{"id":29,"date":"2019-09-02T06:33:04","date_gmt":"2019-09-02T06:33:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/icp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&p=29"},"modified":"2019-09-02T08:49:40","modified_gmt":"2019-09-02T08:49:40","slug":"vedic-thought-2-karma-j-anam","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/icp05\/chapter\/vedic-thought-2-karma-j-anam\/","title":{"rendered":"Vedic Thought -2 (Karma – J anam)"},"content":{"raw":"
\"epgp<\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n
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E-text (Quadrant-I):<\/strong><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Vedic literature can broadly be put under two headings \u2013 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092eand\u00a0 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0930\u094d\u094d|<\/p>\r\n \r\n

Karma would lead to \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u092ewhereas J \u0101nam causes \u0930\u094d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0937 | Those, who perform Y\u0101gas would go to Swarga and after enjoying comforts there for a period that commensurates with the amount of \u092a\u0941\u0923\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094dperformed, they will return to earth, i.e. will be born here, -<\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0924\u0946\u0924\u0902\u092d\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0902<\/p>\r\n

\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923\u0947\u092a\u0941\u0923\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0930\u094d\u0930\u094d\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0928\u094d\u0924\u093f |<\/p>\r\n \r\n

Bhagavadg\u012bta, 9-21<\/p>\r\n \r\n

On the other hand, those who attain j \u0101nam would get Mok\u1e63a, i.e. arresting the cycle of birth and death and merging \u091c\u0940\u093f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093e with \u092a\u0930\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093e |<\/p>\r\n \r\n

Veda is generally divided into two parts.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0930\u094d\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0923\u092f\u094b \u093f\u0947\u0926\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0947\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d<\/p>\r\n \r\n

(\u0906\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0924\u092e\u094d\u092c\u092a\u0930\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e)<\/p>\r\n \r\n

Here the term \u2018Br\u0101hma\u1e47am\u2019 includes \u0100ra\u1e47yakam and Upani\u1e63at.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

Mantra and Br\u0101hama\u1e47a, the first parts are useful in the performance of Y\u0101gas whereas the latter, i.e. \u0100ra\u1e47yakam and Upani\u1e63at are for gaining j \u0101nam.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

So, in short, the first part deals with Karma whereas the latter with j\u00a0\u00a0 \u0101nam.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

There are six Dar\u015banas or systems of Indian philosophy \u2013 \u092a\u0942\u093f\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0940\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e,\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0940\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u093e\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u092e\u094d,\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0903 , \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0903 and \u093f\u0948\u0936\u0947\u0935\u0937\u0915\u0930\u094d\u094d|<\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u015aabaraswamy\u00a0 and\u00a0 commentaries<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

The term \u2018\u092a\u0942\u093f\u092e\u2019in \u2018\u092a\u0942\u093f\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0940\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e\u2019refers to the earlier part (\u0930\u094d\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 and \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0923\u092e\u094d) of Veda and also called \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0940\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e,\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0940\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e,\u0930\u094d\u0940\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e, \u092a\u0942\u093f\u092e\u0924\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0930\u094d\u094d,\u092a\u0942\u093f\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0903 , \u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0930\u094d\u094detc.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

The term \u2018\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u2019 in \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0940\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093erefers to the latter part (\u0906\u0930\u0923\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u094dand \u0909\u092a\u0935\u0928\u0937\u0924\u094d) of Veda and also called \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0940\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e, \u093f\u0947\u0926\u093e\u093f etc.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Jaimini,\u00a0 a\u00a0 sage\u00a0 had\u00a0 authored\u00a0 the\u00a0 S\u016btras\u00a0 of\u00a0 M\u012bm\u0101ms\u0101,\u00a0 supported\u00a0 by\u00a0 the\u00a0 Bh\u0101\u1e63yam\u00a0 by thereupon\u00a0 by\u00a0 Prabh\u0101kara\u00a0 and\u00a0 Kum\u0101rilabha\u1e6d\u1e6da\u00a0 \u0905\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094b<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0935\u091c\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0938\u093e (\u0930\u094d\u0940.\u0938\u0942. 1-1-1) is the first S\u016btram of Jaimini. It means - after learning Veda one should have the desire to know what is Dharma. When Dharma is known Adharma is also known. So M\u012bm\u0101ms\u0101 is useful in knowing both Dharma and Adharma.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Here, the term M\u012bm\u0101ms\u0101 is used in the sense of \u2018\u092a\u0942\u0935\u091c\u0924\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u2019 (\u092d\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 1-1-1) - \u2018a venerable discussion\u2019. In other words, M\u012bm\u0101ms\u0101 is a work of Vedic exegeses. Vedic sentences are taken up and thru rigorous interpretation the V\u0101ky\u0101rtha or the sentence-meaning is decided. M\u012bm\u0101ms\u0101 holds that Dharma is achieved thru the performance of \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092esor rites that are ordained by Veda such as \u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d or sacrifice.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u00a0 <\/strong>(The theory of Karma)<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

