{"id":298,"date":"2019-04-29T10:23:23","date_gmt":"2019-04-29T10:23:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hsp01.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=298"},"modified":"2019-04-29T10:27:04","modified_gmt":"2019-04-29T10:27:04","slug":"housing-problems-shortage-in-india-housing-policies-and-programmes","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/chapter\/housing-problems-shortage-in-india-housing-policies-and-programmes\/","title":{"rendered":"HOUSING PROBLEMS\/ SHORTAGE IN INDIA \u2013 HOUSING POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES"},"content":{"raw":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/BWYmhPH9rlQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<strong>Introduction<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Housing as is commonly understood is not just something which provides the inmates shelter and protection but one which fosters their growth and development, satisfies their economic, social and psychological needs of the family members. It moulds the life and eventually the life style of the family members. The family\u2019s, especially the breadwinner\u2019s occupation and income status, rootedness to a place and many other factors influence owning or renting of a house by the family. Government\u2019s efforts also ensure housing for those who can\u2019t afford one of their own. Despite all efforts, the country is facing problems and shortages related to housing in a large measure.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Housing scenario in India<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The 2011 Census of India declared that the urban population of the Country stood at 377 million or 31.16 per cent of the total population. This rate of urbanization has resulted in many issues such as land shortage, shortfall in housing, and tremendous pressure on available infrastructure, transportation deficits and stress on lack of basic amenities like water, sanitation and healthcare for the residents. The estimated number of total households which was 19.2 crore (13.8 crore rural and 5.4 crore urban) in 2001 had risen to 24.7 crore (16.8 crore rural and 7.9 crore urban) in 2011 census.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">India can be proud that a majority of the households irrespective of the locale \u2013 urban or rural \u2013 live in owned houses, more than 90 per cent in rural and 70 per cent in urban areas. This trend has been reported to be on the increase, compared to the previous census report.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Housing need is the extent to which the quality of existing accommodation falls short of that required to provide each household or person in the population, irrespective of ability to pay or particular preferences with accommodation of a specific minimum standard and above.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Contrarily, demand is an economic concept; the standard and amount of housing a household can command is the result of income and ability to pay; it does not employ achievement of any specified minimum standard. It is predicted that the population in urban areas would show sustained increase thereby enhancing and highlighting the number of urban poor and their temporary, informal housing arrangements. Such facts all the more pinpoint for a special address of the housing situation in India and for strategically streamlining the policies and programmes for the national cause.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In today\u2019s session, let us have a look at the reasons, causes for housing problems and shortage in India and the policies drafted to tackle the issues. First let us understand what these terms are.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Housing shortage<\/strong>: This aspect relates to the lack of balance between the need for housing and its distribution. The major causes for housing in India are the following<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Rate of housing not keeping pace with demand<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Demand- supply imbalance<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Gap between total demand and total stock of houses<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Recent statistic claims that housing shortage has decreased in the recent years compared to earlier data. According to NBO report, State wise distribution of housing shortage (All India level), has decreased from 24.71 Million in 2007 to 18. 78 Million in 2012. Definitely it could be achieved only by the earnest efforts of the Government machinery. The drastic shortages estimated in both the urban and rural settlements have to be mitigated on a war footing.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/hsp01.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/227\/2019\/04\/Untitled-110.png\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-299\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp01.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/227\/2019\/04\/Untitled-110.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"565\" height=\"181\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nThe Technical Group on Urban Housing Shortage formulated for the Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012 \u2013 17) had defined housing shortage to comprise of the analysis of the following components:\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Excess of households over the acceptable housing stock (people living in informal properties)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Number of extra households needed due to congestion<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Number of extra households needed due to obsolescence<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Number of kutcha households that must be upgraded<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Housing shortage in India is considered in terms of qualitative and quantitative attributes. Many factors like changes in family and household structure, increase in population, demand supply discrepancies, shift in urban \u2013 rural ratio, kutcha houses and increase in slum dwellers, to name a few contribute greatly to housing shortage in quantitative terms.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Housing shortage addressed in qualitative terms projects the gap between total demand and total stock of houses. More than 40 per cent of all households have one room or less in their houses. Less than 13 per cent have more than three rooms.