{"id":285,"date":"2019-05-02T09:23:46","date_gmt":"2019-05-02T09:23:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=285"},"modified":"2019-05-02T09:30:24","modified_gmt":"2019-05-02T09:30:24","slug":"elements-of-landscape-design","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/chapter\/elements-of-landscape-design\/","title":{"rendered":"ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN"},"content":{"raw":"<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/wah6gs1ev1w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>INTRODUCTION<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Gardens add the quality of life and gardening is an absorbing pursuit. Gardening is one of those creative activities that produces an enjoyable sensation of enjoyment. In India, we are fortunate to possess one of the richest floras on this earth, and a tremendous range of biclimatic regions which make it possible to grow flowers, fruits and vegetables in a variety of forms. Garden creates around you a world of romance and love and of art. For creating beautiful garden landscape plan an important role.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The Element of the composition are the visual qualities that people see and respond to when viewing a space. Landscape is a blend of science and at, vision and thought.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Landscape design, also known as landscape architecture is the arranging and modifying of features in a landscape, urban area or garden. Landscape design can be incorporated into a parks and green spaces to gardens, sports sites, business sites and universities. Landscape design involves the planning, designing and managing of open spaces to create urban and rural environments.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>OBJECTIVES OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The main aim of landscape design is the people who enjoy the beauty of nature and also take rest and relaxation<\/li>\r\n \t<li>To create a beautiful landscape design<\/li>\r\n \t<li>To maintain sustainable eco system<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Restore native plants<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Landscape needs an experts to do landscaping on a big scale. But whether small or big once color, harmony and balance has been developed, a successful landscaping has achieved.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>BENEFITS AND USES OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Landscape can helps soften spaces between buildings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Proving joins between areas<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Proving pathway for people water and animals<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Provide space for people to relax and enjoy the nature<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Help to improve the quality of environment.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A well-designed and maintained landscape can attract people and have a positive impact on property value and personal wellbeing<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>PHASES OF LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nLandscape design involves the arrangement of a wide range of elements. The elements include two phases.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Construction phase<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Hard areas<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>The Construction phase contains<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Topiary<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Fountain<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Edging<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Patios<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Ponds<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Arches<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Rock garden<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Pergola\u2019s<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Trophy<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>II <\/strong><strong>Hard areas are<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\r\n \t<li>v <strong>Drives<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>v <strong>Paths<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>v <strong>Steps and Slopes Fencing walls<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify\">\r\n \t<li><strong>Topiary<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Topiary is an art of shaping a hedge in ornamental forms and figures<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Topiary is a plant which is trimmed and clipped into ornamental shapes such as cone or bird or animal, or sometimes human figures<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Shrubs with busy habits are suitable for topiary works<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Casuarina, cupressus and bougainvillaea etc., are suitable for topiary work.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">These shrubs withstand frequent trimming and bending to form definite shapes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Continuous pruning is required<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-83.png\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-286\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-83.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"472\" height=\"336\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The plant selected should be capable of being moulded to such shapes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify\" start=\"2\">\r\n \t<li><strong>Fountain<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\r\n \t<li>Fountains are usually connected to springs or aqueducts.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Until the 19th century moist fountains operated by gravity, and needed a source of water higher that the fountain.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">By the end of the 19th century as indoor plumbing became the main source of drinking water, urban fountain became purely decorative.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Mechanical pumps are used instead of gravity and allowed fountains to recycle water and to force it high into the air.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-84.png\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-287\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-84.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"460\" height=\"339\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0King Fahd\u2019s Fountain in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, The World cup Fountain in the Han-gang River in Seoul, Korea, The Gateway Geyser at Missouri, The Port Fountain in Karachi, The Dubai Fountain are the tallest fountain in the world. bushes planted together along the sides of foot path is known as edge<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Landscape edging is the permanent one usually divides the areas from the foot path<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Alternanther\u00a0 with\u00a0 its\u00a0 bicolour\u00a0 leaves make very attractive and neat edging. It is also effectively used for lettering or carpet bedding.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Dwarf plants are suitable for edging (eg) Eupatorium, plumbago etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Clean and crisp lines between beds are created by edging.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-85.png\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-288\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-85.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"539\" height=\"367\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\nThe materials used for landscape edging are\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Lawn and garden divider<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mowing strip<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mulch captur<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Beauty edge<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Clearly contrast colour with surrouding foliage and flowers are suitable for edging. For more formal beds and edging, use uniform materials.