15 Women in Management

J. Arthi

epgp books

 

 

 

 

1. INTRODUCTION

 

The rapid pace of economic development has increased the demand for educated female work force almost in all fields. India generates 14 per cent of the global talent pool, among which are the 5.5 million women entering India’s workforce each year, all tremendously driven to succeed.

 

Women play a crucial role in the overall growth of a country as they comprise half the human resources of a nation. They have enormous potential to elevate a nation which faces several issues gearing towards global super power.

 

2.OBJECTIVES

 

The key learning objectives are:

  1.  To identify the status of women in management broadly
  2. To comprehend the presence of women administrators in higher education, corporate sector and national/international organisations.
  3. To understand the impact of women in the board or in top administration.
  4. To assess the challenges in the road to success of women in different arena.
  5.  To inspire the learners through the success stories.
  6. To equip with adequate knowledge and build confidence to face hurdles in the learners career paths.

3. WOMEN IN HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR

 

Despite their high numbers, women are rarely seen playing managerial roles in higher education sector. To change this, the University Grants Commission (UGC) has initiated workshops for female college teachers that aim to motivate the participants and raise their aspiration levels. Women academicians all over the world, particularly in management, are badly under-represented in the university system, and dominant male culture still prevails. There is also an increasing gender disparity when it comes to top positions and influence in higher education contrasted with industry counterparts, while women are beginning to ‘break the glass ceiling’ in all sectors of industry (Women occupy 5 per cent in board level positions in India, Deloitte Report, 2013).

 

In India, 44% of 12 million higher education students are women – yet only 3% of vice-chancellors are women. By comparison, 14% of UK vice-chancellors are women and in Sweden, 43% of heads of universities are women.

 

Just 30,000 women are enrolled in PhD programmes in India. While women take up positions of responsibility, progress is not noteworthy and typically limited to the big cities; a study by India’s University Grants Commission has shown.

 

According to the 2011 census, the total literacy rate in India is 74.04%. The female literacy rate is 65.46% and male literacy rate is 82.14%. India has 544 university-level institutions, which includes 261 state universities, 73 state private universities, 42 central universities, 130 deemed universities, 33 institutions of national importance and five institutions established under various state legislations, according to the HRD Annual Report 2010-11. India has 79 Centrally-funded institutions, which includes 15 Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), 11 Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) and 30 National Institutes of Technology (NITs), as per the report. In most of the institutions the representation of women at higher level is low. Only three per cent of vice-chancellors in India are women, with six of the 13 female vice chancellors found at women-only institutions.

 

The following section portrays few academic leaders who are successful and who have laid down the path for being a successful administrator.

 

3.1  Dr.   Vidya    Yeravdekar,   Principal-Director    Symbiosis Society manages 37 educational institutions including the Symbiosis International University, Pune. Founded by her father the legendary Dr. S.B. Mujumdar in 1971, the Symbiosis Group now comprises 37 education institutions spread across 19 campuses with an aggregate enrolment of 27,000 students. In 2001, Yeravdekar at her father’s invitation took charge as Joint Director and later Principal-Director of the society, and manages all day-to-day operations and expansion initiatives of the group. Under Yeravdekar’s leadership over the past decade the Symbiosis Group has expanded rapidly promoting a campus in Dubai and acquiring 300 acres of land in Pune to construct a Symbiosis Knowledge Village.

 

3.2  Inderjit Kaur

 

As she grew up, Inderjit Kaur studied at Patiala’s Victoria Girls School. She pursued her studies in Lahore, where she did her BT at RB Sohan Lal Training College. She earned an MA in Philosophy from Government College, Lahore

 

Before the result of her examinations was out, she became a teacher at Victoria Girls Intermediate College, which she officially joined on December 16, 1946.

 

Inderjit Kaur a lady of modern thoughts with rich experience, held two of the top positions in India. She was the first woman Vice-Chancellor in north India.

 

After playing the role of Vice-Chancellor successfully, she went on to become Chairperson of Staff Selection Commission, New Delhi, a top all-India recruiting agency for the Government of India.

 

3.3  Thoudam Prabha Devi

 

Hard work, perseverance and courage have made Thoudam Prabha Devi from Manipur the youngest woman vice-chancellor of an Indian university. A resident of Wangkhei in Imphal East, Prabha (40) started her career from a private school in the early nineties. Today, she is the Vice Chancellor of Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women’s (JVW) University, Jaipur.

 

4. WOMEN IN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS

 

Though there were voices for Women Empowerment globally, it is a surprise to note that heads of various national and international organisations are predominantly male. It is quite amazing to learn that the women administrators heading such organisations have wide experience and had really made themselves deserving to be at the top with all right qualities.

