\u0101\u1e45gibh\u0101va or the relation of constitute and constituents. \u015a\u0101stram is a synonym of Ved\u0101\u1e45ga. P\u0101\u1e47in\u012bya\u015bik\u1e63\u0101, a popular work on Phonetics describes the above aspect \u2013<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u091b\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0903 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u094c \u0924\u0941\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094c \u0915\u0932\u094d\u0915\u092a\u094b\u093d\u0925 \u092a\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0941\u0903\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0902\u093f\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0941\u091a\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0947\u0965<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0915\u094d\u093e \u0918\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0941\u0916\u093e\u0902\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094d\u0943\u0924\u0930\u094d\u094d\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0924\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0919\u094d\u0917\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0940\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0948\u0935\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0947\u0930\u094d\u0939\u0940\u092f\u0924\u0947\u0965<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

chanda\u1e25 p\u0101dau tu vedasya hastau kalpo’tha pa\u1e6dhyate \u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

jyoti\u1e63\u0101mayana\u1e43 cak\u1e63u\u1e25 nirukta\u1e43 \u015brotramucyate \u0965<\/span><\/p>\n

\u015bik\u1e63\u0101 ghr\u0101\u1e47a\u1e43 tu vedasya mukha\u1e43 vy\u0101kara\u1e47a\u1e43 sm\u1e5btam \u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

tasm\u0101ts\u0101\u1e45gamadh\u012btyaiva brahmaloke mah\u012byate \u0965<\/span><\/p>\n

vedasya tu = of a person called Veda, chanda\u1e25 = chanda\u1e25 \u015b\u0101stram is, p\u0101dau = two feet, kalpa\u1e25<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

=\u00a0 Kalpa\u015b\u0101stram is, hastau = two hands; atha = afterwards, jyoti\u1e63\u0101mayana\u1e43 = the one which deals with the movement of stars and planets, i.e. jyoti\u1e63am is; cak\u1e63u\u1e25 = two eyes; niruktam = niruktam, ucyate = is being described as, \u015brotram = two ears; \u015bik\u1e63\u0101 = \u015bik\u1e63\u0101\u015b\u0101stram is; ghr\u0101\u1e47a\u1e43<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

=\u00a0 nose; vy\u0101kara\u1e47a\u1e43 = Vy\u0101kara\u1e47a\u1e43 is; mukha\u1e43 sm\u1e5btam = described as the mouth; vedasya = of Veda; tasm\u0101t = therefore; adh\u012btya = having studied; s\u0101\u1e45gam eva = the Veda along with a\u1e45gas only; mah\u012byate = is respected; brahmaloke = in the world of brahman.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The term Ved\u0101\u1e45ga suggests that just like recitation of Veda, which is ordained as Nityakarma (a rite to be performed regularly) by Veda, the study of Ved\u0101\u1e45gas is also a Nityakarma.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1. Sik\u1e63\u0101<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

This is the basic Ved\u0101\u1e45ga that explains as to how the letters are born, how to pronounce letters, the time for pronouncing short, long etc. letters, how to read\/speak, different accents (useful in Vedic recitation), qualities of good and bad reader and the general mistakes committed by speakers etc. P\u0101\u1e47ini in his \u015aik\u1e63\u0101 (25) shows the perfect way of pronunciation offering a simile:<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0918\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092f\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0930\u0947\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0902\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092d\u092f\u093e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0941\u092a\u0940\u0921\u092f\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u092d\u0940\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0924\u0928\u092d\u0947\u0926\u093e\u092d\u092f\u093e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0928\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u092f\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0965<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

vy\u0101ghr\u012b yath\u0101 haretputr\u0101nda\u1e43\u1e63\u1e6dr\u0101bhy\u0101\u1e43 na tu p\u012b\u1e0dayet \u0964 bh\u012bt\u0101 patanabhed\u0101bhy\u0101\u1e43 tadvadvar\u1e47\u0101n prayojayet \u0965<\/span><\/p>\n

yath\u0101 = it is how; vy\u0101ghr\u012b = a tigress; putr\u0101n = cubs; da\u1e43\u1e63\u1e6dr\u0101bhy\u0101m = with its two jaws; haret = carries; na tu = but does not; p\u012b\u1e0dayet = cause pain; bh\u012bt\u0101 = having had fear; patanabhed\u0101bhy\u0101m<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