The Vedic tradition has got a unique concept called \u2018Karma\u2019 (nemesis), which would explain the vicissitudes of beings in their life time as well as the cause of birth and rebirth of a being.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Literally \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092emeans action \/ activity of a person. It is of two types - \u092a\u0941\u0923\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e,i.e. the \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e that causes \u092a\u0941\u0923\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d(this term cannot be translated and it is as an opposite of \u092a\u093e\u092a\u0930\u094d\u094dor sin) and \u092a\u093e\u092a\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e(a sinister action).<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

According to \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0935\u0938\u0926\u094d\u0926\u093e\u093f,one will enjoy comforts as per his \u092a\u0941\u0923\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092einthe earlier lives and suffers as per his \u092a\u093e\u092a\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092ein the earlier lives.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

If his \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092eis perished due to \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0930\u094d\u094dthen he would attain \u0930\u094d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0937.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092e<\/strong>(Rebirth) - According to \u0906\u092f\u092e\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943the \u0935\u0924\u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093e (Soul) is immutable or \u0935\u0928\u0924\u094d\u092f and the physical body goes on changing, i.e. \u0905\u0935\u0928\u0924\u094d\u092f (transient). The \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093e would take a different body, i.e. that of a mosquito or an elephant, following the earlier \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Bhart\u1e5bhari in V\u0101kyak\u0101\u1e47\u1e0da of V\u0101kyapad\u012byam, a seminal work on P\u0101\u1e47inian Grammar that the concept of \u092a\u0941\u0928\u091c\u092e\u0928\u094d\u092ehas to be accepted.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0941 \u0930\u0941\u0924\u0947\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094c \u092a\u0941\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0935\u0915\u0932\u0938\u094d\u092f? | \u091c\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0926\u092f \u0915\u0941 \u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0926\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0947 \u0928\u0935\u0936\u0935\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e ? 149<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Every being is born with an inherent mental capacity called \u2018Pratibh\u0101\u2019, that is attained from the earlier birth - otherwise who is changing the crow of a male cuckoo into \u092a\u091e\u094d\u091a\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930 ? By whom spider etc. are trained in building cobweb, nest etc. ?<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0906\u0939\u093e\u0930\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0926\u0935\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0941\u0915\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 |<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u091c\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0938\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0938\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0930\u094d\u0943\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0935\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093e\u0930\u094d\u094d?150<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Who is the organizer of animals and birds in the activities related to food, love, hatred, swimming etc. which are popular due to their j\u0101ti (class) and kula (group) ?<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

So all these physical and mental phenomena do happen due to - \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0924\u092d\u093e, that is attained from the earlier life.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u092b\u0932\u0930\u094d\u094d<\/strong>(nemesis)-One has to face the result of his \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e, i.e. both \u092a\u0941\u0923\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092eand \u092a\u093e\u092a\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e -\u00a0<\/span>\u2018\u0905\u093f\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0943 \u0924\u0902\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0936\u0941\u092d\u0930\u094d\u094d\u2019<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

One should enjoy or suffer for his auspicious and inauspicious activities that are committed.\u00a0<\/span>There is no escape.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0928\u093e\u092d\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f\u0924\u0947\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0915\u094b\u0924\u094d\u093f\u0936\u0924\u0948\u0930\u0935\u092a<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

