{"id":58,"date":"2019-07-26T05:53:49","date_gmt":"2019-07-26T05:53:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hsp16.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=58"},"modified":"2019-07-26T06:01:44","modified_gmt":"2019-07-26T06:01:44","slug":"application-of-computer-in-research","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp16\/chapter\/application-of-computer-in-research\/","title":{"rendered":"Application of Computer in Research"},"content":{"raw":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/jCoskSHV_Ew\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Introduction<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The computers are the emerging tool in the research process. The main components of Computers are an input device, a Central Processing Unit and an output device. It is an essential tool for research, whether for academic purpose or for commercial purpose. Computers play a major role today in every field of scientific research from genetic engineering to astrophysics research.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Computers with internet led the way to a globalized information portal that is the World Wide Web. Using WWW, researcher can conduct research on massive scale. Various programs and applications have eased our way into computing our research process. In this module, various computer software applications and tools are discussed with respect to research activities like data collection, analysis, etc.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Objectives:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Understand the Features of computers.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">To know various steps involved in research process.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Role of Computers in Research Publication.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Introduction of Analysis Tools used in research process.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Features of a computer<\/strong>:-<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">There are many reasons why computers are so important in scientific research and here are some of the reasons are:<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>SPEED: <\/strong>computer can process numbers and information in a very short time. So researcher can process and analyze data quickly. By saving time researcher can conduct further research. A calculation that may take a person several hours to process will take computer mere minutes, if not seconds.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>STORAGE DEVICE<\/strong>\u2013 Computer can store and retrieve huge data. It can be used when needed.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">There is no risk of forgetting and loosing data.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>ACCURACY: <\/strong>Computer is incredibly accurate. Accuracy is very much important in scientific research. Wrong calculation could result an entire research or project being filled with incorrect information.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">ORGANIZATION: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">We can store millions of pages of information by using simple folders, word processors &amp; computer programs. Computer is more productive &amp; safer than using a paper filing system in which anything can be easily misplaced.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">CONSISTENCY: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">computer cannot make mistakes through \u201ctiredness\u201d or lack of concentration like human being. This characteristic makes it exceptionally important in scientific research. Large calculations can be done with accuracy and speed with the help of computer.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Automatic Device<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u2013 The programs which are run on computer are automatic through some\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">instructions<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Computational Tools<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Computers started for the use of powerful calculators, and that service is important to research today. Huge amount of data can process with the help of computer's. Statistical programs, modelling programs and spatial mapping tools are all possible use of computers. Researchers can use information in new ways, example layering different types of maps on one another to discover new patterns in how people use their environment. <\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">C<\/span><\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">ommunication<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Building knowledge through research requires communication between experts to identify new areas requiring research and debating results and ideas. Before the invention of computers, this was accomplished through papers and workshops. Now, the world's experts can communicate via web chatsor email. Information can be spread various ways example by virtual conferences<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Mobility:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Researchers can take computers anywhere, it is easier to conduct field research and collect large amount of data. New areas of research in remote areas or at a community level are carried out by the mobility of computers. Social media sites have a new medium for interaction with society and collect the information.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The Steps in Research Process<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Research process consists of series of actions necessary to carry out research work effectively\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The sequencing of these steps listed below<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Formulating the research problem;<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Extensive literature survey;<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Developing the hypothesis;<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Preparing the research design;<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Determining sample design;<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data Collection;<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Project Execution;<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data Analysis;<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Hypothesis testing;<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Generalizations and interpretation,<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Preparation of the report or presentation of the results, i.e., formal write-up of conclusions of the research.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Computers in Research<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Computers are used in scientific research extremely and it is an important tool .Research process can also be done through computers. Computers are very useful and important tool for processing huge number of samples. It has many storage devices like compact discs and auxiliary memories. Data can be used from these storage devices and retrieved later on. There are various steps necessary to effectively carry out research and the desired sequencing of these steps in the research process.<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">This data can be used for different phases of research process.