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Housing problem in India<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Housing problem in India is usually viewed to include two facets, namely, shortage and substandard housing. Reasons for housing problems in India can be attributed to burgeoning population, rapid urbanization and eventual migration of population from rural to urban settlements lacking in proper housing facilities. Other reasons that can be added to these are<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">o\u00a0\u00a0 Increasing cost of construction<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">o\u00a0\u00a0 Absence of organized building sector<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">o\u00a0\u00a0 Slow and hesitant adoption of modern technologies<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">o\u00a0\u00a0 Lack of needed awareness<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">o\u00a0\u00a0 Non \u2013 adoption of need based scientific developments in the field (materials &amp; techniques)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">o\u00a0\u00a0 Low priority offered by Government in planning allocation of funds<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThe net result is the emergence of substandard housing which poses a pathetic image through the following aspects\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Unacceptable type of house<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Unplanned structures<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Unhealthy housing types \u2013 row houses, shared accommodation<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Aged houses (dilapidated, outmoded, damaged, obsolete, and unhygienic)<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Different ownership patterns \u2013 owned, rented, leasehold<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Congestion and overcrowding<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Availability of less space per person (below standard recommendations)<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Growth of slums<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Polluted environments<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Eye sore to onlookers<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Value depreciation to adjoining buildings\/ sites<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Average household size in 2011 census was 4.9. it was pathetic to hear that the mean dwelling area occupied well below one cent of land, both in urban and rural areas. Similarly when urban houses gratified the minimum 120 sq.ft per person standard, rural houses failed in the factor. Hence, we have a long way to go. Albeit these facts prove that the status is not that bleak as it was once in India. Those that need special address to improve the status are the following facts<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00d8\u00a0\u00a0 Control on poor quality housing<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00d8\u00a0\u00a0 Satisfaction of essential services \u2013 electricity, water and sanitation<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00d8\u00a0\u00a0 Check on use of substandard materials<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00d8\u00a0 Building structurally and hygienically safe housing<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00d8\u00a0 Respect for the specific problems which highlight urban rural divide (overcrowding and development of slums for the former and inadequate amenities for the latter)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00d8\u00a0 Repair or rebuilding of dilapidated, obsolete, unsafe houses<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Such impending problems and the lethargic efforts from the administrative mechanisms which at some point of time had come to grinding halt, had forced upon the Indian government to chalk out a comprehensive nationwide - applicable policy emphasizing distinct priorities for sustained development in the housing sector.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>National Housing policies<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>The National Housing Policy and Habitat Policy (NHPHP) - 1988<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Government of India has formulated many housing policies especially since the late eighties including the National Housing Policy of 1988. The National Housing Policy and Habitat Policy (NHPHP) were drafted in 1988<strong>.<\/strong> The policy in its preamble focused on housing as not just a commodity but also as a productive investment. Housing here was portrayed as machinery that could gear up economic endeavours and go hand in hand in the attainment of the national policy goals.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>What are its objectives?<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>By facilitating access to land, materials, technology and finance, offer seamless support to encourage participation by the needy to gift themselves a proper dwelling<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Through the provision of drinking water, sanitation and other basic services attempt improvement of the environment of human settlements, thereby raise people\u2019s quality of life.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Envisage and promote access to shelter for the houseless and disadvantaged - the reserved category, labour class and low income vulnerable groups. This clause is reported to hold premium priority in the Policy.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Recognize the qualitative difference of rural housing from that of urban housing\u00a0 Draft a variety of strategies to achieve the stated objectives; those upheld as most important being the following<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00d8\u00a0 Promoting accessibility to available land at nominal rates to foster housing\r\n\r\n\u00d8\u00a0\u00a0 Assuring security of tenure to tenants in rural and urban dwellings\r\n\r\n\u00d8\u00a0\u00a0 Expanding scope for institutional financing for housing efforts\r\n\r\n\u00d8\u00a0 Impetus to housing in rural settings, knowing well the inherent complexities\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nIn accordance with these factors, the Policy had put forth its action plans. What are they?