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Brick, plastic, concrete, wood, stone, and wattle are also used as edging materials.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Brick : Elegant and long-lasting, brick comes in a different of styles and creates uniform look.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Plastic : Affordable and easy to install due to its flexibility plastic edging comes in many grades. It is less expensive.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Concrete : Concrete edging are ready to be set in place, can make a simple form and create a custom edge.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Wood : Affordable and easy to work with in straight lines, wood adds an informal organic look.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Stone : One of the more versatile edging materials, stone can be carefully set in mortar for refined look or placed more casually for a relaxed appearance.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Wattle : This edging uses a technique that involves weaving saplings of pliable wood such as willow or dogwood, into a low fence. Wattle works well for holding back mulch.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Uses of landscape edging<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Edging creates clear and definite lines between beds and other areas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Landscape edging can define a flower border, a shrub bed, fountain, ponds, lawn, pathways and soon.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0It helps the turf grass from spreading until root system is formed.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Edging can facilitate garden traffic clearly.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0It prevents spilling of soil or mulch from the garden to lawn, flowerbed, carpet bed and other areas.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\r\n\r\n<strong>4.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Patios<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0It is a outdoor space generally used for dining or recreation that adjoins a residence and is typically paved<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Concrete or stone slabs are mainly used for construction<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Bricks, block paving, tiles or cobbles are also used<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Front and back patios are favourite spots to relax in the warmer month<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Planting attractive plants around the patios will create peaceful environment to the viewers.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>5.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Ponds<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Pond can be very personal and charming.InIndia, it is one of an ancient art.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Pond is a small body of still water formed naturally or by artificial means.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Ponds\u00a0 with\u00a0 attractive\u00a0 aquatic\u00a0 plants create a beautiful effect in landscape<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Marsh plants and moisture-loving plants are grown in and around the ponds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Ponds provide for cultivation of water plants, marsh plants and moisture loving plants.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Water lilies are colourful and some of them are fragrant also.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 The right depth for the water lilies is essential<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Those which grow at shallow depth are more delicate<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Some of the popular water lilies are Nymphaeacapensis, N-lotus, N-pubescens, N.rubra<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Lotus, known as water bean is a beautiful flower and is also popular because of its use for religious function.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Lily pond is the best example. In this pond lily or lotus are planted.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The shapes may be rectangular, square, round, oval, hexagonal or kidney \u2013 shaped.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Marble can be used to create signs, around or in garden ponds<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Ceratophyllum, Elodea, Read mace, Umbrella grass, Lemna may be suitable plants for formal ponds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Potted plants like Balsam, Phlox, Table rose, Zinma may be kept in rows around the pond to attract viewers.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The marsh plants may include Arumlitycyperus and certain Irises,Perinnials are creating beautiful effect around the ponds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Moisture loving plants in well drained positions may be Alocasia, Anemone, Colocasia, Red-hot pocker planted in and around the ponds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Ornamental grasses and bamboos also look pretty by the water side.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-86.png\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-289\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-86.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"601\" height=\"395\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>6.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Arches<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 The curved structure that forms a gateway for the garden is known as arch.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Arches were used in formal gardens for centuries.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Arch creates romantic link between two areas in the garden<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Garden arches acted as centre piece in landscaping<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Arches are constructed by p.v.c. plastic, steel, timber, vinyl, cedar wood, wrought iron, and aluminum<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Climbing roses, vines, flowering plants that have climbing in nature are planted in arches.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Arches provide welcoming invite and add charming effect.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The arches are mainly constructed in the places of entrances, pergola areas, patio areas, pathway, pool areas etc.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-87.png\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-290\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-87.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"429\" height=\"363\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>7.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Rock Garden<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0A rock garden means an arrangement of rocks with plants growing in the crevices,.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0It brings the feel of the hills and a refreshing feature.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Gardens established in areas where the soil is few millimeters in thickness and rock is exposed at many places are rock gardens.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Other names of rock garden is rockery or alpine garden<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Alpines means the plants which grow in rocky positions at high altitudes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Rocks, stones and boulders are the main characteristic features of rock garden.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The stones help the plants in retaining their moisture and keeping their roots cool. They also protect them from heavy rains, frost ad wind and provide good drainage.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Large open space or under the shade of the tree is suitable for rock garden.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Irregular sizes for large stones are dumped with required peaks and slopes on all sides.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Then the gap between rocks are filled with cultivated soil.