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">There are five major phases of the research process:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Conceptual phase<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Design and planning phase<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data collection phase<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data Analysis phase and<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Research Publication phase<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Conceptual Phase and Computer<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The conceptual phase consists of formulation of research problem, extensive literature survey, theoretical frame work and developing the hypothesis.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Computer helps in searching the existing literature in the relevant field of research. It helps in finding the relevant existing research papers so that researcher can find out the gap from the existing literature. Computers help for searching the literatures and bibliographic reference stored in the electronic database of the World Wide Web\u2019s.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">It can be used for storing relevant published articles to the retrieved whenever needed. This has the advantage over searching the literatures in the form of journals, books and other newsletters at the libraries which consume considerable amount of time and effort.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Bibliographic references can also be stored in World Wide Web. In the latest computers, references can be written easily in different styles. Researcher need not visit libraries .It helps to increase time for research. It helps researchers to know how theoretical framework can be built.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Design and Planning Phase and Computer<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Computer can be used for, deciding population sample, questionnaire designing and data collection. They are different internet sites which help to design questionnaire. Software\u2019s can be used to calculate the sample size. It makes pilot study of the research possible. In pilot study, sample size calculation, standard deviations are required. Computer helps in doing all these activities.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Role of Computers in Data collection phase<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Empirical phase consists of collecting and preparing the data for analysis:<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In research studies, the preparation and computation of data are the most labor-intensive and time consuming aspect of the work. Typically the data will be initially recorded on a questionnaire or record for suitable for its acceptance by the computer. To do this the researcher in connection with the statistician and the programmer, will convert the data into Microsoft word file or excel spreadsheet or any statistical software data file. These data can be directly used with statistical\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Software\u2019s for analysis.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data collection and Storage:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The data obtained from the research subjects are stored in computes in the form of word files or excel spread sheets or any statistical software data file. This has the advantage of making\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">necessary corrections or editing the whole layout of the tables if needed, which is impossible or time consuming incase of writing in hand written. Thus, computers help in data editing, data entry, and data management including follow up actions etc. computers also allow for greater flexibility in recording and processing the data while they are collected as well as greater ease during the analysis of these data.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data exposition:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The researchers are anxious about seeing the data: what they look like; how they are distributed etc. Researchers also examine different dimension of variables or plot them in various charts using a statistical application.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data Analysis and Computer:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data Analysis and Computer phase consist of the analysis of data, interpretation and hypothesis testing. Data analysis phase consist of statistical analysis of the data and interpretation of results. Data analysis and interpretation can be done with the help of computers. For data analysis, software\u2019s available. These software help in using the techniques for analysis like average, percentage, correlation and all the mathematical calculations.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Software\u2019s used for data analysis are SPSS, STATA, SYSAT etc. Computers are useful not only for statistical analysis, but also to monitor the accuracy and completeness of the data as they are collected. This software\u2019s also display the results in graphical chart or graph form.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Computers are used in interpretation also. They can check the accuracy and authenticity of data. It helps is drafting tables by which a researcher can interpret the results easily. These tables give a clear proof of the interpretation made by researcher.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Role of Computer in Research Publication<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">After interpretation, computer helps is converting the results into a research article or report which can be published. This phase consists of preparation of the report or presentation of the results, i.e., formal write-up of conclusions reached. This is the research publication phase. The research article, research paper, research thesis or research dissertation is typed in word\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">processing software and converted to portable data format (PDF) and stored and\/or published in the world wide web. Online sites are available through we can convert our word file into any format like html, pdf etc.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Various online applications are also available for this purpose. Even one can prepare our document using online word processing software and can store\/edit\/access it from anywhere using internet.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">References and computer:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">After completing the word document, a researcher need to give source of the literature studied and discussed in references. Computers also help in preparing references. References can be written in different styles. All the details of author\u2019s journals, publication volume Books can be filled in the options \u201creference\u201f given in computer and it automatically change the information into the required style. Software used to manage the references.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">A researcher needs not to worry about remembering all the articles from where literature in taken, it can be easily managed with the help of computers.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Simulation:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Simulation <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">is the <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imitation\">imitation <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">of the operation of a real-world process or system over <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Time\">time.