 

4.1  United  Nations  Educational,   Scientific    and      Cultura Organization (UNESCO)

 

Irina Georgieva Bokova (born 12 July 1952) is a Bulgarian politician and the incumbent Director-General of UNESCO. As Director-General of UNESCO, Bokova is has taken international efforts to improve gender equality, improve education and cutoff funding for terrorism by increasing efforts to fight piracy of intellectual goods On 31 March 2014, Bokova was officially awarded Bulgaria’s highest national honour – the Order of Stara Planina (1st class) by president Rosen Plevneliev for her extremely significant merits to Bulgaria, bringing about an enhancement in world peace and security indicators, and the development of political and cultural exchanges at the maximum levels. A person of very high distinction with more than 20 doctor honoris causa from several leading institutions.

 

4.2  United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

 

Helen Clark became the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme on 17 April 2009, and is the first woman to lead the organization. She is also the Chair of the United Nations Development Group, a committee comprising of the heads of all UN funds, programmes and departments working on development issues.

 

Prior to her appointment with UNDP, Helen Clark served for nine years as Prime Minister of New Zealand, serving three successive terms from 1999 – 2008. Throughout her tenure as Prime Minister, Helen Clark spent most of her time in policy development and advocacy across the international, economic, social and cultural spheres. Under her leadership, New Zealand achieved significant economic growth, low levels of unemployment, and high levels of investment in education and health, and in the well-being of families and older citizens. As Prime Minister, Helen Clark was a member of the Council of Women World Leaders, an international network of current and former women presidents and prime ministers whose mission is to mobilize the highest-level women leaders globally for collective action on issues of key importance to women and equitable development.

 

4.3  World Food Programme (WFP)

 

Josette Sheeran (born 1954) has been President and CEO of the Asia Society since May 2013. Previously Sheeran was Vice Chairman of the World Economic Forum. Sheeran assumed that position on the conclusion of her term at the World Food Programme. Prior to this post, she served as the United States Under Secretary for Economic, Business, and Agricultural Affairs in the State Department.In 2011 Forbes named her the world’s 30th most powerful woman.

 

4.4  World Health Organization (WHO

 

Margaret Chan Fung Fu-chun, OBE MD, DSc, MScPH, FFPHM, JP (born 1947 in Hong Kong) is the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO). Chan was elected by the Executive Board of WHO on 8 November 2006. Chan has previously served as Director of Health in the Hong Kong Government (1994–2003), representative of the WHO Director-General for Pandemic Influenza and WHO Assistant Director-General for Communicable Diseases(2003–2006). As of 2014, she is ranked as the 30th most powerful woman in the world according to Forbes.

 

4.5 United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navanethem “Navi” Pillay (born 23 September 1941) is a Sout African jurist who served as the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights from 2008 to 2014. A South African of Indian Tamil origin, she was the first non-white woman judge of the High Court of South Africa and she has also served as a judge of the International Criminal Court and President of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. During her 28 years as a lawyer in South Africa, she defended anti-Apartheid activists and publicised the use of torture and poor conditions of political detainees .When her husband was detained under the Apartheid laws, she fought against the police not to use unlawful methods of interogation .In 1973, she won the right for political prisoners on Robben Island, including Nelson Mandela, to have access to lawyers.

 

4.6  UN Women

 

In July 2010, the United Nations General Assembly created UN Women, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women. UN Member States took an historic step in accelerating the Organization’s goals on gender equality and the empowerment of women. The creation of UN Women came about as part of the UN reform agenda, bringing together resources and mandates for greater impact.

 

The UN Women Executive Director Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka advocates for a transformative and sustainable agenda for universal education to be provided by 2030, to help gender equality also are achieved by that same year.

 

4.7  Office of Gender Equality & Women’s Empowerment by USAID

 

Carla Koppell, is the Senior Coordinator for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment and a Senior Advisor to the USAID Administrator, U.S. Agency for International Development Carla Koppell currently serves as the US Agency for International Development Senior Coordinator for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment and a Senior Advisor to the USAID Administrator. In that role, she is spearheading enhancement of US development assistance efforts to serve and empower women around the world and ensure that programs are designed and implemented in a gender sensitive manner.

 

4.8  Office of Global Women’s Issues.

 

The Office works to promote stability, peace, and development by empowering women politically, socially, and economically around the world. The Secretary’s Office of Global Women’s Issues (S/GWI), headed by Ambassador Catherine M. Russell, seeks to ensure that women’s issues are fully integrated in the formulation and conduct of U.S. foreign policy.