=\u00a0 from falling and cutting of cubs; tadvat = like that; var\u1e47\u0101n = letters; prayojayet = one should employ.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

It is how a tigress carries its cubs with two of its sharp jaws but without causing pain. It is also afraid of the cubs falling in case of a loose grip and of cutting the cubs body in case of too tight a grip. Like that, one should pronounce the letters.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Eight place of pronunciation are mentioned by P\u0101\u1e47ini:<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0905\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094c \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0928 \u0935\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094d\u094d\u0909\u0930\u0903 \u0915\u0923\u094d\u0920\u0903 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0927\u094d\u0930\u091c\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0942\u0932\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0926\u0928\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0936\u094d\u091a \u0928\u093e\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094c \u091a \u0924\u093e\u0932\u0941\u091a\u0965<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

a\u1e63\u1e6dau sth\u0101n\u0101ni var\u1e47\u0101n\u0101m ura\u1e25 ka\u1e47\u1e6dha\u1e25 \u015birastath\u0101\u0964 jihv\u0101m\u016bla\u1e43 ca dant\u0101\u015bca n\u0101siko\u1e63\u1e6dhau ca t\u0101lu ca \u0965<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

var\u1e47\u0101n\u0101m = for letters; a\u1e63\u1e6dau = eight; sth\u0101n\u0101ni = places are there; ura\u1e25 = chest; ka\u1e47\u1e6dha\u1e25 = throat; \u015bira\u1e25 = head; tath\u0101 = like that; jihv\u0101m\u016bla\u1e43 ca = the root of the tongue; dant\u0101\u015bca = teeth as well; n\u0101sik\u0101 = nose; o\u1e63\u1e6dhau ca = also both the lips; t\u0101lu ca = also the palate.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

There are eight places where the letters are born \u2013 the chest, throat, head, the root of the tongue, the teeth, the nose, the lips and the palate.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

There are Pr\u0101ti\u015b\u0101khyas for each Veda and they are akin to \u015aik\u1e63\u0101 <\/span>2. Vy\u0101kara\u1e47am<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Literally it means an instrument that separates perfect \u015aabdas imperfect ones. The bottom line is that the sages of Indian origin wished to achieve Dharma even through the use of \u015aabdas.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The term ‘\u015aabda’ is untranslatable as it denotes many things, viz. var\u1e47a (phoneme), prak\u1e5bti \/ pratyaya (morpheme), pada (word), v\u0101kya (sentence), av\u0101ntarav\u0101kya (sub-sentence), mah\u0101v\u0101kya (discourse), par\u0101, pa\u015byant\u012b, madhyam\u0101 (spho\u1e6da), vaikhar\u012b, dhvani (sound) etc. \u015aabd\u0101nu\u015b\u0101sanam is a synonym of Vy\u0101kara\u1e47a and the system deals with the form of \u015aabda but not “artha” (meaning). Niruktam deals with meaning.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

There have been nine Vy\u0101kara\u1e47as and the one authored by P\u0101\u1e47ini, considered to be the most genius person on earth, is the best of them.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u015aabdas can be put under two headings \u2013 Vaidika (that are there in the Vedas) and Laukika (secular). So far as the meaning is concerned there is no difference between Vaidika\u015babdas and Laukika\u015babdas. Svara (accent) is important in Vedic literature and there can be slight difference in the form of certain Vaidika\u015babdas when compared with their secular counterparts.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Earlier to P\u0101\u1e47ini, people used to refer to Pr\u0101ti\u015b\u0101khyas (a combination of \u015aik\u1e63\u0101 and Vaidikavy\u0101kara\u1e47am) for the analysis of Vaidika\u015babdas and Vy\u0101kara\u1e47as for Laukika\u015babdas.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

It was P\u0101\u1e47ini, who authored the unparalleled work called A\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dhy\u0101y\u012b (consisting of eight chapters), that is a nutshell for the analyses of both Vaidika\u015babdas and Laukika\u015babdas. A\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dhy\u0101y\u012b consists of roughly 4,000 s\u016btras (elliptical sentences, with economy of letters, and terse). There are V\u0101rtikas (amendments in the form of sentences) authored by K\u0101ty\u0101yana et al. Pata\u00f1jali authored a great and profound treatise called Mah\u0101bh\u0101\u1e63yam. As a result, it is called “trimunivy\u0101kara\u1e47am” (a grammar compiled by three sages, viz. P\u0101\u1e47ini, K\u0101ty\u0101yana and Pata\u00f1jali).<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