\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Action Plans<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">To enable and facilitate easy implementation of its decisions, the Policy had laid concrete action plans routed on the following broad action plans:<\/p>\r\no\u00a0\u00a0 Catering to the housing needs, including site allocation, for reserved category, labour class, wage earners and vulnerable sections of the society\r\n\r\no\u00a0\u00a0 Facilitating financial assistance to promote housing by disbursing loans or subsidy to select beneficiaries\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>National Housing Policy (1994)<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Four years after NHPHP, the National Housing Policy was formulated in 1992 which was approved by the Parliament in August 1994. This Policy included the following features:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Provide the necessary back up to support the construction of new and additional building units<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0Upgrade the existing building units<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Ensure land availability and confer homestead rights<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0Minimizing displacement of rural households by developmental projects;<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0Undertake sufficient rehabilitation measures, especially victims of natural calamities<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Promote use of indigenous (locally produced or available) materials and construction techniques<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0Facilitate basic infrastructure services including water, sanitation and roads<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0Offer protective discrimination, especially to the weaker sections of society<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>National Urban Housing and Habitat policy (NUHHP) - 2007<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The first policy specific to urban housing was the NUHHP - National Urban Housing and Habitat policy in 2007 formulated by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation in 2007. The key objectives of the Policy focused on affordable housing for sustainable urban development. In accordance with the Policy framework many programs specific to affordable housing have since been incorporated. The major ones are:<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0\u00a0<strong>Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0\u00a0<strong>Affordable Housing in Partnership(AHP)<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0 \u00a0<strong>Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0 \u00a0<strong>Model State Affordable Housing Policy<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0 \u00a0<strong>Draft National Urban Rental Housing Policy<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\u00d8\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<strong>Rajiv Awas Yojana <\/strong>(MoHUPA, 2012a)\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Rajiv Awas Yojana is a program aims at providing affordable housing to the urban poor.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">On May 2015, Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) rolled over and was merged into the Housing for All (HFA) by 2022 policy. This Policy framework had analyzed the RAY and HFA 2022 policies\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">after developing a document for sustainable policies for addressing the problem of affordable housing.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0\u00a0<strong>Affordable Housing in Partnership <\/strong>(MoHUPA, 2013)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP) is a market solution based approach promoted to enhance housing by involving private players.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission <\/strong>(MoHUPA, 2015a)<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">This program aimed at constructing 1.5 Million houses for the urban poor during the mission period (2005-2012) in the 65 selected mission cities. Two policies under this program, namely, JNNURM targeted housing as of prior importance. They are:<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Integrated Housing and Slum Redevelopment Program Basic Services for the Urban Poor Integrated Housing and Slum Redevelopment Program is a direct housing policy measure under JNNURM. Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP) on the other hand aims at providing entitlements like, security of tenure, affordable housing, and commitment for services such as water, sanitation, health and education and social security to low-income segments<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>The Draft National Rental Housing Policy<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">This Policy aims at promoting rental housing as an option for those who couldn\u2019t afford own houses like those belonging to the following groups of population<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Destitute, houseless and disabled people<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Socially and economically weaker (EWS\/LIG) sections<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0 Specific target groups including migrant labourers, working women &amp; students<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Aspiring home buyers seeking stop gap arrangement<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0 Working class<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nThese groups are presented with a basket of options through the Government\u2019s Social Rental Housing, Affordable Rental Housing, Rental Housing and Institutional rental housing packages. The policy is so framed to enable:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00b7\u00a0 \u00a0 Formalization of rental housing through regulatory and legal frameworks<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00b7\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Enhancement of fund flow along with incentives for rental housing<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00b7\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Promotion of institutions\/organizations for constructing, managing, maintenance and operations of rental housing stock \u2013 Resident Management Corporation (RMCs), Residential REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts), Employee Housing etc<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Housing Policies in India<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Consideration for drafting a national policy for housing saw the limelight only in 1988 with the commencement of the National Housing Policy. Till then an idea for formulating a comprehensive policy encircling the whole nation never took shape. Henceforth including the first one, the ministry had announced and implemented eight different policies with multiple priorities for each one.