49 Bibliography, End Note, Foot Note, Appendix, Abstract & Article Writing

S. Gandhimathi

epgp books

 

 

 

 

End note

 

End note means citing a particular source and small explanation about a particular content in the research paper or research theses at the end. It is arranged sequentially in relation to where the reference appears in the paper.

 

Footnote

 

Foot notes mean that writing notes or particular source about a particular content at the end of the page of the thesis or research paper.

 

Advantages of Using Endnotes

  1. Endnotes give clarity about a particular content.
  2. It gives brief idea about the text

 Disadvantages of Using Endnotes

  • If you want to look at the text of a particular endnote, we have to refer entire research paper.
  • We have remember both chapter number and end note number to find out correct one.
  • Sometimes endnotes may carry a negative understanding

Advantages of Using Footnotes

  • Easy identification of source note is possible in end note.
  • It is less time consuming to refer by linking the footnote and the subject of the text.
  • Footnotes are automatically created when typing pages.

Disadvantages of Using Footnotes

  • The overall look of the page may be affected due to footnotes.
  • When there are tables and charts, then we must decide where the footnotes should appear.
  • When the footnotes are too long, it may dominate the page.

Things to keep in mind when considering using either endnotes or footnotes in your research paper:

  • Footnotes must be numbered continuously. Then only easy identification is possible.
  • It is better to avoid lengthy footnote.
  • The footnote is considered as outdated in academic writing. End note is prepared.

Abstract.

 

The abstract of an article is the brief content of the full paper. The need for the study, objectives of the study and the conclusion of the study must be given.

 

How to write an article

 

Framing of research question. Based on the research questions, the objectives of the study are framed. The background and the need for the study must be quoted strongly with available statistics and information.

 

Structure of the paper

 

Usually the structure of the paper includes the abstract, introduction, review of literature, methodology, results and discussion, conclusion and suggestion, references. The basic structure of a typical research paper is the sequence of Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion (sometimes abbreviated as IMRAD).

 

In the introduction part write clearly the background and need for the study, state the broad objectives of the study, specific objectives of the study and hypotheses of the study.

 

Review of literature:It consists of earlier studies in the stated research area. Relevant review of literature must be given in respective of headings which must in accordance with the objectives of the study

 

Methodology: It consists of the selection of the study area or selection of the research problem, sources of data, period of the study, statistical tools used and estimation issues, definition of the terms used and limitation of the study.

 

Results and Discussion: It must include the findings of the study and discussion of the research paper. The research findings of the study must be arranged in accordance with the objectives of the study. The discussion of the findings include comparing of current findings with earlier findings.

 

Summary and Conclusion: Summarize the findings of the study and write the conclusion and suggestion without repetition and opt to the society based on the empirical findings of the findings.

 

Table 1

  • Typical structure of a research paper
  • Introduction
  • State what is the reason for selecting the research problem
  • State what is the gap in the current knowledge
  • State what are the objectives of the study
  • Methodology
  • Selection of the study area and rationale for studying a particular problem
  • Identify and specify the ‘population’ (patients, doctors, hospitals, etc.)
  • Frame the sampling design
  • Identify variables based on earlier studies
  • State the sources of data, method of data collection and period of the study

Write the estimation issues and specify the models

 

1. Results

  • Report on data collection and recruitment (response rates, etc.)
  • Describe participants (demographic, clinical condition, etc.)
  • Present the research findings with comparison of earlier studies
  • Present secondary findings (secondary outcomes, subgroup analyses, etc.)
  • Present the implication of the present study
  • Analyse the strength and weakness of the study
  • State the scope for the future research

Twenty Steps to Writing a Research Article

 

Decide the list of authors. First decide the list of authors based on their contribution to the research work. The corresponding and co authors must be decided.

 

It is better to write before the experiments are complete. When we do like this, some new ideas may come.

 

Decide the time to publish. Whether the publication will reflect the complete story. Decide is it time to publish.

 

Decide the title and abstract

 

The title of the study should capture the central theme of the research paper. The abstract should highlight the main content of the study.

 

Decide about the format of the study. There are three basic formats for peer reviewed research papers.