“Grammar” is a rough translation of “Vy\u0101kara\u1e47am”. Grammar deals with parts of speech etc., whereas Vy\u0101kara\u1e47am, besides dealing with different parts of speech, prescribes \u015aabdas to be employed. The fact is that \u015aabdas (the perfect ones) fetch Dharma whereas Apa\u015babdas (that area not sanctioned by Vy\u0101kara\u1e47am, but in use) accrue Adharma (that causes sin). “Bheda” is a \u015aabda, whereas \u2013 “bhedha”, “bedha”, “beda” etc., used in the same sense are Apa\u015babdas. Naturally, language undergoes change due to several factors. It is only “sa\u1e43sk\u1e5btam” (the language that has got the “sa\u1e43sk\u0101ra” or refinement of Vy\u0101kara\u1e47am) that has been protected through ages. Thus the association of Sa\u1e43sk\u1e5btam with philosophy made the language unique and the only suitable to computers.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Pata\u00f1jali, with his acumen, achieved Vy\u0101kara\u1e47am a place among Dar\u015banas, such as Ved\u0101nta, Yoga etc. Dar\u015banam means one which exhibits the noumenon (tattvam), viz. Brahman, which means attaining Mok\u1e63a.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Vy\u0101kara\u1e47am is described as the mouth of Vedapuru\u1e63a, thereby suggesting that it is the most important among Ved\u0101\u1e45gas. All the Vidyas are based on Vy\u0101kara\u1e47am. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0930\u094d\u094d (prayoga\u015bara\u1e47a\u1e43 vy\u0101kara\u1e47am) is the norm. vy\u0101kara\u1e47am = Vy\u0101kara\u1e47am has got, prayoga\u015bara\u1e47am = usage as its base. In other words, the \u015aabdas already used are being analysed and registered.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

3. Chandas<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The term “chandas” is used to mean Veda and “the discipline related to prosody”. Here it is the latter. The Ved\u0101\u1e45ga, chandas, is described as the feet of Vedapuru\u1e63a. Pi\u1e45gal\u0101c\u0101rya, the author of “Chanda\u015b\u015b\u0101stram” is considered as a popular authority on “chandas”. There are seven chief meters called “b\u1e5bhacchand\u0101\u1e43si” available in Veda \u2013 g\u0101yatr\u012b, u\u1e63\u1e6dnik, anu\u1e63\u1e6dup, b\u1e5bhat\u012b, pa\u1e45kti\u1e25, tri\u1e63\u1e6dup and jagati\u012b. The Chanda\u015b\u015b\u0101stram also discusses Laukika (secular) meters along with Vaidika meters. Pi\u1e45gala picks up the origin of chandas from Veda \u2013 “tri\u1e63\u1e6dubh\u0101 yajati” (he is performing the sacrifice with tri\u1e63\u1e6dup), “b\u1e5bhaty\u0101 g\u0101yati” (he is singing with b\u1e5bhat\u012b), “g\u0101yatry\u0101 stauti” (he is praising with g\u0101yatr\u012b) etc. There are eight ga\u1e47as (each ga\u1e47a consists of three letters), ya, m\u0101, t\u0101, r\u0101, ja, bh\u0101, na and sa.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