The \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092ethat is committed but not faced will not perish even after one crore (1,00,00,000) incarnations.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

The Karmas can be destroyed only thru attaining \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0930\u094d\u094d\u2013\u00a0<\/span>\u2018\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0938\u093f\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u093e\u092e\u0935\u0923\u092d\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0941 \u0930\u0941\u0924\u0947\u0924\u0925\u093e\u2019\u00a0<\/span>\u092d\u0930\u094d\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0924\u093e 4-37.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Like that, the fire called \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0930\u094d\u094dwould turn all the Karmas into dust.\u00a0<\/span>\u093f\u091e\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e<\/strong>(the accumulated Karma) - Whatever Karma is accumulated thru earlier incarnations is called <\/span>\u093f\u091e\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e<\/strong>and this can be destroyed only thru \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0930\u094d\u094d|<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e<\/strong>-The Karma that already started affecting the person in this life is called \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e and this can be exhausted only thru experiencing it.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091e\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924 <\/strong>in Vedas -----<\/strong><\/p>\r\n \r\n

The theory of Karma is clearly stated in Veda -<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0924\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0907\u0939 \u0930\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0940\u092f\u091a\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0903 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u094b \u0939 \u092f\u0924\u0947\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0940\u092f\u093e\u0902\u092f\u094b\u0935\u0928\u0930\u094d\u093e\u092a\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0930\u0928\u094d\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0923-\u092f\u094b\u0935\u0928\u0902\u093f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0935\u093f\u092f\u092f\u094b\u0935\u0928\u0902\u093f\u093e\u0925 \u092f \u0907\u0939 \u0915\u092a\u0942\u092f\u091a\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u094b \u0939 \u092f\u0924\u0947\u0915\u092a\u0942\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u0935\u0928\u0930\u094d\u094d\u0906\u092a\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0930\u0928\u094d\u0936\u094d\u0935\u092f\u094b\u0935\u0928\u0902\u093f\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0915\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0935\u0928\u0902\u093f\u093e \u091a\u0923\u094d\u0921\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0935\u0928\u0902\u093f\u093e\u00a0<\/span>(\u091b\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u094b\u092a\u0935\u0928\u0937\u0924\u094d5-10-7)<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

In this world, those who did \u092a\u0941\u0923\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092ewould quickly be born in an auspicious womb like Br\u0101hma\u1e47a, K\u1e63atriya, Vai\u015bya etc. (after enjoying for some time in \u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0932) whereas those who committed \u092a\u093e\u092a\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092ewould get birth as dog, pig, \u091a\u0923\u094d\u0921\u093e\u0932 etc.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Taittir\u012byar\u0101\u1e47yakam (K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47ayajurveda), 1-31, says the following:-<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u092f\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0941\u0923\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0923\u0903 |<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0905\u092a\u093e\u0923\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u00a0<\/span>\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0947s\u092f\u094b\u0935\u0928\u091c\u093e \u091c\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\u0930\u094d\u0943\u0935\u093e\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0941<\/strong>\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0947| \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0935\u092d|\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n
\r\n

Just like a person with \u092a\u093e\u092a\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e- they are born without hands, without feet, without hair. There are people, who are not born out of womb, being ruled by their Karmas, die again and again.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0938\u093f\u0938\u093f\u0918\u0915\u0930\u094d\u093e\u092e\u0938\u093f<\/strong>(three kinds of Karmas) -<\/p>\r\n \r\n

1.\u00a0 \u0938\u0928\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u093e\u092e\u0938\u093f<\/strong>-Veda has ordained certain Karmas to be performed regularly - \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0927\u094d\u093e\u0902\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0938\u093e \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0947\u0924\u094d<\/p>\r\n \r\n

(\u0910\u0924\u0930\u0947\u092f\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0923\u0930\u094d\u094d,3-8-1)<\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u092f\u093e\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091c\u0940\u093f\u0930\u094d\u094d\u0905\u0935\u093f\u0939\u094b\u093f\u0902\u091c\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0935\u0924<\/p>\r\n \r\n