<\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Simulation is used in many contexts, such as simulation of <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Technology\">technology <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">for performance optimization, <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Safety_engineering\">safety engineering, <\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Experiment\">testing, <\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Training\">training, <\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Education\">education, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">and <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_game\">video games. <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Often, <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computer_experiment\">computer<\/a> <a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computer_experiment\">experiments <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">are used to study simulation models. Simulation can be used to show the eventual real effects of alternative conditions and courses of action. Simulation is mainly used when the real system cannot be engaged, because it may not be accessible, or it may be dangerous or unacceptable to engage, or it is being designed but not yet built, or it may simply not exist. Using computers the simulation in research carried out in various fields.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Role of Computers in Scientific Research:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">There are various computer applications used in scientific research. Some of the most important applications used in scientific research are data storage, data analysis, scientific simulations, instrumentation control and knowledge sharing.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data Storage<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Experimentation is the basis of scientific research. Scientific experiment in any of the natural sciences generates a lot of data that needs to be stored and analyzed to derive important conclusions, to validate or disprove hypotheses. Computers attached with experiential apparatuses, directly record data as its generated and subject it to analysis through specially designed software. Data storage is possible in SPSS data file, lotus spreadsheet, excel spreadsheet, DOS text file etc<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Analyzing Huge number of statistical data is made possible using specially designed algorithms that are implemented by computers. This makes the extremely time-consuming job of data analysis to be matter of a few minutes. In genetic engineering, computers have made the sequencing of the entire human genome possible. Data got from different sources can be stored and accessed via computer networks set up in research labs, which makes collaboration simpler.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Scientific Simulations<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">One of the prime uses of computers in pure science and engineering projects is the running of simulations. A simulation is a mathematical modeling of a problem and a virtual study of its possible solutions.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">For example, astrophysicists carry out structure formation simulations, which are aimed at studying how large-scale structures like galaxies are formed. Space missions to the Moon, satellite launches and interplanetary missions are first simulated on computers to determine the best path that can be taken by the launch vehicle and spacecraft to reach its destination safely.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Instrumentation Control<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Most advanced scientific instruments come with their own on-board computer, which can be programmed to execute various functions. For example, the Hubble Space Craft has its own onboard computer system which is remotely programmed to probe the deep space. Instrumentation control is one of the most important applications of computers.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Knowledge Sharing through Internet<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In the form of Internet, computers have provided an entirely new way to share knowledge. Today, anyone can access the latest research papers that are made available for free on websites. Sharing of knowledge and collaboration through the Internet has made international cooperation on scientific projects possible.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Through various kinds of analytical software programs, computers are contributing to scientific Research in every discipline, ranging from biology to astrophysics, discovering new patterns and providing novel insights.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">When the work in neural network based artificial intelligence advances and computers are granted with the ability to learn and think for them, future advances in technology and research will be even more rapid.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Tools and Applications Used In the Research Process <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Statistical Analysis Tool: SPSS<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">SPSS is the most popular tool for statisticians. SPSS stands for Statistical Package for Social Sciences.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">It provides all analysis facilities like following and many more.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Provides Data view &amp; variable view<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Measures of central tendency &amp; dispersion<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Statistical inference<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Correlation &amp; Regression analysis<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Analysis of variance<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Non parametric test<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Hypothesis tests: T-test, chi-square, z-test, ANOVA, Bipartite variable\u2026.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Multivariate data analysis<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Frequency distribution<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data exposition by using various graphs like line, scatter, bar, ogive, histogram,<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">pie chart\u2026<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data Analysis Tool:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Spreadsheet Packages<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">A spreadsheet is a computer application that simulates a paper worksheet. It displays multiple cells that together make up a grid consisting of rows and columns, each cell containing eitheral phanumeric text or numeric values. Microsoft Excel is popular spreadsheet software. Others spreadsheet packages are Lotus 1-2-3Quattro Pro, Javeline Plus, Multiplan, VisiCalc, Supercalc, Plan Perfect etc.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Other Statistical Tool<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">SAS, S-Plus, LISREL, Eviews etc.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Word Processor Packages<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">A word processor (more formally known as document preparation system) is a computer application used for the production (including composition, editing, formatting, and possibly printing) of any sort of printable material.