 

Full length papers. It uses complete introduction, review of literature, methodology and results and discussion. This format is called IMRAD format.

 

Short communications: This type of research paper may not be written as full length paper. It is not very comprehensive. It is only a brief paper but will highlight the full length paper. These papers also make a significant contribution to the literature. Their length will be set by the journal but is usually 3500 words or less and will contain up to 2 tables and   figures. Unlike full papers, methods, results, and discussions may be combined into a single section.

 

Rapid communications:  These type of articles will give only hot findings of the study

 

7. Select the journal.

 

It must be peer reviewed journal and UGC approved journal and very quality journal..

 

Focus: What is the Discipline of the journal? for example, is it clinical or basic, theoretical or applied?

 

Indexing: See that whether the journal is indexed in main electronic data bases. Is it indexed in google scholar, thomson reuters, Medline, Biological Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, or Current Contents, scopus?

 

Availability: Whether the journal is available in both print and online. Whether the journal has high impact factor and world level?

 

Reputation:  Whether it is reputed journal or not?

 

Format: See the format of the text of the selected journals. See the font size, font type and style. Refer the instructions to the authors in the journals. Charges: Some journals are the paid journals. Check for the charges of the journals. Some journals receive charges only for processing the articles.

 

8.  Start to write the full paper as in the stated format of the selected journal. *9. Frame the tables, figures, and legends.

 

11. Document the first draft. Write the first draft of the entire manuscript.

 

12. Revise the manuscript.. First see that is there any gap in the paper and check for continuity.

 

Make changes if it is needed

 

Polish the text: and check for correct grammar and spelling.

 

Format the document:

 

13. Check the references.essary.

 

16. Prepare the final illustrations. Ensure that your tables, figures, and figure legends are complete, clear, self-contained, and in the format required by the journal. Do not allow any chance for misunderstanding.

 

17. Get feedback on your manuscript and then revise your manuscript again.

 

18. Submit the manuscript to the editor.

 

19.  Follow the submission and the reviewers comments. If the reviewers ask to recorrect and resubmit the paper. Do the needful.

 

Bibliography

 

Each and every research work is based on a set of literatures which forms the foundation for the research theme. This includes identification of the broader area of research and then narrow-downing the specific research issues which are not yet tried by other researchers. Further, the literatures are helpful for using appropriate tools of analysis. So, bibliography is an alphabetical catalogue of different literatures which are used in the research.

 

The references can be classified into journals, books, magazines, newspapers, research studies, etc. These are illustrated below.

 

Journal Articles:

 

The articles which are taken from journals should be included in the bibliography as per the following format.

 

Author(s), Title of the article, Name of the Journal, Volume of the journal, Issue number of the volume, Year of publication, From to numbers of the pages of the article.

 

A few examples of journal publications are presented below. If the number of authors is more than two, it is preferable to use et al., after the first author.

 

Panneerselvam, R. and Oudaya Sankar, C., ‘New heuristics for assembly line balancing problems’, International Journal of Management and Systems, Vol.9,No.1, 1993, pp.25-36.

 

Panneerselvam, R., et al., ‘Model for warehouse location problem’, International Journal of Management and Systems, Vol.6, 1990, pp.1-8.

 

Shah,  A.M.,  ‘Environmental  factors  for  strategy  formulation’,  Productivity,Vol.36, No.3, 1996, pp.594-599.

 

Books:

 

If some of the items from a book are referred in a research, the format to include that book in the research report is as given below:

 

Author(s), Title of the book, Name of the publisher, Place of publication, Year of publication. Some examples of such reference are as shown below:

 

Gopalakrishnan, P. and M.Sundaresan, Materials Management: An integrated Approach, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1979.

 

Green, P.E. et al., Research for Marketing Decisions, Prentice-Hall, New Delhi, 1988.

 

Panneerselvam, R., Operations Research, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi, 2002.

 

Articles in a book:

 

The format of an article in a book is as shown below and it is demonstrated with some sample articles.

 

Name of the author(s), Title of the article, Title of the book, Name of the Editor, Name of the Publisher, Pages, Year of publication.