One should mediate \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0927\u094d\u093e (the deity, i.e. Sun during twilight) with mind. One should perform \u0905\u0935\u093f\u0939\u094b\u093f\u0930\u094d\u094das long as he is alive.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0 \u0928\u0948\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0915\u0915\u0930\u094d\u093e\u092e\u0938\u093f<\/strong>-(the Karmas with a cause) - the Karmas caused by certain occasion are called \u0928\u0948\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092es.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0942\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d (\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0903)<\/p>\r\n \r\n

One should take bath at the time of eclipse caused by R\u0101hu. The death ceremony, \u0917\u0943\u0939\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0947\u0936 (house-warming ceremony) etc. are also Naimittikakarmas.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

3.<\/strong> \u0915\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u093e\u092e\u0938\u093f<\/strong>(the Karmas with a desire) - Any Karma performed with a desire is called \u0915\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e|<\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0935\u093f\u093f\u093e\u0939 (marriage) is for children and so it is a K\u0101myakarma.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0935\u0924\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0947\u0928\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u094b\u092f\u091c\u0947\u0924 (\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0924 )<\/p>\r\n \r\n

One who wants to go to heaven should perform the sacrifice called\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0935\u0924\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930\u094d |<\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0930\u094d\u094d <\/strong>and<\/strong> \u0930\u094d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong>:<\/strong>- On the other hand, one who is desirous of \u0930\u094d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0937 ( relief from the worldly bindings and thus arresting the cycle of birth and death as well as uniting the \u091c\u0940\u093f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093e with \u092a\u0930\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093e is called \u0930\u094d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0937 ) should acquire \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u092e\u094d\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

As has already been stated earlier, one has to face the results of \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e,whereas the remaining<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0938\u0924\u094d\u091e\u094d\u091a\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092ewill be destroyed by \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0930\u094d\u094d|<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0930\u094d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0937 is a term, just like \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926, \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e, \u092f\u094b\u0930\u094d, \u092a\u0941\u0923\u094d\u092f, that is untranslatable.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u093f\u0902\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u093f\u0940<\/strong>-The one who prefers detachment to attachment with people and mundane affairs and concentrates on \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0930\u094d\u094d, in order to attain \u0930\u094d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0937 , is called a \u0938\u0902\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0940\/ \u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0940 \/ \u092a\u0930\u0930\u0935\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0903 \u0964|<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Depending upon the status Samny\u0101sis are of four kinds - \u0915\u0941 \u091f\u0940\u091a\u0915\u0903 , \u092c\u0939\u0942\u0926\u0915\u0903 , \u0939\u0902\u0938, \u092a\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0939\u0902\u0938 |<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Some scholars said that giving up K\u0101myakarmas is called Samny\u0101sa -<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0902\u0938\u0902\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0941\u00a0<\/span>(\u092d\u0930\u094d\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0924\u093e, 18-2)<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Some Samny\u0101sins perform \u0935\u0928\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0928\u0948\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092eswhereas a \u092a\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0939\u0902\u0938gives up all Karmas, i.e.\u00a0<\/span>including \u0935\u0928\u0924\u094d\u092f\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 and \u0928\u0948\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0915|\u00a0<\/span>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d is explained by scholars as giving up the results of all Karmas -\u00a0<\/span>\u0938\u093f\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u092b\u0932\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0941\u00a0<\/span>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0902\u0935\u093f\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093e\u00a0<\/span>(\u092d\u0930\u094d\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0924\u093e, 18-2)<\/span>\u091e\u094d\u091a\u093f\u091e\u094d\u091a\u093f and \u091e\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0937\u0947\u093f<\/strong>----<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