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The word processing packages are Microsoft Word, WordStar, Word perfect ,Amipro etc. <\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Presentation Software<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">A presentation program is a computer software package used to display information, normally in the form of a slide show. It typically includes three major functions: an editor that allows text inserted and formatted a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images and a slideshow system to display the content. The presentation packages are Microsoft Power point, Lotus Freelance Graphics, Corel Presentations, Apple keynote etc.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">DATABASE MANAGEMENT PACKAGES (DBMS)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Database is an organized collection of information. A DBMS is a software designed to manage adatabase. Various Desktop Databases are Microsoft Access, Paradox, Dbase or DbaseIII+, FoxBase, Foxpro\/ Visual Foxpro, FileMaker Procommercial Database Servers that supports multiuser are Oracle, Ms-SQL Server, Sybase, Ingres, Informix, DB2 UDB (IBM), Unify, Integral, etc.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Open source Database packages are <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Firebird etc. BROWSERS\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">A web browser is a software application which enables a user to display and interact with text, images, videos, music, games and other information typically located on a Web page at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Examples are Microsoft Internet explorer, Mozilla firefox, Opera, Netscape navigator, Chrome.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">CONCLUSION<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Computer has helped in serving the difficulties faced by human beings. By the passing of time, computers have been reduced from a size of room to six of human palm. Computer performs many functions and does variety of jobs with speed and accuracy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Today, life has become impossible without computers. It is used in Schools, Colleges and has become indispensable part of every business or profession. Research is also an area where computer are playing a major role.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Use of computer in research in science is so extensive that it is difficult to conceive today are search project without computer. Many research studies cannot be carried out without use of computer particularly those involving complex computations, data analysis and modeling. Computer in scientific research is used at all stages starts from study, proposal\/budget stage to submission\/presentation of findings.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>you can view video on Application of Computer in Research<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/jCoskSHV_Ew\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<strong>Web links:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computer\">https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computer<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/journals\/computers-and...research\">https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/journals\/computers-and...research<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">www.sciencedirect.com\/journal\/computers<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/jCoskSHV_Ew\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Introduction<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The computers are the emerging tool in the research process. The main components of Computers are an input device, a Central Processing Unit and an output device. It is an essential tool for research, whether for academic purpose or for commercial purpose. Computers play a major role today in every field of scientific research from genetic engineering to astrophysics research.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Computers with internet led the way to a globalized information portal that is the World Wide Web. Using WWW, researcher can conduct research on massive scale. Various programs and applications have eased our way into computing our research process. In this module, various computer software applications and tools are discussed with respect to research activities like data collection, analysis, etc.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Objectives:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Understand the Features of computers.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">To know various steps involved in research process.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Role of Computers in Research Publication.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Introduction of Analysis Tools used in research process.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Features of a computer<\/strong>:-<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">There are many reasons why computers are so important in scientific research and here are some of the reasons are:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>SPEED: <\/strong>computer can process numbers and information in a very short time. So researcher can process and analyze data quickly. By saving time researcher can conduct further research. A calculation that may take a person several hours to process will take computer mere minutes, if not seconds.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>STORAGE DEVICE<\/strong>\u2013 Computer can store and retrieve huge data. It can be used when needed.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">There is no risk of forgetting and loosing data.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>ACCURACY: <\/strong>Computer is incredibly accurate. Accuracy is very much important in scientific research. Wrong calculation could result an entire research or project being filled with incorrect information.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">ORGANIZATION: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">We can store millions of pages of information by using simple folders, word processors &amp; computer programs. Computer is more productive &amp; safer than using a paper filing system in which anything can be easily misplaced.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">CONSISTENCY: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">computer cannot make mistakes through \u201ctiredness\u201d or lack of concentration like human being. This characteristic makes it exceptionally important in scientific research. Large calculations can be done with accuracy and speed with the help of computer.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Automatic Device<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u2013 The programs which are run on computer are automatic through some\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">instructions<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Computational Tools<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Computers started for the use of powerful calculators, and that service is important to research today. Huge amount of data can process with the help of computer&#8217;s. Statistical programs, modelling programs and spatial mapping tools are all possible use of computers. Researchers can use information in new ways, example layering different types of maps on one another to discover new patterns in how people use their environment. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">C<\/span><\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">ommunication<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Building knowledge through research requires communication between experts to identify new areas requiring research and debating results and ideas. Before the invention of computers, this was accomplished through papers and workshops. Now, the world&#8217;s experts can communicate via web chatsor email. Information can be spread various ways example by virtual conferences<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Mobility:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Researchers can take computers anywhere, it is easier to conduct field research and collect large amount of data. New areas of research in remote areas or at a community level are carried out by the mobility of computers. Social media sites have a new medium for interaction with society and collect the information.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The Steps in Research Process<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Research process consists of series of actions necessary to carry out research work effectively\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The sequencing of these steps listed below<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Formulating the research problem;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Extensive literature survey;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Developing the hypothesis;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Preparing the research design;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Determining sample design;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data Collection;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Project Execution;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data Analysis;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Hypothesis testing;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Generalizations and interpretation,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Preparation of the report or presentation of the results, i.e., formal write-up of conclusions of the research.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Computers in Research<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Computers are used in scientific research extremely and it is an important tool .Research process can also be done through computers. Computers are very useful and important tool for processing huge number of samples. It has many storage devices like compact discs and auxiliary memories. Data can be used from these storage devices and retrieved later on. There are various steps necessary to effectively carry out research and the desired sequencing of these steps in the research process.<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">This data can be used for different phases of research process.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">There are five major phases of the research process:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Conceptual phase<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Design and planning phase<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data collection phase<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data Analysis phase and<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Research Publication phase<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Conceptual Phase and Computer<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The conceptual phase consists of formulation of research problem, extensive literature survey, theoretical frame work and developing the hypothesis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Computer helps in searching the existing literature in the relevant field of research. It helps in finding the relevant existing research papers so that researcher can find out the gap from the existing literature. Computers help for searching the literatures and bibliographic reference stored in the electronic database of the World Wide Web\u2019s.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">It can be used for storing relevant published articles to the retrieved whenever needed. This has the advantage over searching the literatures in the form of journals, books and other newsletters at the libraries which consume considerable amount of time and effort.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Bibliographic references can also be stored in World Wide Web. In the latest computers, references can be written easily in different styles. Researcher need not visit libraries .It helps to increase time for research. It helps researchers to know how theoretical framework can be built.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Design and Planning Phase and Computer<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Computer can be used for, deciding population sample, questionnaire designing and data collection. They are different internet sites which help to design questionnaire. Software\u2019s can be used to calculate the sample size. It makes pilot study of the research possible. In pilot study, sample size calculation, standard deviations are required. Computer helps in doing all these activities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Role of Computers in Data collection phase<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Empirical phase consists of collecting and preparing the data for analysis:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In research studies, the preparation and computation of data are the most labor-intensive and time consuming aspect of the work. Typically the data will be initially recorded on a questionnaire or record for suitable for its acceptance by the computer. To do this the researcher in connection with the statistician and the programmer, will convert the data into Microsoft word file or excel spreadsheet or any statistical software data file. These data can be directly used with statistical\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Software\u2019s for analysis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data collection and Storage:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The data obtained from the research subjects are stored in computes in the form of word files or excel spread sheets or any statistical software data file. This has the advantage of making\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">necessary corrections or editing the whole layout of the tables if needed, which is impossible or time consuming incase of writing in hand written. Thus, computers help in data editing, data entry, and data management including follow up actions etc. computers also allow for greater flexibility in recording and processing the data while they are collected as well as greater ease during the analysis of these data.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data exposition:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The researchers are anxious about seeing the data: what they look like; how they are distributed etc. Researchers also examine different dimension of variables or plot them in various charts using a statistical application.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data Analysis and Computer:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data Analysis and Computer phase consist of the analysis of data, interpretation and hypothesis testing. Data analysis phase consist of statistical analysis of the data and interpretation of results. Data analysis and interpretation can be done with the help of computers. For data analysis, software\u2019s available. These software help in using the techniques for analysis like average, percentage, correlation and all the mathematical calculations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Software\u2019s used for data analysis are SPSS, STATA, SYSAT etc. Computers are useful not only for statistical analysis, but also to monitor the accuracy and completeness of the data as they are collected. This software\u2019s also display the results in graphical chart or graph form.