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Different variety of attractive plants are\u00a0 grown in the soil.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Shrubs, herbaceous plants, creepers, ferns, cacti and succulents are some of the plants suitable for rockery garden.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Construction of fountain at one peak and a shallow pool with beautiful water loving plants may include additional beauty to the rock garden.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Japanese\u2019s rock garden also known as a zen garden have the special features like moss, pruned trees, bushes, water pool and very few plants.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-88.png\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-291\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-88.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"275\" height=\"184\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>Care and Maintenance<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Thinning is done periodically<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Weeding is done by manually<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Manuring and fertilizing must be added regularly.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Proper watering system should be followed.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Diseased leaves should be removed immediately Frequently removed dead leaves and shoots.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>8.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Pergolas<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Pargola is a one of the important garden feature forming a shaded walkway, passageway.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">It also forms sitting area of vertical posts or pillars that usually support cross-beams and a sturdy open lattice.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Pargola protect open terrace<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Pergolas that not attached to a home or other structure is called as free standing pergolas. These pergolas are mainly used as sitting area.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 It comprised of many pillars and a roof of climber. Pillars are placed on both sides of the walkway.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Curved steel rods are fitted above the pillars.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Attractive climbers and creepers are planted and allowed to grow over the roof.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Pergola gives basic structure for climbing the plants.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-89.png\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-292\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-89.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"305\" height=\"165\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\nAttamandacatharttca, Antigononlaptopus, Bougainvillaca, Jasmine, Passiflora are some of the beautiful flowering plants grown on the pergola.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>9.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Trophy<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0 Arrangement of potted plants in the garden is known as trophy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0 \u00a0Usually attractive foliage and flowers are placed around the trees or a large object or statue.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0 Trophy emphasis the particular object or statue in beautiful way<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0 Potted plants are arranged in different tier around the statue.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0 \u00a0 Flowering annuals and herbaceous perennials are suitable for trophy arrangements.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-90.png\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-293\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-90.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"421\" height=\"383\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>II. HARD AREAS<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The second phase\u00a0 of\u00a0\u00a0 landscape element\u00a0 \u00a0is construction of hard areas. Hard areas are also referred to as hardscape. Hard landscape or hardscape consists of the in animate elements of landscaping. They are hard an\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">unchanging, although they may be movable and adaptable to the environment. Hard landscape is non- living elements of landscaping. They are dull, tough, hard and unchanging. They have some impact on soft landscape. In general hard landscaping is the construction of physically hard materials to make architectural features in the garden areas such as paths, walks, fences, pergolas, patios, decking, water features, walls, outdoor \u2018rooms\u2019 gazebos and so on.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-91.png\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-294\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-91.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"259\" height=\"194\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\nThe most important elements involved in hard areas are\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0 Drives<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0 \u00a0 Paths<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0 \u00a0Steps and Slope<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0 \u00a0 Fencing walls<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nGarden path, drives, steps and slope beside being functional in providing suitable\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">surface to walk upon, can be a piece of beauty and an architectural feature in itself. They should be as few as possible, and should run from one point to another direct in a few bold, graceful and gentle sloping curves. Materials available lovely may be used without sacrificing originality. Whatever be the material, size and design, the path should merge in the surroundings, should be smooth to walk upon and should not get slippery, particularly in the rainy season<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1. Drives<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0Drives or roads are an important part of gardens, which protect garden plants from foot steps<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0Drives should have link from one part to another part.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0Brick, gravel, rock or stone, concrete timber, bitumen, glass, metal are used for constructing drives.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0Sometimes the inter spaces can be planted with ground spreads<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\r\n\r\n2.\u00a0 <strong>Paths<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0A garden path, besides being functional in providing suitable surface to walk upon can be piece of beauty and an architectural feature in itself<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Paths define the passage in the landscape created<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Paths may be paved or unpaved.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Paving materials are used to reduce the demerits of mud and dust<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Paths facilitate easy circulation<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Various design pattern of pathing materials are used to create beautiful and charming effect of the garden<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Paving materials could be natural or man-made<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Man-paving materials are available in various colours and texture<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Stone, brick, concrete, stacked stones, pebbles, marble are used as paving materials.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Decorative stones are used in pathways or trails to beauty the garden<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0In formal gardens irregular shaped flat stones or tiles are used for paving. This is called as crazy path.