The\u00a0<\/span>gamut of\u00a0<\/span>sentences,\u00a0<\/span>both in the Veda\u00a0<\/span>and world can be put under two headings <\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0927\u00a0<\/span>and\u00a0<\/span>\u0935\u0928\u0937\u0947\u0927|\u00a0<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0927\u00a0<\/span>means injunction whereas\u00a0<\/span>\u0935\u0928\u0937\u0947\u0927means censure.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\nIf a sentence says\u00a0 \u2018do it\u2019 then it is a\u00a0 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0927\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d|<\/span>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nIf a sentence says \u2018do not do it\u2019 then it is a \u0935\u0928\u0937\u0947\u0927\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u092e\u094d| \u2018\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u093f\u0926\u2019 (speak the truth) is a \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0927\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d|<\/span>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u2018\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0902\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093f\u093e\u092e\u092d\u0942\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u2019(one should not hurt any beings) is a\u00a0 \u0935\u0928\u0937\u0947\u0927\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d|<\/span>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThe sentences of commendation and condemnation, called \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0925\u092f\u093f\u093e\u0926 and \u0935\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0925\u092f\u093f\u093e\u0926 would end up in \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0927 and \u0935\u0928\u0937\u0947\u0927respectively.<\/span>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0925\u092f\u093f\u093e\u0926s are useful in generating an urge in the minds of the people to do something.<\/span>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0935\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0925\u092f\u093f\u093e\u0926s are useful in discouraging one from doing something.<\/span>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nAs per a norm called \u0928\u0935\u0939\u0935\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f (\u0936\u093e\u092c\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d,\u092a\u0942\u0935\u092f\u092e\u0940\u092e\u093e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094d1-4-30)the \u0935\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0926\u093e of something or someone is not to censure but to praise the opposite.<\/span>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nTherefore, the \u0930\u093e\u093f\u0923\u0935\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0926\u093e (censure of R\u0101va\u1e47a) in \u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u093e\u092f\u0923\u0930\u094d\u094dwould have its purport in \u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0935\u0924 (praising R\u0101ma) rather than in censuring R\u0101va\u1e47a.<\/span>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nSame is the case with Duryodhana and Dharmar\u0101ja in \u0930\u094d\u0939\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0930\u094d\u094dalso.<\/span>\r\n\r\n \r\n

\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u091e\u094d\u091a\u093f\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u093e\u092e\u0938\u093f<\/strong>\u201d-A person , having committed a sinister action (\u092a\u093e\u092a\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e), unknowingly or\u00a0<\/span>due to circumstances would have to perform a prescribed Karma, in order to get rid of the sin. This is called \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094d\u094d(penance).<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

There are also certain Karmas that render neither \u092a\u0941\u0923\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094dnor \u092a\u093e\u092a\u0930\u094d\u094d,such as laughing too much, scratching without itching etc.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0938\u093f\u0938\u093f\u0938\u093f\u0937\u093e <\/strong>-- Literally it means \u2018a desire to know\u2019 (the Brahman). \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0939\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0923\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094b\u092a\u0935\u0928\u0937\u0924\u094d- says that one would get \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0926\u0937\u093e thru the recitation of Veda, by sacrifices (\u0915\u092e\u092fs) , contributions and the imperishable \u0924\u092a\u0938\u094d-\u00a0<\/span>\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0947\u093f\u0902\u093f\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0941\u093f\u091a\u0928\u0947\u0928\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0923\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0926\u0937\u0928\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u0947\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0928\u0924\u092a\u0938\u093e \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0915\u0947 \u0928|<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

So even the \u0915\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u093e\u092e\u0935\u0923,such as \u0935\u093f\u093f\u093e\u0939 (marriage) are useful in attaining \u0930\u094d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0937 thru generating \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0926\u0937\u093e |<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

It is also stated in scriptures that the \u0915\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092es, if the result is given up, are useful in achieving \u0935\u091a\u0924\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0926\u094d\u0927(cleansing of mind) that would ultimately lead to \u0930\u094d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0937 |<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u092d\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong>,<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e<\/strong>,<\/strong> \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0930\u094d\u094d<\/strong>-- There is threefold approach to attain \u0930\u094d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0937 |<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