Ambassador Catherine M Russell during her

 

Africa Visit

 

4.9         Centre for strategic and international studies (CSIS)

 

Sarah E. Mendelson is a senior adviser and Director of the new Human Rights Initiative (HRI) at CSIS, a unique program in the Washington think tank community. Building on her four years serving in the Obama administration, HRI aims to broaden its constituencies for justice, while engaging twenty-first-century opportunities and challenges for grounding human rights principles around the world. From May 2010 to May 2014, Dr. Mendelson served as Deputy Assistant Administrator, responsible for Democracy, Human Rights and Governance (DRG), in the Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance at the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).

 

4.10  Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry

 

Dr Jyotsna Suri is the Chairperson of FICCI has been associated with Bharat Hotels. In the year 1987, she became the Group’s Joint Managing Director. She took on the responsibility of Chairperson & Managing Director of Bharat Hotels in the year 2006 and since has been the fuelling the growth of the Group’s operations across India.

 

Stated to be India’s fastest growing Hotel Chain – the group today offers 17 five-star luxury hotels, with nine operational properties and eight under restoration/development in India and overseas. Under her leadership, the Group is also making its foray into mid-segment hotels.

 

A multifaceted personality, she is a patron of art, culture, sports and education. Her social initiative Project Disha, being implemented as a part of overall CSR policy of Bharat Hotels, provides assistance to school students and local youth, to have access to quality “education leading to employment”.

 

4.11     National Stock Exchange

 

Chitra Ramkrishna is the first woman Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of the National Stock Exchange (NSE), an institution founded in the early 1990s to reform the capital market in India, and now ranking as the world’s largest exchange in cash market trades and as one of the top three exchanges in index and stock derivatives. As the MD and CEO, Ms. Ramkrishna has not only maintained the rich legacy of this great institution, but her tireless strategic efforts has ensured it has scaled new heights. The following positions shows her gradual elevation in her career- Joint managing director of National Stock Exchange of India Ltd.

 

Head of Listing and Deputy managing director of National Stock Exchange of India Ltd.

 

Member of Derivatives Panel of Securities And Exchange Board Of India. Director of National Stock Exchange of India Ltd.

 

Member of Executive Committee at National Securities Depository Ltd. since 9 March 2009

 

Her achievements have drawn appreciation from India and abroad, and she has received awards and accolades from various organisations.

 

4.12     National Commission for Women

 

The National Commission for Women (NCW) is a statutory body of the Government of India, generally concerned with advising the government on all policy matters affecting women.The first head of the commission was Jayanti Patnaik. On 17 September 2014 Lalitha Kumaramangalam was appointed Chairperson.

 

4.13     Anita Kapur, Chairperson, CBDT

 

Senior IRS officer Anita Kapur has been appointed as the new chairperson of the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT), the apex authority of the Income Tax department.

 

Kapur, a 1978-batch officer of the Income Tax cadre, was till now serving as Member (Legislation and Computerisation and Income Tax) in the CBDT.

 

4.14     SBI chairman

 

Arundhati Bhattacharya, who has worked with the State Bank of India since 1977, has been appointed its chairperson, becoming the first woman to head the bank in its 207-year history. She was serving as the bank’s Chief Financial Officer and Managing Director earlier. The appointment also makes Bhattacharya the first woman in India to head a Fortune 500 company.

 

Bhattacharya has held several important posts in the past, such as Chief Executive of SBI Capital Markets, Deputy Managing Director and Corporate Development Officer. She has served in SBI’s New York office, where she monitored performance and oversaw external audit and correspondent relations. She has also been involved in several new initiatives like SBI SG Securities Ltd, SBI General Insurance and SBI Macquarie Infrastructure Fund, as well as launching infotech platforms like mobile banking

 

4.15    All India Women’s Conference

 

The All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) is an organization based in Delhi. It was founded in 1927 by Margaret Cousins, “as an organization dedicated to upliftment and betterment of women and children”. As well as continuing its original mission, the AIWC has since diversified into various social and economic activities involving women. Today there are more than 100,000 members in over 500 branches. AIWC is recognized worldwide as a premier organization working for women’s development and empowerment. It is now headed by Mrs. Veena Kohli.

 

5.   WOMEN IN CORPORATE WORLD

 

Management positions represent only a small proportion of the total work-force, although such positions have grown over the last few decades due to the growth in the service sector. The expansion of this sector has provided more employment opportunities to women and, although they remain under-represented, their increased participation in the sector has improved the participation rate as a whole

 

Recent global statistics show that women continue to increase their share of managerial positions but the rate of progress is slow, uneven, and sometimes discouraging for women faced with glass ceiling barriers in the workplace. In those professions normally reserved for men, women managers are few and far between. Even in female-dominated sectors where there are more women managers, men seems to occupy more senior positions.