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The type of paths are<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Brick path-Bricks arranged as in the walls have the formal effect. They may look attractive in an informal setting also. But better would be broken bricks joined together in irregular shapes, this will be cheaper too.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Stone path-Stone are available in many natural hues, in regular as well as irregular shapes, and created delightful effects. River stones make good &amp; crazy paving and they are imbedded in the soil or earth stones can be substituted by mortar rubbles in irregular shapes<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Coal pavings-In areas where coal is available in plenty, coal paving can be unusually attractive and functionally effective.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Gravel Path : Small boulders topped with red gravel beaten firm can also make an attractive garden path.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Perennial grasses may be grown in between the stones to increase the beauty of formal garden.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-92.png\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-295\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-92.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"473\" height=\"365\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n3.\u00a0 \u00a0Steps and Slope\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Steps and Slopes in the landscape garden have the practical function of allowing easier access over sloping ground.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Steps and Slopes facilitate vertical circulation<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Steps have ornamental function of the garden.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Placement of one or two steps can lend great character to a garden<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 The materials used for steps should match the location<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Simple log-steps suit a woodland garden and cut stone slabs for formal garden.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Land sliding should be taken into consideration whilecreatingslopes<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0For safety point\u00a0 of view the steps Tread \u2013 30cm, Risers \u2013 10cms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Steps always constructed by non-slippery materials.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Now-a-days flagstone is used for consuming steps<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0Pebbles are used for sidewalks<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-93.png\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-93.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"493\" height=\"433\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>4.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Fenching walls<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">To protect some important elements in landscape the landscape architects construct walls and fences around the plants<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0The type of fencing use are wrought union fence, vinyl privacy fences.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0A stacked stone retaining wall can perform both decorative and protective effect.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Bamboo fencing is renewable source and create a natural look.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Stone in landscaping is an important hardelement that evoke strength and security. Stone are mainly used to remain walls<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Retaining walls is constructed around a small pond or even a garden<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Flagstone is a very popular choice used for simple ornamental design<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Boulders are also used for creating decorative effect of the garden. The important flagstones are birchwood, wisconsin, granite and honeycomb western stone.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>FUNCTIONS OF HARD LANDSCAPE<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\r\n \t<li>Create link between buildings<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Enclose space<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Create a theme<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Define private areas<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Serves the vehicular movement<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Facilitate easy movement of disabilities<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Visually link a development with its surroundings.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Choosing Hard Landscape Materials<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Materials selected for constructing hard areas not only for their appearance but also for their ability to withstand the use to which they are being put Materials should be durable, easy maintenance, good quality and durable.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Landscape is a place where ornamental plants are grown mainly for people to enjoy and relax. Different plants in the garden are grown in an ordered manner to attract the people, so landscape design involves the arrangement of wide range of elements. These elements are used to create a beautiful landscape design. It provides the recreation of people and improve the environmental quality. Landscaping needs skill and an aesthetic sense of creativity. Careful planning is therefore essential for developing and maintain a beautiful garden. For creating landscape design great professional skills and strategic planning are important phenomena.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>you can view video on ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN <\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/wah6gs1ev1w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Web links<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Landscape_design\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Landscape_design<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>https:\/\/www.indiaagronet.com\/horticulture\/CONTENTS\/LANDSCAPE.htm <\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>https:\/\/www.gardendesign.com\/landscape-design\/ www.bhg.com\/gardening\/landscaping...\/landscape <\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>gardeningjones.com\/blog\/2011\/02\/27\/5-basic-components-of-landscape-design <\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>https:\/\/prasathgarden.blogspot.com\/2012\/02\/components-of-garden.html<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/wah6gs1ev1w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Gardens add the quality of life and gardening is an absorbing pursuit. Gardening is one of those creative activities that produces an enjoyable sensation of enjoyment. In India, we are fortunate to possess one of the richest floras on this earth, and a tremendous range of biclimatic regions which make it possible to grow flowers, fruits and vegetables in a variety of forms. Garden creates around you a world of romance and love and of art. For creating beautiful garden landscape plan an important role.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The Element of the composition are the visual qualities that people see and respond to when viewing a space. Landscape is a blend of science and at, vision and thought.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Landscape design, also known as landscape architecture is the arranging and modifying of features in a landscape, urban area or garden. Landscape design can be incorporated into a parks and green spaces to gardens, sports sites, business sites and universities. Landscape design involves the planning, designing and managing of open spaces to create urban and rural environments.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>OBJECTIVES OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The main aim of landscape design is the people who enjoy the beauty of nature and also take rest and relaxation<\/li>\n<li>To create a beautiful landscape design<\/li>\n<li>To maintain sustainable eco system<\/li>\n<li>Restore native plants<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Landscape needs an experts to do landscaping on a big scale. But whether small or big once color, harmony and balance has been developed, a successful landscaping has achieved.