The first one is \u092d\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0924 (devotion). This is useful for ordinary people. Bhakti does not directly cause \u0930\u094d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0937 but thru generating \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0930\u094d\u094d|<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Bhakti falls under \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0941\u0923\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093e- worshipping Brahman, having some form and name such as \u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0941, \u0935\u0936\u093f, \u0930\u094d\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0940 etc.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Karmas are also useful in achieving \u0930\u094d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0937 not directly but thru gradually cleansing the mind (\u0935\u091a\u0924\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0926\u094d\u0927) that leads to \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0930\u094d\u094d| This path, also \u0938\u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093e, is for people, who can sustain the severity of Karmas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Those , who have the mental caliber that can exercise control upon mind and other sense organs , can attain J \u0101nam that directly leads to \u0930\u094d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0937 | Here it will be \u0935\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0941\u092e\u0923\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093eor worshipping the Brahman without any form or name.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u015aamkarac\u0101rya at the beginning of his <\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0942\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d<\/strong>prescribes four prerequisites to study \u093f\u0947\u0926\u093e\u093f-<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u0938\u0928\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0928\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0938\u093f\u093f\u0947\u0915\u0903 <\/strong>-- The distinguishing capacity of things of the universe in terms of eternal and non-eternal.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

2.\u00a0<\/span>\u0907\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0941\u093f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u092d\u094b\u0917\u0938\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0903 <\/strong>- - Detachment towards the enjoyment of things that are here in this world and another world.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

3.\u00a0 <\/span>\u0936\u0930\u094d\u093f\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0938\u093f\u093f\u093e\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0902\u092a\u0924\u094d<\/strong>-- The wealth of equipment such as control on mind and other sense organs.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

4.\u00a0 <\/span>\u0930\u094d\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092e\u094d<\/strong>-- A desire in \u0930\u094d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0937 |<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0930\u094d\u094d\u2013 \u092a\u0942\u093f\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0940\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0902\u093f\u093e<\/strong>--<\/strong>For any scholar the knowledge of \u092a\u0926\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0923 is essential as per Indian tradition. \u092a\u0926\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0930\u094d\u094dis \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0930\u094d\u094d,\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0930\u094d\u094dis \u092a\u0942\u093f\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0940\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093eand \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0930\u094d\u094dis \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0948\u0936\u0947\u0935\u0937\u0915\u0947|The fact is that although each one of the above mentioned \u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930s discusses all the linguistic units right from \u093f\u0923\u092edown to \u0930\u094d\u0939\u093e\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d(\u093f\u0923\u092e:,\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943 :,\u0935\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f:, \u092a\u0926\u0930\u094d\u094d:,\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d:,\u0905\u093f\u093e\u093f\u0930\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d:,\u0930\u094d\u0939\u093e\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d) the designation, such as \u092a\u0926\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0930\u094d\u094d,is given depending upon the aspect each system deals with chiefly.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

The sentences in Vedic literature can be put under five headings :-<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

1.\u00a0<\/strong>\u0938\u093f\u0938\u093f\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u092e\u094d<\/strong>(Injunction):-<\/strong> \u2018\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u094b\u092f\u091c\u0947\u0924\u2019(one desirous of heaven should perform the sacrifice) - this is a Vidhiv\u0101kya and it is \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924:\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0923\u0930\u094d\u094d(self authoritative).<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

2.\u00a0<\/strong>\u0930\u094d\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d<\/strong>:-<\/strong> Mantras, such as \u0907\u0937\u0947\u0935\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0935\u093e (\u0915\u0943 \u0937\u094d\u0923\u092f\u091c\u0941\u093f\u0947\u0926\u0903-beginning), are useful during the performance of a \u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d, thru recollecting the meaning.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