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nAmong all Policy initiatives of the Government, two flagship policies receive significant mention. They are\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Housing for All 2022<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>The Smart Cities Mission<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">These two policies have caused visible ripples in the housing sector and have successfully affected the demand and supply of residential real estate endeavours, leaving tell tale marks on the issues of informal housing and housing for the urban poor. A Real Estate Regulatory Act also has been introduced recently. This Act does not essentially focus on\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">providing incentives to promote informal housing, rather tries to increase the transparency in the formal residential market<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Housing for All 2022<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The Government has recently introduced HFA 2022 Policy. The erstwhile policies envisaged over the years have included some modified versions of HFA 2022 policy. This new policy envisaged providing every Indian family with a pucca house with all infrastructural facilities (access to water, toilets and power supply) round the clock. These have been envisaged based on four attributes to housing shortage, which MHUPA report on HFA identifies as component parts made up by four classes of dwellers. They are: slum dwellers, urban poor living in non \u2013 slum areas, prospective migrant population, destitute and homeless people. The Mission aims to provide Housing for all by 2022 by envisioning a multitude of strategies. To name a few, enabling tax rebates, monetary support, less stringent development regulations, competitive interest rates have been put forth. It primarily adheres to funding and providing incentives to developers and buyers.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>2.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><strong>The Smart Cities Mission<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">As the second flagship housing policy, this policy focuses on leveraging land availability, implementation under single entity SPVs (Special Purpose vehicles) and buttressing fundamental facilities for infrastructure. A few Indian Cities have devised strategies to converge the Smart City Initiatives with the Housing for All schemes to tackle issues of the formal housing sector. Some of these initiatives would include housing for economically weaker sections or affordable housing, slum redevelopment, rental housing, working women\u2019s hostels, shelters for the homeless, etc. as part of the Smart City plan. Further development is channelized through Public private partnership (PPP) model with the involvement of private developers.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nNow, have an idea on the various housing programmes introduced and implemented in India\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nName of the Programme\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Year of launch\r\n\r\n1. Integrated Subsidised Housing Schemes for Industrial Workers and EWS\u00a0 1952\r\n2. Low Income Group Housing Scheme 1954\r\n3. Subsidised Housing Scheme for Plantation Workers\u00a0 1956\r\n4. Middle Income Group Housing Scheme\u00a0 1959\r\n5. Rental Housing Scheme for State Government Employees\u00a0 1959\r\n6. Slum Clearance and Improvement Schemes\u00a0 1956\r\n7. Village Housing Projects Scheme 1959\r\n8. Land Acquisition and Development Scheme\u00a0 1959\r\n9. Provision of House Sites of Houseless Workers in Rural Areas\u00a0 1971\r\n10. Environment Improvement of Urban Slums\u00a0 1972\r\n11. Sites and Services Scheme\u00a0 1980\r\n12. Indira Awas Yojana\u00a0 1985\r\n13. Night Shelter Scheme for Pavement Dwellers 1 990\r\n14. National Slum Development Programme 1996\r\n15. Two million Housing Programme\u00a0 1998\r\n\r\n16. Credit-cum-Subsidy Scheme for Rural Housing1999\r\n17. Samagra Awaas Yojana\r\n1999\r\n18. Prime Minister Gramodaya Yojana 2000\r\n19. Valmiki Ambedkar Aawas Yojana 2001\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Summary<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">This session was meant to introduce students on the status of housing in India, causes\/ reasons for housing shortage, governmental intervention and the need for beneficiary\u2019s active participation to realize mutual benefits by all the stakeholders. Awareness generation to sensitize the population on the housing issues at hand and to educate them to access the available programmes and schemes thereby strengthen the nation\u2019s housing sector is what is needed now. People should be made to understand that the objective of the government is not simply motivating them to have a roof over their head, but a pucca shelter, catering to all their needs. Educational institutions through their outreach programs like NSS can reach the unreached to disseminate the objectives.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Conclusion<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Apart from the housing policies and programmes discussed, each of the twelve five year plans also had allocated specific funds to housing needs of the country. Especially since seventh five year plan (1975 onwards), urban housing shortage and slum development have been receiving exclusive focus. These are ample proof highlighting the ardent endeavours of the Government to house people from all strata in India.