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>BENEFITS AND USES OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Landscape can helps soften spaces between buildings.<\/li>\n<li>Proving joins between areas<\/li>\n<li>Proving pathway for people water and animals<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Provide space for people to relax and enjoy the nature<\/li>\n<li>Help to improve the quality of environment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A well-designed and maintained landscape can attract people and have a positive impact on property value and personal wellbeing<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>PHASES OF LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Landscape design involves the arrangement of a wide range of elements. The elements include two phases.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Construction phase<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Hard areas<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>The Construction phase contains<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Topiary<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Fountain<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Edging<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Patios<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Ponds<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Arches<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Rock garden<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Pergola\u2019s<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Trophy<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>II <\/strong><strong>Hard areas are<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>v <strong>Drives<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>v <strong>Paths<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>v <strong>Steps and Slopes Fencing walls<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><strong>Topiary<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Topiary is an art of shaping a hedge in ornamental forms and figures<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Topiary is a plant which is trimmed and clipped into ornamental shapes such as cone or bird or animal, or sometimes human figures<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Shrubs with busy habits are suitable for topiary works<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Casuarina, cupressus and bougainvillaea etc., are suitable for topiary work.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">These shrubs withstand frequent trimming and bending to form definite shapes.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Continuous pruning is required<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-83.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-286\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-83.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"472\" height=\"336\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-83.png 472w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-83-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-83-65x46.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-83-225x160.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-83-350x249.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The plant selected should be capable of being moulded to such shapes.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify\" start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>Fountain<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>Fountains are usually connected to springs or aqueducts.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Until the 19th century moist fountains operated by gravity, and needed a source of water higher that the fountain.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">By the end of the 19th century as indoor plumbing became the main source of drinking water, urban fountain became purely decorative.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Mechanical pumps are used instead of gravity and allowed fountains to recycle water and to force it high into the air.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-84.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-287\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-84.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"460\" height=\"339\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-84.png 460w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-84-300x221.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-84-65x48.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-84-225x166.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-84-350x258.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 460px) 100vw, 460px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0King Fahd\u2019s Fountain in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, The World cup Fountain in the Han-gang River in Seoul, Korea, The Gateway Geyser at Missouri, The Port Fountain in Karachi, The Dubai Fountain are the tallest fountain in the world. bushes planted together along the sides of foot path is known as edge<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Landscape edging is the permanent one usually divides the areas from the foot path<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Alternanther\u00a0 with\u00a0 its\u00a0 bicolour\u00a0 leaves make very attractive and neat edging. It is also effectively used for lettering or carpet bedding.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Dwarf plants are suitable for edging (eg) Eupatorium, plumbago etc.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Clean and crisp lines between beds are created by edging.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-85.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-288\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-85.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"539\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-85.png 539w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-85-300x204.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-85-65x44.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-85-225x153.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-85-350x238.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 539px) 100vw, 539px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The materials used for landscape edging are<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lawn and garden divider<\/li>\n<li>Mowing strip<\/li>\n<li>Mulch captur<\/li>\n<li>Beauty edge<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Clearly contrast colour with surrouding foliage and flowers are suitable for edging. For more formal beds and edging, use uniform materials.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Brick, plastic, concrete, wood, stone, and wattle are also used as edging materials.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Brick : Elegant and long-lasting, brick comes in a different of styles and creates uniform look.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Plastic : Affordable and easy to install due to its flexibility plastic edging comes in many grades. It is less expensive.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Concrete : Concrete edging are ready to be set in place, can make a simple form and create a custom edge.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Wood : Affordable and easy to work with in straight lines, wood adds an informal organic look.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Stone : One of the more versatile edging materials, stone can be carefully set in mortar for refined look or placed more casually for a relaxed appearance.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Wattle : This edging uses a technique that involves weaving saplings of pliable wood such as willow or dogwood, into a low fence. Wattle works well for holding back mulch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Uses of landscape edging<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Edging creates clear and definite lines between beds and other areas.