3.<\/strong>\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094d\u093f\u0947\u092f\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d<\/strong>:-<\/strong> The sentence which denotes the designation of a \u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d \u2013 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0926\u093e \u092f\u091c\u0947\u0924 \u092a\u0936\u0941\u0915\u093e\u092e\u0903 (\u0924\u093e\u0923\u094d\u0921\u092f\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0923\u0930\u094d\u094d,19-6-3, \u0905\u0925\u093f\u092e\u093f\u0947\u0926\u0903 ) \u2013 this sentence denotes the name of a \u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d called\u00a0<\/span>\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d|Since this sentence is connected with a \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0927, it cannot have \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924:\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0923\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d|<\/span><\/p>\r\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u0938\u0928\u0937\u0947\u093f\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d<\/strong>:-<\/strong>A sentence that prescribes a censure \u2013 \u092c\u0924\u094d\u0939\u092f\u0935\u0937 \u0930\u091c\u0924\u0902\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d(one should not use silver as \u0926\u0935\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093e during a \u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d), Taittir\u012bysamhit\u0101, 1-5-1-2.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u093e\u093f\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d<\/strong>:-<\/strong> The sentences that are useful in commending and condemning a rite. As such there is dichotomy of Arthav\u0101das \u2013 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0925\u092f\u093f\u093e\u0926 :, \u0935\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0925\u092f\u093f\u093e\u0926 : | The former is the remaining part of \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0927, i.e. \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0927\u0936\u0947\u0937.Whereas the latter is the remaining part of \u0935\u0928\u0937\u0947\u0927|<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Jaimini rules (\u092a\u0942\u0935\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0940\u092e\u093e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094d1-2-1-7) - \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0927\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0947\u0915\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0925\u0947\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u0940\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u092f\u0941:(since the \u0905\u092f\u092e\u093f\u093e\u0926sare meant to praise the \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0927, they get connected to \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0927\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f and become the remaining part (\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0927\u0936\u0947\u0937)of \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0927\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d|<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Here is the popular definition of a \u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094doffered by Jaimini (\u092a\u0942.\u0930\u094d\u0940.\u0938\u0942.2-1-14-46) \u2013 \u0905\u0925\u0948\u0915\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d \u090f\u0915\u0902\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0919\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0902\u091a\u0947\u0924\u094d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d(ifasingle meaning is expressed or a single thing is proposed and when separated if the parts are found to be wanting, then it is a sentence).<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Prerequisites of a <\/strong>\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d<\/strong>-- <\/strong>There are three prerequisites of a \u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d\u2013 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0921\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e(mutual expectancy), \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e (compatibility) and \u0906\u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0903 (proximity). The words of a sentence should expect each other - the word \u091a\u0948\u093f:(Caitra) being a noun expects a verb \u2013 \u092a\u091a\u0924\u094d\u0924 (is cooking) and vice versa. So by supplying a noun or verb the \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0921\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093eis put to rest. There can be a sentence with more than one verb. If no verb is employed by the speaker then one should supply the verb denoting, existence, i.e. \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0938\u094d\u0924 \/ \u092d\u093f\u0935\u0924 \/ \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0947\u0964 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0921\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093eis the basic prerequisite of a sentence.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e is compatibility. \u091a\u0948\u093f:\u0905\u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0938\u091e\u094d\u091a\u0935\u0924 (Caitra is watering with fire) - is not a sentence because, although syntactically correct, it failed on semantic front.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e will be alive in a sentence unlike \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e|<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0906\u0938\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924 (or \u0938\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0927) is proximity of words. One should pronounce the words of a sentence in quick succession. Any long pause between words is not acceptable.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Just like most of other aspects, this definition of a sentence is also universal, i.e. applicable to all languages.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

The above definition of Jaimini is meticulously compiled in order to suit for both a \u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d and \u0930\u094d\u0939\u093e\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d|<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0930\u094d\u0939\u093e\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d<\/strong>--<\/strong> A group of \u092a\u0926s (words) with \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e and \u0906\u0938\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924 is a \u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d whereas a group of \u0905\u093f\u093e\u093f\u0930\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092fs (sub-sentences) with the above said three prerequisites is a \u0930\u094d\u0939\u093e\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d|<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

If the meaning to be expressed is short, one would use a \u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094dwhereas if it is large then a \u0930\u094d\u0939\u093e\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d| In other words \u0930\u094d\u0939\u093e\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094dand \u0930\u094d\u0939\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094dare synonyms. \u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u093e\u092f\u0923\u0930\u094d\u094d,\u0930\u094d\u0939\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0930\u094d\u094d etc. are \u0930\u094d\u0939\u093e\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092fs.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