4. Niruktam<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0928\u0936\u094d\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0930\u094d\u094d\u0905\u0925\u092e\u0903\u0909\u091a\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0947\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0928\u0907\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0924 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094d\u094d- ni\u015b\u015be\u1e63am artha\u1e25 ucyate anena iti niruktam. anena = by this, artha\u1e25 = meaning is, ni\u015b\u015be\u1e63am = exclusively, ucyate = being notified, iti = therefore it is called, niruktam = niruktam.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Niruktam is described as the ears of Vedapuru\u1e63a. Y\u0101ska, the author of Niruktam, available today, declares that Niruktam is supplementary to Vy\u0101kara\u1e47am. The origin of Thesaurus \/ Dictionary is found in Niruktam, by the name Nigha\u1e47\u1e6du.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Y\u0101ska puts the gamut of \u015aabdas under four headings \u2013 n\u0101ma (noun), \u0101khy\u0101ta (verb), upasarga (prefix) and nip\u0101ta (words used in a specific sense). According to Niruktam, the verb in a sentence is important rather than the noun. The most important aspect discussed in Niruktam is “constant change of everything”. Y\u0101ska asserts that there are six stages for a thing, viz. j\u0101yate (is born), asti (exists), vipari\u1e47amate (undergoes change), vardhate (increases), apak\u1e63\u012byate (decays) and vina\u015byati (perishes). The above are called “\u1e63a\u1e0dbh\u0101vavik\u0101r\u0101\u1e25” (the six variations of existence). The rest of changes are to be included in these six variations.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5. Jyoti\u1e63am<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Also called Jyauti\u1e63am and Jyoti\u015b\u015b\u0101stram, it is described as the eyes of Vedapuru\u1e63a. The term Jyoti\u1e25 means a star or a planet. The description which deals with the movement of stars (nak\u1e63atr\u0101\u1e47i) or planets (grah\u0101\u1e25) and related matters is called Jyoti\u1e63am.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The auspicious or suitable time for the performance of Vedic rites is prescribed by Jyoti\u1e63am. The \u015a\u0101stram is divided into three Skandhas (parts) \u2013 Muh\u016brtaskandha (dealing with fixing auspicious time), J\u0101takaskandha (dealing with predictions) and Siddh\u0101ntaskandha (dealing with preparation of a Pa\u00f1c\u0101\u1e45gam or Almanac). In India, Pa\u00f1c\u0101\u1e45gams authored by different Siddh\u0101ntis (one who is a master in Siddh\u0101ntaskandha and prepares a Pa\u00f1c\u0101\u1e45ga), that deal with Muh\u016brta and J\u0101taka, are available every year and the rituals are held as per the time prescribed therein on a day to day basis.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Lagadh\u0101c\u0101rya, a great Astrologer, compiled three works, each called Ved\u0101\u1e45gajyoti\u1e63am – \u0100rcajyoti\u1e63am (related to \u1e5agveda), Y\u0101ju\u1e63ajyoti\u1e63am (Yajurveda) and \u0100tharva\u1e47ajyoti\u1e63am (Atharvaveda). It may be noted that \u1e5agveda, when recited with G\u0101nam (music), is called S\u0101maveda. The Bhacakram (zodiac) which is of 3600, is divided into twelve equal parts called R\u0101\u015bis (signs), viz. Me\u1e63a (Aries), V\u1e5b\u1e63abha (Taurus) etc. There are nine planets useful for the system, viz. Ravi (Sun), Candra (Moon), Kuja (Mars) etc. Twenty seven nak\u1e63atras (stars) are taken in this system \u2013 a\u015bvini, bhara\u1e47i k\u1e5bttik\u0101 etc. A year consists of twelve months such as Caitra, Vai\u015b\u0101kha etc. and each month is named after a star with which the Moon is associated on the full moon day (P\u016br\u1e47im\u0101).<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The horoscope is nothing but a chart that gives an idea of both the good and bad Karmas, one has to face during the present lifetime. Mathematics of Ga\u1e47ita\u015b\u0101stram is considered as an integral part of Jyoti\u1e63am.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

6.Kalpa<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Kalpyate = samarthayate (being suggested), prayoga\u1e25 (the action to be performed) for Mantras), iti (therefore it is called) Kalpa\u1e25. In other words, while the Mantras for a rite are provided by Veda the practical part is explained by Kalpa. Kalpa\u015b\u0101stram can be put under two headings \u2013 \u015arautas\u016btram (the s\u016btras dealing with y\u0101gas or sacrifices) and G\u1e5bhyas\u016btram (the s\u016btras dealing with sa\u1e43sk\u0101ras such as Viv\u0101ha or marriage). \u015aulbas\u016btram (\u015aulbam = rope; a rope was being used for measurements) is a part of \u015arautas\u016btram and the same is useful for measuring yaj\u00f1a\u015b\u0101las (the cottages where sacrifice is performed – geometry). Dharmas\u016btram or Dharma\u015b\u0101stram, as it is popularly called, is a part and parcel of G\u1e5bhyas\u016btram and prescribes Dharma in line with Veda.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

All the four Vedas have got different Kalpas. The final result of all the Karmas (rites) is attaining Mok\u1e63a through “citta\u015buddhi” (cleansing the mind).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
you can view video on Ved\u0101\u1e45gas<\/strong><\/td>\n\"\"<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

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