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Landscape edging can define a flower border, a shrub bed, fountain, ponds, lawn, pathways and soon.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0It helps the turf grass from spreading until root system is formed.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Edging can facilitate garden traffic clearly.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0It prevents spilling of soil or mulch from the garden to lawn, flowerbed, carpet bed and other areas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<p><strong>4.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Patios<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0It is a outdoor space generally used for dining or recreation that adjoins a residence and is typically paved<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Concrete or stone slabs are mainly used for construction<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Bricks, block paving, tiles or cobbles are also used<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Front and back patios are favourite spots to relax in the warmer month<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Planting attractive plants around the patios will create peaceful environment to the viewers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>5.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Ponds<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Pond can be very personal and charming.InIndia, it is one of an ancient art.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Pond is a small body of still water formed naturally or by artificial means.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Ponds\u00a0 with\u00a0 attractive\u00a0 aquatic\u00a0 plants create a beautiful effect in landscape<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Marsh plants and moisture-loving plants are grown in and around the ponds.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Ponds provide for cultivation of water plants, marsh plants and moisture loving plants.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Water lilies are colourful and some of them are fragrant also.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 The right depth for the water lilies is essential<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Those which grow at shallow depth are more delicate<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Some of the popular water lilies are Nymphaeacapensis, N-lotus, N-pubescens, N.rubra<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Lotus, known as water bean is a beautiful flower and is also popular because of its use for religious function.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Lily pond is the best example. In this pond lily or lotus are planted.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The shapes may be rectangular, square, round, oval, hexagonal or kidney \u2013 shaped.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Marble can be used to create signs, around or in garden ponds<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Ceratophyllum, Elodea, Read mace, Umbrella grass, Lemna may be suitable plants for formal ponds.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Potted plants like Balsam, Phlox, Table rose, Zinma may be kept in rows around the pond to attract viewers.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The marsh plants may include Arumlitycyperus and certain Irises,Perinnials are creating beautiful effect around the ponds.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Moisture loving plants in well drained positions may be Alocasia, Anemone, Colocasia, Red-hot pocker planted in and around the ponds.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Ornamental grasses and bamboos also look pretty by the water side.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-86.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-289\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-86.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"601\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-86.png 601w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-86-300x197.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-86-65x43.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-86-225x148.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-86-350x230.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 601px) 100vw, 601px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>6.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Arches<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 The curved structure that forms a gateway for the garden is known as arch.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Arches were used in formal gardens for centuries.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Arch creates romantic link between two areas in the garden<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Garden arches acted as centre piece in landscaping<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Arches are constructed by p.v.c. plastic, steel, timber, vinyl, cedar wood, wrought iron, and aluminum<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Climbing roses, vines, flowering plants that have climbing in nature are planted in arches.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Arches provide welcoming invite and add charming effect.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The arches are mainly constructed in the places of entrances, pergola areas, patio areas, pathway, pool areas etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-87.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-290\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-87.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"429\" height=\"363\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-87.png 429w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-87-300x254.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-87-65x55.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-87-225x190.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-87-350x296.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 429px) 100vw, 429px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>7.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Rock Garden<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0A rock garden means an arrangement of rocks with plants growing in the crevices,.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0It brings the feel of the hills and a refreshing feature.<\/li>\n<li>Gardens established in areas where the soil is few millimeters in thickness and rock is exposed at many places are rock gardens.<\/li>\n<li>Other names of rock garden is rockery or alpine garden<\/li>\n<li>Alpines means the plants which grow in rocky positions at high altitudes<\/li>\n<li>Rocks, stones and boulders are the main characteristic features of rock garden.<\/li>\n<li>The stones help the plants in retaining their moisture and keeping their roots cool. They also protect them from heavy rains, frost ad wind and provide good drainage.<\/li>\n<li>Large open space or under the shade of the tree is suitable for rock garden.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Irregular sizes for large stones are dumped with required peaks and slopes on all sides.<\/li>\n<li>Then the gap between rocks are filled with cultivated soil.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Different variety of attractive plants are\u00a0 grown in the soil.<\/li>\n<li>Shrubs, herbaceous plants, creepers, ferns, cacti and succulents are some of the plants suitable for rockery garden.<\/li>\n<li>Construction of fountain at one peak and a shallow pool with beautiful water loving plants may include additional beauty to the rock garden.<\/li>\n<li>Japanese\u2019s rock garden also known as a zen garden have the special features like moss, pruned trees, bushes, water pool and very few plants.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-88.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-291\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-88.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"275\" height=\"184\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-88.png 275w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-88-65x43.