In \u093f\u0947\u0926\u093e\u093fwe come across \u0930\u094d\u0939\u093e\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092fs such as \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938 (\u091b\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u094b\u092a\u0935\u0928\u0937\u0924\u094d,6). Here even if it looks like a \u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094dit is called \u0930\u094d\u0939\u093e\u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094dbecause of \u0905\u0925\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094c\u0930\u093f\u0930\u094d\u094d(heaviness of meaning) - the purport of the entire chapter is denoted by this sentence \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938 \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0924\u0915\u0947means\u0924\u094b - Oh ! \u015avetaketu you yourself are that \u092a\u0930\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093e, i.e. \u091c\u0940\u093f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093e is not different from \u092a\u0930\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093e |<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

So in the case of \u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u093e\u092f\u0923\u0930\u094d\u094detc. it is the \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0930\u094d\u094c\u0930\u093f\u0930\u094d\u094d(vastness of \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926) whereas in the case of \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938 etc. it is \u0905\u0925\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094c\u0930\u093f\u0930\u094d\u094d|<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

It may be noted that the gamut of sentences can be put under two headings - \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0927 and \u0935\u0928\u0937\u0947\u0927 (do or don\u2019t do). The other sentences of commendation and condemnation, i.e. \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u093e\u0926and<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0935\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0926\u093e\u092f\u092e\u093f\u093e\u0926,have to be syntactically connected to \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0927 and \u0935\u0928\u0937\u0947\u0927,respectively , even in \u0930\u093e\u092e\u093e\u092f\u0923\u092e\u094detc. so that they are not left meaningless.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong>:-<\/strong> In deciding the meaning of a \u093f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094d,\u015aabarasw\u0101my, the author of \u092d\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u094don Jaimini\u2019s \u092a\u0942\u093f\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0940\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0938\u0942\u093fsoffereda norm that is very important - \u0906\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0902\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0941\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0936\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0924: \u0938\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0930\u0923\u0940 (while interpreting the verbal words capacity should be associated). What he means is this - let us take a sentence like \u2018\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u094b<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u092f\u091c\u0947\u0924\u2019(one desirous of Svarga should perform the \u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d) - does it mean that anybody with a desire in Svarga can perform the \u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d ? No - he should have \u0936\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0924 (capacity) of three kinds - \u0930\u094d\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0938\u0915\u0936\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0924:, \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u0915\u0936\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0924: and \u0906\u0935\u0925\u092e\u0915\u0936\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0924:(mental physical and financial capacities).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nDichotomy of <\/strong>\u092f\u093e\u0917<\/strong> -- <\/strong>\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d is of two types \u2013 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943 \u0924\u094d\u0924\u092f\u093e\u0917and \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092f\u093e\u0917 | If all the \u0905\u0919\u094d\u0917\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0928 (constituents) are mentioned it is called \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943 \u0924\u094d\u0924\u092f\u093e\u0917|While only some \u0905\u0919\u094d\u0917\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0928 are mentioned and the rest are to be borrowed from \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943 \u0935\u0924\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094dthen it is \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d | \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943 \u0935\u0926\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943 \u0935\u0924:\u0915\u0924\u092e\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e (the \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943 \u0935\u0924\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094dhas to be performed just like the \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943 \u0935\u0924\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d). \u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0935\u0924\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d is \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943 \u0935\u0924\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d whereas \u0938\u094c\u092f\u092e\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094detc. is \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943 \u0935\u0924\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d|\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u092d\u093e\u093f\u0928\u093e <\/strong>:-<\/strong> This is of two types \u2013 \u0936\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u093f\u0928\u093e and \u0906\u0925\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u093f\u0928\u093e | Since Veda is \u0905\u092a\u094c\u0930\u0941\u0937\u0947\u092f,the order \/ urge by Veda to do something is called \u0936\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u093f\u0928\u093e | The \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0928 (effort) is called \u0906\u0925\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u093f\u0928\u093e |\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThe combination of \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u094dthe( substance ) and the \u0926\u0947\u0935\u0924\u093e(deity) is called \u092f\u093e\u0917 \u0964\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
you can view video on Vedic Thought -2 (Karma - J anam) <\/strong><\/td>\r\n\"\"<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n \r\n\r\nWeb links<\/strong>\r\n