 

Panneerselvam, R., ‘Integrated business logistic – a tool for effective supply chain management’, Supply chain Management, Sahay, B.S., (Ed.), Macmillan India Limited, pp.336-346, 1999.

 

Prem  Virat,  ‘  Supply chain  management  in  India:  problems  and  challenges’, Supply Chain Management, Sahay, B.S. (Ed.), Macmillan India Limited, pp.10-24, 1999.

 

Government Publications

 

Ministry of Law, Government of India, The Copyright Act, 14 of 1957, Delhi, The Manager of Publications, 1960, p.10.

 

Conference articles

 

The format of an article in a conference proceedings is, as shown below, it is demonstrated with some sample articles:

 

Name of the author(s), Title of the articles, Name of Conference proceedings, Place of the conference, Dates-month-year of the conference, Pages if applicable.

 

In some conferences, only abstracts of the articles will be published in which case pages are not applicable.

 

Pires, S.R.I. et al., ‘Measuring supply chain performance’, Proceedings of the Twelth Annual Conference of the Production and Operations Management Society, POM-2001, Orlando, March 30 – April 2, 2001.

 

Senthilkumar,  P.  et  al.,  ‘Algorithm  for  AGVS  scheduling’,  Proceedings  of National Convention of Indian Institution of Industrial Engineering, September 7-8, 2001, pp.42-46.

 

Articles in Newspapers

 

Preeti Mishra, ‘Super computing and drug discovery’. The Hindu, Vol.125, No.298, p.17, December 19, 2002

 

Shankar, T.S., ‘Aircraft maintenance: anticipate and manage’, The Hindu, Vol.125, No.298, p.17, December 19, 2002.

 

More than one item of author(s)

 

Panneerselvam R., ‘Efficient heuristics for total covering problem’, Productivity, Vol.36, No.4, 1996, pp.649-657.

 

Panneerselvam R., ‘Production and operations management’, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1999.

 

Research Studies

 

Narayanan, S., Development of New efficient heuristic for deterministic assembly line balancing problem, Unpublished Ph.D.Thesis, School of Management, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, November, 2000.

 

Panneerselvam, R., ‘Algorithmic grouping of operation sequences as an aid to cellular production system’, Unpublished Ph.D.Thesis, Industrial Engineering Division, Anna University, Chennai, August 1986.

 

When the contribution of author(s) is referred in the main text of the report, the respective authors’ names and year of publication separated by comma are enclosed when parentheses immediately after the point of reference (Panneerselvam, 2002). If the name of the author of a book / article is a part of a sentence, then the year of publication of the article alone should be enclosed within parentheses immediately after the name of the author(s), Panneerselvam (2002).

 

If the article corresponding to the location indicated by ‘*’ in the main text of a report is to be shown as footnotes, then the same is presented as given below at the bottom of the respective page.

 

Panneerselvam, 2002 or Panneerselvam, R., Operations Research, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 2002.

 

Appendices

 

Each and every chapter of the text in a research report should be crisp so as to enable the readers to have quick grasp of its content. Appendices help achieve such quick grasp of the content of each chapter of the report. Appendices are placed at the end of the report.

 

In a chapter, if there is any material whose absence within that chapter itself does not affect the flow of reading and grasp of the content, then it can be presented at the end of the report under the heading ‘Appendices’. The types of materials which are to be placed under appendices are as listed below.

 

The work of any past research which is used in the current report as a module;

 

The format of the questionnaire;

 

Original data;

 

Intermediate tables of any algorithm which are used in the report;

 

Some micro level charts and figures;

 

Long tables;

 

Organizational details.

 

Conclusion

 

Let us summarize, the end note, foot note, advantages of end note, foot note, how to write references, appendix and how to write an article etc were discussed. The above contents are necessary to write a research report or research paper. The end note and foot note give an idea about the main text of the research paper. Without bibliography, a research paper or research report could not be complete. The appendix in a research paper helps to include additional information in a research paper or research report. The method of writing of an article give a brief idea to write an article. For the detailed information and model, refer many web based resources.

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