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>you can view video on HOUSING PROBLEMS\/ SHORTAGE IN INDIA \u2013 HOUSING POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/BWYmhPH9rlQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>Web links<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u00a0http:\/\/shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in\/bitstream\/10603\/92990\/12\/12_chapter%203.pdf<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.makaan.com\/iq\/news-views\/re-imagining-indias-informal-housing-challenge\"><strong>https:\/\/www.makaan.com\/iq\/news-views\/re-imagining-indias-informal-housing-\u00a0<\/strong><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.makaan.com\/iq\/news-views\/re-imagining-indias-informal-housing-challenge\"><strong>challenge<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.livemint.com\/Opinion\/a5jnMOHQsHEk47Rr9mUWPI\/Five-charts-on-the-state-of-Indias-housing-sector.html\"><strong>http:\/\/www.livemint.com\/Opinion\/a5jnMOHQsHEk47Rr9mUWPI\/Five-charts-on-the-<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.livemint.com\/Opinion\/a5jnMOHQsHEk47Rr9mUWPI\/Five-charts-on-the-state-of-Indias-housing-sector.html\"><strong>state-of-Indias-housing-sector.html<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in\/bitstream\/\"><strong>http:\/\/shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in\/bitstream\/<\/strong> <\/a><strong>10603\/25587\/11\/11_chapter3.pdf<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/nbo.nic.in\/Images\/PDF\/housing_data_table.pdf\"><strong>http:\/\/nbo.nic.in\/Images\/PDF\/housing_data_table.pdf<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/government\/pradhan-mantri-awas-yojna-housing-for-\u00a0<\/strong><strong>all-by-2022<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/...\/255728150_Housing_Policy_in_India_Challenges_an...<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0970389615000336<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/housing.hydlab.in\/?p=165\"><strong>http:\/\/housing.hydlab.in\/?p=165<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>References<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Kumar, A (2016) India\u2019s Residential rental Housing, Economic &amp; Political Weekly, <\/strong><strong>Vol: 51, No. 24, 11 Jun 2016<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>State of Housing in India, A statistical Compendium 2013; published by GOI, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation and NBO<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Tiwari, P and Parikh, J (2012) Global Housing Challenge: A Case Study of CO<\/strong><strong>2<\/strong> <strong>Emissions in India, School of Planning and Architecture, Bhopal, Spandrel<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/BWYmhPH9rlQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div>\n<p><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Housing as is commonly understood is not just something which provides the inmates shelter and protection but one which fosters their growth and development, satisfies their economic, social and psychological needs of the family members. It moulds the life and eventually the life style of the family members. The family\u2019s, especially the breadwinner\u2019s occupation and income status, rootedness to a place and many other factors influence owning or renting of a house by the family. Government\u2019s efforts also ensure housing for those who can\u2019t afford one of their own. Despite all efforts, the country is facing problems and shortages related to housing in a large measure.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Housing scenario in India<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The 2011 Census of India declared that the urban population of the Country stood at 377 million or 31.16 per cent of the total population. This rate of urbanization has resulted in many issues such as land shortage, shortfall in housing, and tremendous pressure on available infrastructure, transportation deficits and stress on lack of basic amenities like water, sanitation and healthcare for the residents. The estimated number of total households which was 19.2 crore (13.8 crore rural and 5.4 crore urban) in 2001 had risen to 24.7 crore (16.8 crore rural and 7.9 crore urban) in 2011 census.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">India can be proud that a majority of the households irrespective of the locale \u2013 urban or rural \u2013 live in owned houses, more than 90 per cent in rural and 70 per cent in urban areas. This trend has been reported to be on the increase, compared to the previous census report.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Housing need is the extent to which the quality of existing accommodation falls short of that required to provide each household or person in the population, irrespective of ability to pay or particular preferences with accommodation of a specific minimum standard and above.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Contrarily, demand is an economic concept; the standard and amount of housing a household can command is the result of income and ability to pay; it does not employ achievement of any specified minimum standard. It is predicted that the population in urban areas would show sustained increase thereby enhancing and highlighting the number of urban poor and their temporary, informal housing arrangements. Such facts all the more pinpoint for a special address of the housing situation in India and for strategically streamlining the policies and programmes for the national cause.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In today\u2019s session, let us have a look at the reasons, causes for housing problems and shortage in India and the policies drafted to tackle the issues. First let us understand what these terms are.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Housing shortage<\/strong>: This aspect relates to the lack of balance between the need for housing and its distribution. The major causes for housing in India are the following<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Rate of housing not keeping pace with demand<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Demand- supply imbalance<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Gap between total demand and total stock of houses<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Recent statistic claims that housing shortage has decreased in the recent years compared to earlier data. According to NBO report, State wise distribution of housing shortage (All India level), has decreased from 24.71 Million in 2007 to 18. 78 Million in 2012. Definitely it could be achieved only by the earnest efforts of the Government machinery. The drastic shortages estimated in both the urban and rural settlements have to be mitigated on a war footing.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/hsp01.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/227\/2019\/04\/Untitled-110.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-299\" src=\"http:\/\/hsp01.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/227\/2019\/04\/Untitled-110.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"565\" height=\"181\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/227\/2019\/04\/Untitled-110.png 565w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/227\/2019\/04\/Untitled-110-300x96.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/227\/2019\/04\/Untitled-110-65x21.