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-88-225x151.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 275px) 100vw, 275px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Care and Maintenance<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Thinning is done periodically<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Weeding is done by manually<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Manuring and fertilizing must be added regularly.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Proper watering system should be followed.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Diseased leaves should be removed immediately Frequently removed dead leaves and shoots.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>8.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Pergolas<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Pargola is a one of the important garden feature forming a shaded walkway, passageway.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">It also forms sitting area of vertical posts or pillars that usually support cross-beams and a sturdy open lattice.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Pargola protect open terrace<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Pergolas that not attached to a home or other structure is called as free standing pergolas. These pergolas are mainly used as sitting area.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 It comprised of many pillars and a roof of climber. Pillars are placed on both sides of the walkway.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Curved steel rods are fitted above the pillars.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Attractive climbers and creepers are planted and allowed to grow over the roof.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Pergola gives basic structure for climbing the plants.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-89.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-292\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-89.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"305\" height=\"165\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-89.png 305w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-89-300x162.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-89-65x35.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-89-225x122.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 305px) 100vw, 305px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Attamandacatharttca, Antigononlaptopus, Bougainvillaca, Jasmine, Passiflora are some of the beautiful flowering plants grown on the pergola.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>9.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Trophy<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0 Arrangement of potted plants in the garden is known as trophy<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0 \u00a0Usually attractive foliage and flowers are placed around the trees or a large object or statue.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0 Trophy emphasis the particular object or statue in beautiful way<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0 Potted plants are arranged in different tier around the statue.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0 \u00a0 Flowering annuals and herbaceous perennials are suitable for trophy arrangements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-90.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-293\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-90.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"421\" height=\"383\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-90.png 421w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-90-300x273.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-90-65x59.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-90-225x205.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-90-350x318.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>II. HARD AREAS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The second phase\u00a0 of\u00a0\u00a0 landscape element\u00a0 \u00a0is construction of hard areas. Hard areas are also referred to as hardscape. Hard landscape or hardscape consists of the in animate elements of landscaping. They are hard an\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">unchanging, although they may be movable and adaptable to the environment. Hard landscape is non- living elements of landscaping. They are dull, tough, hard and unchanging. They have some impact on soft landscape. In general hard landscaping is the construction of physically hard materials to make architectural features in the garden areas such as paths, walks, fences, pergolas, patios, decking, water features, walls, outdoor \u2018rooms\u2019 gazebos and so on.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-91.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-294\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-91.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"259\" height=\"194\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-91.png 259w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-91-65x49.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-91-225x169.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 259px) 100vw, 259px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The most important elements involved in hard areas are<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0 Drives<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0 \u00a0 Paths<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0 \u00a0Steps and Slope<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0 \u00a0 Fencing walls<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Garden path, drives, steps and slope beside being functional in providing suitable<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">surface to walk upon, can be a piece of beauty and an architectural feature in itself. They should be as few as possible, and should run from one point to another direct in a few bold, graceful and gentle sloping curves. Materials available lovely may be used without sacrificing originality. Whatever be the material, size and design, the path should merge in the surroundings, should be smooth to walk upon and should not get slippery, particularly in the rainy season<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. Drives<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0Drives or roads are an important part of gardens, which protect garden plants from foot steps<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0Drives should have link from one part to another part.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0Brick, gravel, rock or stone, concrete timber, bitumen, glass, metal are used for constructing drives.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0Sometimes the inter spaces can be planted with ground spreads<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<p>2.\u00a0 <strong>Paths<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0A garden path, besides being functional in providing suitable surface to walk upon can be piece of beauty and an architectural feature in itself<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Paths define the passage in the landscape created<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Paths may be paved or unpaved.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Paving materials are used to reduce the demerits of mud and dust<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Paths facilitate easy circulation<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Various design pattern of pathing materials are used to create beautiful and charming effect of the garden<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Paving materials could be natural or man-made<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Man-paving materials are available in various colours and texture<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Stone, brick, concrete, stacked stones, pebbles, marble are used as paving materials.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Decorative stones are used in pathways or trails to beauty the garden<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0In formal gardens irregular shaped flat stones or tiles are used for paving. This is called as crazy path.