29 Tabulation of Data

V. Vimala

INTRODUCTION

Tabulation of Data – The progression of placing off the record statistics/facts into tabular form is known as tabulation. A table is a symmetric display of arithmetical data in rows and columns. Rows are horizontally prepared whereas columns are perpendicularly prepared and presented. Tabulation is the method of summarizing classified or grouped data in the structure of a table so that it is very simply to understand, and where an examiner is promptly able to put the desired information in a systematic manner. Thus, a statistical table makes it possible for the researcher to present a huge mass data/information in a meticulous and systematic form. It facilitates association and regularly reveals certain patterns in data which are otherwise not evident. Classification and Tabulation, as a subject of reality are not two discrete processes. Truly they go together.

2. DEFINITION

Tabulation passes on to the meticulous arrangement of the information in to two forms (i.e., Column wise and row wise preparations). These columns and rows are systematically put in an order and are horizontally arranged. The records, facts of any data or statistics are tabulated and are represented in rectangular formation with appropriate headings to put together clearly all the information into special columns and rows. The most important intention of the table is to formulate simpler the figures / numbers and to facilitate comparisons.

3. OBJECTIVES OF TABULATION

The core objectives of tabulation are mentioned below:

To bring out investigation and for evaluation of data
To find omissions and errors in the data
(To employ space economically and learn the development trends and make things easier to understand the statistical figures for future reference
To facilitate the process of comparison, summarization and detections of computational errors

4. PRINCIPLES OF TABULATION

Tables should be comprehensible, concise and adequately titled.
Each and every table should be distinctly numbered for easy reference.
The heading in each and every column and rows in a table should be very clear, specific or relevant and brief.
Instructive footnotes should be placed at appropriate places in a table with a suitable indications
Source of information of data should be clearly indicated.
The columns and rows should be clearly separated with dark lines
Differentiation should also be made between data of one class and that of another.
Comparable data should be presented side by side.
The figures in percentage should be approximated before tabulation.
The alignment of the figures, symbols etc. should be properly aligned and adequately spaced to enhance the readability of the same.
Abbreviations should be avoided.

5. IMPORTANCE OF TABULATION

Information or any statistics presented in a table should be alienated into different dimensions and for each dimension should be clearly mention the grand totals and sub totals to show the associations between different dimensions of data put in the tabular form easy understand.
(The preparations of any statistics should be arranged in a systematic manner with a heading and proper numberings which simply helps the readers to recognize the necessary responsibility to the research.
Tabulation builds the data into concise form; as a result, it helps the reader to understand easily. This data can also be presented in the form of graphs/charts/flow charts/ diagrams.
The data in tabular form can be shown in the numerical figures in an attention-grabbing form.
It makes difficult data into a simpler form and as a result it becomes easy to categorize within the data.
Tabulation type of the arrangement is helpful in knowing the mistakes.
Tables will be helpful in condensing the information and makes easy to examine the contents.
Tabulation is economical mode to put the current data and helps to minimize the time and in turn researcher will able perform the work effectively.
Recently the formation of tabular information with the help of gadgets easily summaries the large data which is scattered in a systematic.

6.PREPARATION OF TABLES

Preparation of any data or information should be in a proficiency manner. Following are few of doctrine which a research should be followed for the purpose of preparing a faultless or clear table are listed below:

6.1. Table Number: The number of the table must be positioned at the central point on the top of the table.

6.2. Title: Every table should have required suitable heading.

6.3. Captions and stubs: It includes the perpendicular column’s headings with horizontal row’s headings.

6.4. Head notes: It is clear statement given below the title which clarifies the contents of the table.

6.5. Body: The data in a tabular form should be put all the facts and figures and it should be presented in a systematic manner.

6.6. Source: The basis from which the data were obtained should be specifically given such as the names, pages with number; table numbers from where the data had been took.

Format of Tabulation of Data and Parts of a Table

The textual display of statistics of the selected students in University should be shown in the below tabular form. The arrangement of students related information in a University are taken on the basis of their discipline (examples – Science and Commerce) they chosen for the admission for the academic year 2016 and 2017

Source: Survey Data (2016 – 2017) Note : M = Male, F = Female and T = Total

Tabulation of data involves the counting of responses – the researcher requirements to categorize how many (in per cent) respondents specially chosen for each reasonable response choice. Normally, research assessment questions dive into closed-ended and open-ended categories-

6.7. Closed-ended questions are previously put up for straightforwardness of tabulation. Valuable response normal values are designed in the investigative analysis from the survey for the respondent to decide on and allowing for uncomplicated tabulation of the result without the required for complex data mistreatment for analysis.

6.8. Open-ended questions are commonly not in a “ready-to-tabulate” formation. In order to regulate quantitatively, analyze open – ended comments, the responses must first be “coded” to allow for tabulation. Coding is regularly instruction manual procedure of assemblage individual responses into categories. Once coded into standardized numeric values, results can readily be tabulated in the same way as closed-ended data.

7. TYPES OF TABULATION

There are three type of tabulation

7.1. Simple Tabulation

7.2. Double Tabulation and

7.3. Complex Tabulation (including Cross-tabulation)

7.1. Simple Tabulation – The statistics are tabulated to one distinctive format.

For illustration, In a class, a pilot study was made on 07.07.2017 that clearly showed that the level of frequency of all the selected students owning different brands of Pens like Mont Blanc, Cello, Reynolds, Camlin, Sheaffer, Papermate, Shanghai Hero, Parker, A.T.Cross, Aurora etc.