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/227\/2019\/04\/Untitled-110-225x72.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/227\/2019\/04\/Untitled-110-350x112.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 565px) 100vw, 565px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div>\n<p>The Technical Group on Urban Housing Shortage formulated for the Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012 \u2013 17) had defined housing shortage to comprise of the analysis of the following components:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Excess of households over the acceptable housing stock (people living in informal properties)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Number of extra households needed due to congestion<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Number of extra households needed due to obsolescence<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Number of kutcha households that must be upgraded<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Housing shortage in India is considered in terms of qualitative and quantitative attributes. Many factors like changes in family and household structure, increase in population, demand supply discrepancies, shift in urban \u2013 rural ratio, kutcha houses and increase in slum dwellers, to name a few contribute greatly to housing shortage in quantitative terms.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Housing shortage addressed in qualitative terms projects the gap between total demand and total stock of houses. More than 40 per cent of all households have one room or less in their houses. Less than 13 per cent have more than three rooms.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Housing problem in India<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Housing problem in India is usually viewed to include two facets, namely, shortage and substandard housing. Reasons for housing problems in India can be attributed to burgeoning population, rapid urbanization and eventual migration of population from rural to urban settlements lacking in proper housing facilities. Other reasons that can be added to these are<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">o\u00a0\u00a0 Increasing cost of construction<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">o\u00a0\u00a0 Absence of organized building sector<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">o\u00a0\u00a0 Slow and hesitant adoption of modern technologies<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">o\u00a0\u00a0 Lack of needed awareness<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">o\u00a0\u00a0 Non \u2013 adoption of need based scientific developments in the field (materials &amp; techniques)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">o\u00a0\u00a0 Low priority offered by Government in planning allocation of funds<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The net result is the emergence of substandard housing which poses a pathetic image through the following aspects<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Unacceptable type of house<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Unplanned structures<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Unhealthy housing types \u2013 row houses, shared accommodation<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Aged houses (dilapidated, outmoded, damaged, obsolete, and unhygienic)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Different ownership patterns \u2013 owned, rented, leasehold<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Congestion and overcrowding<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Availability of less space per person (below standard recommendations)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Growth of slums<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Polluted environments<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Eye sore to onlookers<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Value depreciation to adjoining buildings\/ sites<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Average household size in 2011 census was 4.9. it was pathetic to hear that the mean dwelling area occupied well below one cent of land, both in urban and rural areas. Similarly when urban houses gratified the minimum 120 sq.ft per person standard, rural houses failed in the factor. Hence, we have a long way to go. Albeit these facts prove that the status is not that bleak as it was once in India. Those that need special address to improve the status are the following facts<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00d8\u00a0\u00a0 Control on poor quality housing<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00d8\u00a0\u00a0 Satisfaction of essential services \u2013 electricity, water and sanitation<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00d8\u00a0\u00a0 Check on use of substandard materials<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00d8\u00a0 Building structurally and hygienically safe housing<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00d8\u00a0 Respect for the specific problems which highlight urban rural divide (overcrowding and development of slums for the former and inadequate amenities for the latter)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00d8\u00a0 Repair or rebuilding of dilapidated, obsolete, unsafe houses<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Such impending problems and the lethargic efforts from the administrative mechanisms which at some point of time had come to grinding halt, had forced upon the Indian government to chalk out a comprehensive nationwide &#8211; applicable policy emphasizing distinct priorities for sustained development in the housing sector.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>National Housing policies<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>The National Housing Policy and Habitat Policy (NHPHP) &#8211; 1988<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Government of India has formulated many housing policies especially since the late eighties including the National Housing Policy of 1988. The National Housing Policy and Habitat Policy (NHPHP) were drafted in 1988<strong>.<\/strong> The policy in its preamble focused on housing as not just a commodity but also as a productive investment. Housing here was portrayed as machinery that could gear up economic endeavours and go hand in hand in the attainment of the national policy goals.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>What are its objectives?