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The type of paths are<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Brick path-Bricks arranged as in the walls have the formal effect. They may look attractive in an informal setting also. But better would be broken bricks joined together in irregular shapes, this will be cheaper too.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Stone path-Stone are available in many natural hues, in regular as well as irregular shapes, and created delightful effects. River stones make good &amp; crazy paving and they are imbedded in the soil or earth stones can be substituted by mortar rubbles in irregular shapes<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Coal pavings-In areas where coal is available in plenty, coal paving can be unusually attractive and functionally effective.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Gravel Path : Small boulders topped with red gravel beaten firm can also make an attractive garden path.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Perennial grasses may be grown in between the stones to increase the beauty of formal garden.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-92.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-295\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-92.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"473\" height=\"365\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-92.png 473w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-92-300x232.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-92-65x50.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-92-225x174.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-92-350x270.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 473px) 100vw, 473px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0 \u00a0Steps and Slope<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Steps and Slopes in the landscape garden have the practical function of allowing easier access over sloping ground.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Steps and Slopes facilitate vertical circulation<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Steps have ornamental function of the garden.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Placement of one or two steps can lend great character to a garden<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 The materials used for steps should match the location<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Simple log-steps suit a woodland garden and cut stone slabs for formal garden.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Land sliding should be taken into consideration whilecreatingslopes<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0For safety point\u00a0 of view the steps Tread \u2013 30cm, Risers \u2013 10cms.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Steps always constructed by non-slippery materials.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Now-a-days flagstone is used for consuming steps<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0Pebbles are used for sidewalks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-93.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp02.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-93.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"493\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-93.png 493w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-93-300x263.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-93-65x57.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-93-225x198.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/233\/2019\/05\/Untitled-93-350x307.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 493px) 100vw, 493px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>4.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Fenching walls<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">To protect some important elements in landscape the landscape architects construct walls and fences around the plants<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0The type of fencing use are wrought union fence, vinyl privacy fences.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0A stacked stone retaining wall can perform both decorative and protective effect.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Bamboo fencing is renewable source and create a natural look.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Stone in landscaping is an important hardelement that evoke strength and security. Stone are mainly used to remain walls<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Retaining walls is constructed around a small pond or even a garden<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Flagstone is a very popular choice used for simple ornamental design<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Boulders are also used for creating decorative effect of the garden. The important flagstones are birchwood, wisconsin, granite and honeycomb western stone.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>FUNCTIONS OF HARD LANDSCAPE<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>Create link between buildings<\/li>\n<li>Enclose space<\/li>\n<li>Create a theme<\/li>\n<li>Define private areas<\/li>\n<li>Serves the vehicular movement<\/li>\n<li>Facilitate easy movement of disabilities<\/li>\n<li>Visually link a development with its surroundings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Choosing Hard Landscape Materials<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Materials selected for constructing hard areas not only for their appearance but also for their ability to withstand the use to which they are being put Materials should be durable, easy maintenance, good quality and durable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Landscape is a place where ornamental plants are grown mainly for people to enjoy and relax. Different plants in the garden are grown in an ordered manner to attract the people, so landscape design involves the arrangement of wide range of elements. These elements are used to create a beautiful landscape design. It provides the recreation of people and improve the environmental quality. Landscaping needs skill and an aesthetic sense of creativity. Careful planning is therefore essential for developing and maintain a beautiful garden. For creating landscape design great professional skills and strategic planning are important phenomena.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>you can view video on ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN <\/strong><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/wah6gs1ev1w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Web links<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Landscape_design\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Landscape_design<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em>https:\/\/www.indiaagronet.com\/horticulture\/CONTENTS\/LANDSCAPE.htm <\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>https:\/\/www.gardendesign.com\/landscape-design\/ www.bhg.com\/gardening\/landscaping&#8230;\/landscape <\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>gardeningjones.com\/blog\/2011\/02\/27\/5-basic-components-of-landscape-design <\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>https:\/\/prasathgarden.blogspot.com\/2012\/02\/components-of-garden.html<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"menu_order":29,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["mrs-p-sudha"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[64],"license":[],"class_list":["post-285","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-mrs-p-sudha"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/285","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/285\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":300,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/285\/revisions\/300"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/285\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=285"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=285"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=285"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp02\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=285"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}