7.2. Double Tabulation – Two exclusive or different data are tabulated.

For example, regularly the number of girls and boys in the class owning different brand of Lap tops like Apple, IBM,HP, Lenovo, Sony, Acer, Dell etc.

Source: Survey Data (2016 – 2017)

7.3. Complex Tabulation – Complex tabulation of figures includes extra data than two characteristics.

For instance, in the research study, the regularity or number of girls, boys and the total class owning special brands of laptops like Apple, IBM, Dell, etc. Cross tabulations, which includes classifying the various factors, to build it eventuality in a table of counts or frequencies at each one grouping of dynamic levels? An occurrence of table is a put on demonstrate set-up which used to inspect and trace the prospective correlation among two or more unconditional variables.

For instance, the pilot study was undertaken on 16.07.2017 and investigation was done on the number of students having special brands of laptops including boys and girls whose age group fall under 21, 22 and 23. The main purpose of this is to cross tabulation the data that could be a postulation of both boys and girls who owes special type of laptop due to a selective age group.

7.4. Simple Problems on Tabulation

(i) In a Pilot study about vegetarians and Non-vegetarians food habits or life style boys and girls in two metropolitan cities, the below mention information was taken:
Chennai: Girls were 40 per cent; Total vegetarians were 45 per cent and Boys non-vegetarians were 20 per cent.
Coimbatore: Boys were 55 per cent, Boys non-vegetarians were 30 per cent and Girls vegetarians were 15 per cent.

From the above information you are requires to prepare a table.

Solution:

Table Showing the Food habits of Chennai and Coimbatore cities

(ii) Transforming the ratios into corresponding numbers prepare a complete table for the following information. Give a suitable title to the table.

In the year 2016 the total strength of students of three Universities namely, Madras University, Delhi University and Mysore University in a three different cities 4:2:5. The strength of the Delhi University was 2000. The Proportion of girls and boys in all university ratios 2:3. The faculty-wise distribution of boys and girls in the faculties of Arts, Science and Commerce was in the ratio 1:2:2 in the three universities.

Solution

The data of the above problem is summarized in the below table.

Distribution of Students According to Faculty and University in the year 2016

8. TECHNIQUES OF TABULATION

Tabulation is a performance and skills to identify with the intricate information in a simple and methodical outline. The focal objectives of the course of action in tabulation performance are as follows:

The core function of the tables is to shorten the multifarious information so that it can be easily understood.
Statistics are separated into various divisions and for each division. As the information arranged in a table either division wise with a label and a number identified easily with the titles
The statistical data are presented in a concise manner.

RULES OF TABULATION

With respect to the table formation there is no proper or hard and fast set of laws for the tabulation of data but for constructing systematic tables, below certain commons rules should be followed while arranging the statistical data:

The very first rule is to frame the proper title or label for each table and it should be systematically numbered in a sequential order and title of table must be written exactly above the table.
The table should be perfectly fit proper width of the column in a standard form
The table Captions, heading, sub-headings for each and every columns and heading including the sub headings of rows and contents must be very clear.
Statistics in each and every column and row should be properly specified in the title. Heading in each column is called caption and Names of the each rows is known as stub.
Feasible statistics is approximately put in to tabulation.
Information provided in a table must be recorded in alphabetical/ chronological order or according to size.

DATA TABULATION AND ANALYSIS

Data Analysis Plan because such a sketch is part of good statistical practice. The benefit of preparing a Data Analysis Plan at the pilot study includes many planning stage. This should follow few steps such as

(a) highlighting the data variables which are really required to achieve the research aim, e.g. the consequence of all information in a research instrument in the study can be ascertain by inspection whether they enter everywhere in the analysis plan;

(b) to locate typical data for analysts, it should follow few conditions such as designing the outline, headings, font sizes, spacing, etc., and

(c) delineate the table, create and analysis techniques to have a clear protocol, thus enabling the analysis to be completely quickly and efficiently.

Data Tabulation and Analysis

11. MERITS OF TABULATIONS

Statistical data arranged in a tabular form serve following objectives:

It simplifies the complex information to understand easy.
It will help to make comparison of related facts and facilitates computation of various statistical measures like averages, dispersion, correlation etc.
It presents facts in a nutshell and avoids unnecessary repetitions and explanations are avoided. Moreover, the needed information can be easily located.
Tabulated data are good for references and they make it easier to present the information in the form of graphs and diagrams

LIMITATIONS OF TABULATION

Tabulation has few limitations:

Tables contain only numerical data and Qualitative expression.
Tables helps to draw conclusion where it finds that normal lay man cannot understand properly

CONCLUSION

To summaries, the set of information collected and verified is done on the basis of homogeneity and reliability, it wishes to be sum up and open a clear and compact mode to highlight the relevant features of statistics. Both categorization and tabulation enhance the readability and magnetism of the data, by presenting the statistics in a simpler manner that looks more appealing to the readers or researchers. To end with, it should be stressed out that the tabulation plan is one of the most vital credentials in the census groundwork and organization process. A foremost attempt is required to prepare it. Once it is all set it should seldom be changed unless mistakes are found and even then, it is essential to validate that adequate possessions are available to undertake the new actions.

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Web links

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