 

The rule of thumb is still: the higher up an organization’s hierarchy, the fewer the women.

 

5.1 Women Entrepreneurs and Leaders of India

 

Women Entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or group of women who initiate, organise and co-operate a business venture. Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs as an enterprise owned and controlled by a woman having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital and giving at least 51% of employment generated in the enterprise to women.

 

The Indian women understand the impact of globalisation and try to leverage on the changes to their advantages not only on domestic but also on international sphere. Women are doing a wonderful job striking a balance between their house and career. Here are a few business leaders and organizational heads who have been inspiring the young minds in India.

 

5.1.1  Dr. Kiran Mazumdar Shaw

 

Dr. Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, Chairman & Managing Director of Biocon Ltd., who became India’s richest woman in 2004, was educated at the Bishop Cotton Girls School and Mount Carmel College in Bangalore. She founded Biocon India with a capital of Rs.10,000 in her garage in 1978– the initial operation was to extract an enzyme from papaya. She had to struggle as her application for loans were not sanctioned by banks It was rejected on three grounds– biotechnology was then a new word, the company lacked assets, success of women entrepreneurship. All the three later became the concrete base to develop a business empire as it is now as the biggest biopharmaceutical firm in the country.

 

5.1.2   Neelam Dhawan

 

Neelam Dhawan, Managing Director, Hewlett – Packard India, had worked with IBM and Microsoft India.. She is a graduate from St. Stephens College in 1980, and also studied in Faculty Of Management studies, Delhi in 1982. Then she was keen on joining FMCG majors like Hindustan Lever and Asian Paints, both companies rejected Dhawan, as they did not wish to appoint women for marketing facing roles.She is much known for her contract with India post to connect 28000 offices. She is now considered as one of the finest sales heads in India as she builds healthy relationship with customers

 

5.1.3     Naina Lal Kidwai

 

Naina Lal Kidwai, was the first Indian woman to graduate from Harvard Business School. Fortune magazine listed Kidwai among the world’s top 50 Corporate Women from 2000 to 2003. According to the Economic times, she is the first woman to head the operations of a foreign bank in India. She is the Group General Manager and Country Head – HSBC. She is a professional Chartered Accountant and a banker. It is her utmost hard work and sincerity that had taken her a long way in her career journey.

 

5.1.4    Indu Jain

 

Indu Jain, Indu Jain, is the Chairperson of India’s biggest media group, Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd which owns Times of India. Indu Jain is known by many different identities such as that of spiritualist, humanist, entrepreneur, an educationalist but most prominently Indu Jain is the perfect example of the successful Indian Woman entrepreneur .As a widow with two sons has helped Times Group to its present status. She is an active writer and fights for social problems. She is also founder President of the Ladies wing of FICCI.

 

5.1.5    Mallika Srinivasan

 

Mallika Srinivasan is the woman behind the world’s third largest and India’s second largest tractor company. Mallika Srinivasan, currently the Director of TAFE – Tractors and Farm Equipment, India, was honoured with the title of Businesswoman of the Year during 2006 by the Economic Times. She joined the company in 1986 and has since been responsible for accelerating turnover from 85 crores to 2900 crores within a span of 2 decades. She wants to ravage the myth that women cannot be good at engineering and manufacturing tasks. With her father as a great role model she understood the nuances of doing business. She says “Life is so multi-dimensional that if you can have a positive approach, you can continuously learn from it.”

 

5.1.6    Preetha Reddy

 

Preetha Reddy, Managing Director of Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, one of the largest healthcare conglomerates of India, is one of the pioneer business women of India in the segment of Health Care Industry. She owes the success to her great attitude of being a winner and positive thinker.

 

6.SUCCESS STORIES

 

6.1 Mrs. D Anila Jyothi Reddy

 

Mrs. Jyothi Reddy who had a humble start as a field laborer and now grown to the level of the CEO of an organization in the US. This is the true story of Ms. Jyothi Reddy who now owns a software company in the United States of America and who has a great vision to change many lives of women in rural India. Jyothi Reddy has a vibrant and productive vision to extend her service to needy people.

 

Jyothi was born in 1970 and she was the youngest among the five girl children in a poor family in India. Due to her family’s poor financial status , she was made to stay in a welfare orphanage.