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Computers are used in interpretation also. They can check the accuracy and authenticity of data. It helps is drafting tables by which a researcher can interpret the results easily. These tables give a clear proof of the interpretation made by researcher.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Role of Computer in Research Publication<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">After interpretation, computer helps is converting the results into a research article or report which can be published. This phase consists of preparation of the report or presentation of the results, i.e., formal write-up of conclusions reached. This is the research publication phase. The research article, research paper, research thesis or research dissertation is typed in word\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">processing software and converted to portable data format (PDF) and stored and\/or published in the world wide web. Online sites are available through we can convert our word file into any format like html, pdf etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Various online applications are also available for this purpose. Even one can prepare our document using online word processing software and can store\/edit\/access it from anywhere using internet.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">References and computer:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">After completing the word document, a researcher need to give source of the literature studied and discussed in references. Computers also help in preparing references. References can be written in different styles. All the details of author\u2019s journals, publication volume Books can be filled in the options \u201creference\u201f given in computer and it automatically change the information into the required style. Software used to manage the references.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">A researcher needs not to worry about remembering all the articles from where literature in taken, it can be easily managed with the help of computers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Simulation:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Simulation <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">is the <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imitation\">imitation <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">of the operation of a real-world process or system over <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Time\">time.<\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Simulation is used in many contexts, such as simulation of <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Technology\">technology <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">for performance optimization, <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Safety_engineering\">safety engineering, <\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Experiment\">testing, <\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Training\">training, <\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Education\">education, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">and <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_game\">video games. <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Often, <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computer_experiment\">computer<\/a> <a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computer_experiment\">experiments <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">are used to study simulation models. Simulation can be used to show the eventual real effects of alternative conditions and courses of action. Simulation is mainly used when the real system cannot be engaged, because it may not be accessible, or it may be dangerous or unacceptable to engage, or it is being designed but not yet built, or it may simply not exist. Using computers the simulation in research carried out in various fields.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Role of Computers in Scientific Research:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">There are various computer applications used in scientific research. Some of the most important applications used in scientific research are data storage, data analysis, scientific simulations, instrumentation control and knowledge sharing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data Storage<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Experimentation is the basis of scientific research. Scientific experiment in any of the natural sciences generates a lot of data that needs to be stored and analyzed to derive important conclusions, to validate or disprove hypotheses. Computers attached with experiential apparatuses, directly record data as its generated and subject it to analysis through specially designed software. Data storage is possible in SPSS data file, lotus spreadsheet, excel spreadsheet, DOS text file etc<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Analyzing Huge number of statistical data is made possible using specially designed algorithms that are implemented by computers. This makes the extremely time-consuming job of data analysis to be matter of a few minutes. In genetic engineering, computers have made the sequencing of the entire human genome possible. Data got from different sources can be stored and accessed via computer networks set up in research labs, which makes collaboration simpler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Scientific Simulations<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">One of the prime uses of computers in pure science and engineering projects is the running of simulations. A simulation is a mathematical modeling of a problem and a virtual study of its possible solutions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">For example, astrophysicists carry out structure formation simulations, which are aimed at studying how large-scale structures like galaxies are formed. Space missions to the Moon, satellite launches and interplanetary missions are first simulated on computers to determine the best path that can be taken by the launch vehicle and spacecraft to reach its destination safely.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Instrumentation Control<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Most advanced scientific instruments come with their own on-board computer, which can be programmed to execute various functions. For example, the Hubble Space Craft has its own onboard computer system which is remotely programmed to probe the deep space. Instrumentation control is one of the most important applications of computers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Knowledge Sharing through Internet<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In the form of Internet, computers have provided an entirely new way to share knowledge. Today, anyone can access the latest research papers that are made available for free on websites. Sharing of knowledge and collaboration through the Internet has made international cooperation on scientific projects possible.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Through various kinds of analytical software programs, computers are contributing to scientific Research in every discipline, ranging from biology to astrophysics, discovering new patterns and providing novel insights.