{"id":85,"date":"2019-07-10T05:22:33","date_gmt":"2019-07-10T05:22:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hsp14.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&p=85"},"modified":"2019-07-10T05:34:12","modified_gmt":"2019-07-10T05:34:12","slug":"womens-employment","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp14\/chapter\/womens-employment\/","title":{"rendered":"Women\u2019s Employment"},"content":{"raw":"
\"epgp<\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n
\r\n\r\nIntroduction<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

Women represent about 48 percent of the total population in India. However, in the employment market, women\u2019s participation is much lower.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

National statistics show that out of the 459 million employed population, women constitute only about 148 million.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

Even of this, only about 50.16 Lakhs or 5 million women are in organized sectors and 120 million are in unorganized sectors.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

The societal value of women\u2019s work and non-conducive work environment in unorganized sector are critical issues to women\u2019s participation in employment.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

Women juggle with the double burden \u2013 i) managing household work and ii) complement family income.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

The complication and \u2018invisibility\u2019 of women\u2019s productive work and \u2018poor\u2019 conditions of work are now debated widely.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

More appropriately, the \u2018triple burdens\u2019on women \u2013 i) paid work, ii) housework, and iii) child\/elder care \u2013 influence to a great extent on the type of work and the availability of work for women in society.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

Moreover, the existing socio-cultural norms define \u2018acceptable\u2019 work and delimit women\u2019s participation and force them to engage in unorganized rather than organized sectors.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

In fact, prime age group women (b\/w 15-59 years) engage themselves in principal duties of home\/domestic responsibilities.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

However, most vulnerable to economic exploitation are the poor, illiterate and women and girl children from rural areas.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

Moreover, discrimination of women at the workplace is ever present in both unorganized and organized sectors.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

These are the poor working conditions and environment, long duration and short durability of work, lower earnings and higher wage gaps, lack of labour rights and welfare, and lack of safety and security conditions at work for women in both sectors.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Widespread unregulated conditions at work lead to exploitation that are manifested in different ways, from gender-based harassment to sexual harassment.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Gender discrimination, job-typing, and occupational segregation are not always explicit but exist implicitly, directly or indirectly, at home\/work\/community\/society.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Gender based discrimination in employment is profound and evident in the recruitment process:<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Nature of work, Opportunity of training and capacity building, Evaluation of work performance, Fixing of wages and incentives, Denial to take-up rewarding work, Denial of promotion, Glass-ceiling to leadership position, Sexual favours, and so on.<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Module Objectives <\/strong>are to educate students on the<\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 History of Women and Work\r\n\r\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Women in the Economy of Today\r\n\r\n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Factors that affect Women in the Workplace\r\n\r\n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Effects of Work on Women\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nHistory of Women and Work<\/strong>\r\n