 

She did not want to settle for anything lesser than her dream, as her passion to reach a higher level always was haunting her to find the next best. She studied computer courses to get the eligibility to work in the US. She went to US by leaving her two daughters in a missionary hostel. When she visited Mexico for stamping, she realized that she could start a consulting company as she was familiar with the paperwork involved with the Visa Processing. With her savings of $40000, she opened an office in Phoenix in 2011. She has been successfully running her company KEYSS since then.

 

6.2  PATRICIA NARAYAN

 

She started her career 30 years ago as an entrepreneur, selling eateries from a mobile cart on the Marina beach amidst all odds — battling a failed marriage, coping with her husband, a multiple addict, and taking care of two kids.Today, she has overthrown the hurdles and owns a chain of restaurants.

 

Patricia Narayan, Director, Sandheepa Chain of Restaurants, winner of FICCI [Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry] Woman Entrepreneur Award, 2010. The first step as an entrepreneur: “My father’s friend, who was running a school for handicapped children, was handing out mobile carts or kiosks to people who would employ at least two handicapped people. They needed somebody who could run it and I was offered one such cart free. I had to train the handicapped children to make coffee and serve them to customers.

 

I decided to put the mobile cart at the Anna Square on the Marina beach. Finally,I started working on June 21, 1982.The previous night itself, with the help of the local rickshaw drivers, I had rolled the mobile cart to the beach. It was a small move but thrilling as it was my own and I was going to be a business woman the next day.

 

The next day, I made sold snacks for Rs 600-700 which was big money for me then! As I started making money, I added ice creams, sandwiches, French fries and juices too. I used to personally stand there and sell all the stuff I made. My only thought was to prove myself and move ahead.

 

FICCI entrepreneur of the year award: She started her business with just two people. Now, there are 200 people working in her restaurants. From 50 paise a day, revenue has gone up to Rs 2 lakh a day.

 

6.3 Field Exercise

 

Try to find out an entrepreneur in your area who has been successful and comprehend the qualities that had been the steeping stones in their lives.

 

7.  CHALLENGES OF WOMEN MANAGERS

 

Despite the existing legal provisions women are often deprived of their basic rights, subjected to sexual harassment, given low paid marginal jobs, no opportunity in decision making process in both politics and economy, not acknowledged as contributors to the family and society as a whole. While gender inequalities in many areas have been on the agenda of social research and activism for decades, gender inequality in organizational leadership has been overlooked. Gender inequality in the workplace is exhibited in various forms, such as occupational segregation, gender-based wage gap and discrimination.

 

Advancement of women in management jobs has not kept pace with the correspondence increase in the number of working women. Their presence in senior management level is negligible

 

7.1  Organizational

 

The organization practices and procedures themselves create disadvantageous position of women in the organizational structure such as few numbers, restricted decision making power, which influences women’s career growth. The underlying principle of this perspective is that men and women are equally capable and committed to assuming positions of leadership. Few factors may be listed as: Biased appointment and promotion practices; resistance of male to women in senior/top level management positions; absence of policies and legislation to ensure representation of women; absence of women in boardroom decision.

 

7.2   Social

 

Social challenge is concerned with the social construction of gender and the assignment of specific roles, responsibilities on women and on men. These gender-based roles, irrelevant to the work place, are carried into the workplace via their internal structures and everyday practices. The socio-cultural perceptions which .determine the attitudes and behaviours of individual men and women form barriers to the equal participation of women in senior management.

 

7.3   Individual:

 

Individual centered perspective includes personality characteristics, attitudes and behavioural skills of women themselves.

 

Other prominent barriers to women’s career advancement are lack of role models to mentor, networking opportunities, lack of transparency in roles and expectations, absence of a clear career path, no relevant platforms to upskill their expertise. The single biggest constraint for working women is the expectation to compromise on their career in order to fulfill family commitments. As a result, their career momentum is affected and when they re-enter the workforce, they often have to contend with less pay.

 

8.   STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME BARRIERS

 

In order to provide women with greater ability to decide their lives, certain strategies are putforth. But still it should be always remembered that empowerment starts from within .As an individual every women should think hard work and determination will never fail. The following are certain supportive measures to enhance the self esteem and self confidence of aspiring women.

 

  Family-friendly plans to enable both male and female to balance work and life Avoid sex stereo typing Conduct of Gender AuditsAdequate training to prepare for future positions – Re – skilling and Up skilling Develop inspiring role modelsCompatible gender policies Gender Discrimination cell Family suppor Good networking

 

9. CONCLUSION

 

Women managers need to set up their career goals, aspirations and acquire determination to conquer the impediments that exist. Women need to develop the confidence, knowledge, attitude and skills needed to succeed in business and enterprising activities. An integrated approach of aspiring women can achieve best for themselves and support the sustainable development of a nation.

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