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">When the work in neural network based artificial intelligence advances and computers are granted with the ability to learn and think for them, future advances in technology and research will be even more rapid.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Tools and Applications Used In the Research Process <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Statistical Analysis Tool: SPSS<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">SPSS is the most popular tool for statisticians. SPSS stands for Statistical Package for Social Sciences.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">It provides all analysis facilities like following and many more.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Provides Data view &amp; variable view<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Measures of central tendency &amp; dispersion<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Statistical inference<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Correlation &amp; Regression analysis<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Analysis of variance<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Non parametric test<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Hypothesis tests: T-test, chi-square, z-test, ANOVA, Bipartite variable\u2026.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Multivariate data analysis<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Frequency distribution<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data exposition by using various graphs like line, scatter, bar, ogive, histogram,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">pie chart\u2026<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data Analysis Tool:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Spreadsheet Packages<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">A spreadsheet is a computer application that simulates a paper worksheet. It displays multiple cells that together make up a grid consisting of rows and columns, each cell containing eitheral phanumeric text or numeric values. Microsoft Excel is popular spreadsheet software. Others spreadsheet packages are Lotus 1-2-3Quattro Pro, Javeline Plus, Multiplan, VisiCalc, Supercalc, Plan Perfect etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Other Statistical Tool<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">SAS, S-Plus, LISREL, Eviews etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Word Processor Packages<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">A word processor (more formally known as document preparation system) is a computer application used for the production (including composition, editing, formatting, and possibly printing) of any sort of printable material.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The word processing packages are Microsoft Word, WordStar, Word perfect ,Amipro etc. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Presentation Software<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">A presentation program is a computer software package used to display information, normally in the form of a slide show. It typically includes three major functions: an editor that allows text inserted and formatted a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images and a slideshow system to display the content. The presentation packages are Microsoft Power point, Lotus Freelance Graphics, Corel Presentations, Apple keynote etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">DATABASE MANAGEMENT PACKAGES (DBMS)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Database is an organized collection of information. A DBMS is a software designed to manage adatabase. Various Desktop Databases are Microsoft Access, Paradox, Dbase or DbaseIII+, FoxBase, Foxpro\/ Visual Foxpro, FileMaker Procommercial Database Servers that supports multiuser are Oracle, Ms-SQL Server, Sybase, Ingres, Informix, DB2 UDB (IBM), Unify, Integral, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Open source Database packages are <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Firebird etc. BROWSERS\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">A web browser is a software application which enables a user to display and interact with text, images, videos, music, games and other information typically located on a Web page at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Examples are Microsoft Internet explorer, Mozilla firefox, Opera, Netscape navigator, Chrome.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">CONCLUSION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Computer has helped in serving the difficulties faced by human beings. By the passing of time, computers have been reduced from a size of room to six of human palm. Computer performs many functions and does variety of jobs with speed and accuracy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Today, life has become impossible without computers. It is used in Schools, Colleges and has become indispensable part of every business or profession. Research is also an area where computer are playing a major role.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Use of computer in research in science is so extensive that it is difficult to conceive today are search project without computer. Many research studies cannot be carried out without use of computer particularly those involving complex computations, data analysis and modeling. Computer in scientific research is used at all stages starts from study, proposal\/budget stage to submission\/presentation of findings.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>you can view video on Application of Computer in Research<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/jCoskSHV_Ew\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Web links:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computer\">https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computer<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/journals\/computers-and...research\">https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/journals\/computers-and&#8230;research<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">www.sciencedirect.com\/journal\/computers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"menu_order":9,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["mrs-p-g-padma-gowri"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[62],"license":[],"class_list":["post-58","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-mrs-p-g-padma-gowri"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp16\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/58","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp16\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp16\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp16\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp16\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/58\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":62,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp16\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/58\/revisions\/62"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp16\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp16\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/58\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp16\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=58"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp16\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=58"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp16\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=58"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp16\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=58"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}