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>By facilitating access to land, materials, technology and finance, offer seamless support to encourage participation by the needy to gift themselves a proper dwelling<\/li>\n<li>Through the provision of drinking water, sanitation and other basic services attempt improvement of the environment of human settlements, thereby raise people\u2019s quality of life.<\/li>\n<li>Envisage and promote access to shelter for the houseless and disadvantaged &#8211; the reserved category, labour class and low income vulnerable groups. This clause is reported to hold premium priority in the Policy.<\/li>\n<li>Recognize the qualitative difference of rural housing from that of urban housing\u00a0 Draft a variety of strategies to achieve the stated objectives; those upheld as most important being the following<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00d8\u00a0 Promoting accessibility to available land at nominal rates to foster housing<\/p>\n<p>\u00d8\u00a0\u00a0 Assuring security of tenure to tenants in rural and urban dwellings<\/p>\n<p>\u00d8\u00a0\u00a0 Expanding scope for institutional financing for housing efforts<\/p>\n<p>\u00d8\u00a0 Impetus to housing in rural settings, knowing well the inherent complexities<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In accordance with these factors, the Policy had put forth its action plans. What are they?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Action Plans<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">To enable and facilitate easy implementation of its decisions, the Policy had laid concrete action plans routed on the following broad action plans:<\/p>\n<p>o\u00a0\u00a0 Catering to the housing needs, including site allocation, for reserved category, labour class, wage earners and vulnerable sections of the society<\/p>\n<p>o\u00a0\u00a0 Facilitating financial assistance to promote housing by disbursing loans or subsidy to select beneficiaries<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>National Housing Policy (1994)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Four years after NHPHP, the National Housing Policy was formulated in 1992 which was approved by the Parliament in August 1994. This Policy included the following features:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Provide the necessary back up to support the construction of new and additional building units<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0Upgrade the existing building units<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Ensure land availability and confer homestead rights<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0Minimizing displacement of rural households by developmental projects;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0Undertake sufficient rehabilitation measures, especially victims of natural calamities<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Promote use of indigenous (locally produced or available) materials and construction techniques<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0Facilitate basic infrastructure services including water, sanitation and roads<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0Offer protective discrimination, especially to the weaker sections of society<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>National Urban Housing and Habitat policy (NUHHP) &#8211; 2007<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The first policy specific to urban housing was the NUHHP &#8211; National Urban Housing and Habitat policy in 2007 formulated by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation in 2007. The key objectives of the Policy focused on affordable housing for sustainable urban development. In accordance with the Policy framework many programs specific to affordable housing have since been incorporated. The major ones are:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0<strong>Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0<strong>Affordable Housing in Partnership(AHP)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u00a0 \u00a0<strong>Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u00a0 \u00a0<strong>Model State Affordable Housing Policy<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u00a0 \u00a0<strong>Draft National Urban Rental Housing Policy<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00d8\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<strong>Rajiv Awas Yojana <\/strong>(MoHUPA, 2012a)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Rajiv Awas Yojana is a program aims at providing affordable housing to the urban poor.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">On May 2015, Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) rolled over and was merged into the Housing for All (HFA) by 2022 policy. This Policy framework had analyzed the RAY and HFA 2022 policies\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">after developing a document for sustainable policies for addressing the problem of affordable housing.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0<strong>Affordable Housing in Partnership <\/strong>(MoHUPA, 2013)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP) is a market solution based approach promoted to enhance housing by involving private players.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission <\/strong>(MoHUPA, 2015a)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">This program aimed at constructing 1.5 Million houses for the urban poor during the mission period (2005-2012) in the 65 selected mission cities. Two policies under this program, namely, JNNURM targeted housing as of prior importance. They are:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Integrated Housing and Slum Redevelopment Program Basic Services for the Urban Poor Integrated Housing and Slum Redevelopment Program is a direct housing policy measure under JNNURM. Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP) on the other hand aims at providing entitlements like, security of tenure, affordable housing, and commitment for services such as water, sanitation, health and education and social security to low-income segments<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The Draft National Rental Housing Policy<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">This Policy aims at promoting rental housing as an option for those who couldn\u2019t afford own houses like those belonging to the following groups of population<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Destitute, houseless and disabled people<\/li>\n<li>Socially and economically weaker (EWS\/LIG) sections<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0 Specific target groups including migrant labourers, working women &amp; students<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Aspiring home buyers seeking stop gap arrangement<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0 Working class<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>These groups are presented with a basket of options through the Government\u2019s Social Rental Housing, Affordable Rental Housing, Rental Housing and Institutional rental housing packages. The policy is so framed to enable:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00b7\u00a0 \u00a0 Formalization of rental housing through regulatory and legal frameworks<\/li>\n<li>\u00b7\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Enhancement of fund flow along with incentives for rental housing<\/li>\n<li>\u00b7\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Promotion of institutions\/organizations for constructing, managing, maintenance and operations of rental housing stock \u2013 Resident Management Corporation (RMCs), Residential REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts), Employee Housing etc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Housing Policies in India<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Consideration for drafting a national policy for housing saw the limelight only in 1988 with the commencement of the National Housing Policy. Till then an idea for formulating a comprehensive policy encircling the whole nation never took shape. Henceforth including the first one, the ministry had announced and implemented eight different policies with multiple priorities for each one.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Among all Policy initiatives of the Government, two flagship policies receive significant mention. They are<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana &#8211; Housing for All 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>The Smart Cities Mission<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">These two policies have caused visible ripples in the housing sector and have successfully affected the demand and supply of residential real estate endeavours, leaving tell tale marks on the issues of informal housing and housing for the urban poor. A Real Estate Regulatory Act also has been introduced recently. This Act does not essentially focus on\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">providing incentives to promote informal housing, rather tries to increase the transparency in the formal residential market<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana &#8211; Housing for All 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The Government has recently introduced HFA 2022 Policy. The erstwhile policies envisaged over the years have included some modified versions of HFA 2022 policy. This new policy envisaged providing every Indian family with a pucca house with all infrastructural facilities (access to water, toilets and power supply) round the clock. These have been envisaged based on four attributes to housing shortage, which MHUPA report on HFA identifies as component parts made up by four classes of dwellers. They are: slum dwellers, urban poor living in non \u2013 slum areas, prospective migrant population, destitute and homeless people. The Mission aims to provide Housing for all by 2022 by envisioning a multitude of strategies. To name a few, enabling tax rebates, monetary support, less stringent development regulations, competitive interest rates have been put forth. It primarily adheres to funding and providing incentives to developers and buyers.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><strong>The Smart Cities Mission<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">As the second flagship housing policy, this policy focuses on leveraging land availability, implementation under single entity SPVs (Special Purpose vehicles) and buttressing fundamental facilities for infrastructure. A few Indian Cities have devised strategies to converge the Smart City Initiatives with the Housing for All schemes to tackle issues of the formal housing sector. Some of these initiatives would include housing for economically weaker sections or affordable housing, slum redevelopment, rental housing, working women\u2019s hostels, shelters for the homeless, etc. as part of the Smart City plan. Further development is channelized through Public private partnership (PPP) model with the involvement of private developers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Now, have an idea on the various housing programmes introduced and implemented in India<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Name of the Programme\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Year of launch<\/p>\n<p>1. Integrated Subsidised Housing Schemes for Industrial Workers and EWS\u00a0 1952<br \/>\n2. Low Income Group Housing Scheme 1954<br \/>\n3. Subsidised Housing Scheme for Plantation Workers\u00a0 1956<br \/>\n4. Middle Income Group Housing Scheme\u00a0 1959<br \/>\n5. Rental Housing Scheme for State Government Employees\u00a0 1959<br \/>\n6. Slum Clearance and Improvement Schemes\u00a0 1956<br \/>\n7. Village Housing Projects Scheme 1959<br \/>\n8. Land Acquisition and Development Scheme\u00a0 1959<br \/>\n9. Provision of House Sites of Houseless Workers in Rural Areas\u00a0 1971<br \/>\n10. Environment Improvement of Urban Slums\u00a0 1972<br \/>\n11. Sites and Services Scheme\u00a0 1980<br \/>\n12. Indira Awas Yojana\u00a0 1985<br \/>\n13. Night Shelter Scheme for Pavement Dwellers 1 990<br \/>\n14. National Slum Development Programme 1996<br \/>\n15. Two million Housing Programme\u00a0 1998<\/p>\n<p>16. Credit-cum-Subsidy Scheme for Rural Housing1999<br \/>\n17. Samagra Awaas Yojana<br \/>\n1999<br \/>\n18. Prime Minister Gramodaya Yojana 2000<br \/>\n19. Valmiki Ambedkar Aawas Yojana 2001<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">This session was meant to introduce students on the status of housing in India, causes\/ reasons for housing shortage, governmental intervention and the need for beneficiary\u2019s active participation to realize mutual benefits by all the stakeholders. Awareness generation to sensitize the population on the housing issues at hand and to educate them to access the available programmes and schemes thereby strengthen the nation\u2019s housing sector is what is needed now. People should be made to understand that the objective of the government is not simply motivating them to have a roof over their head, but a pucca shelter, catering to all their needs. Educational institutions through their outreach programs like NSS can reach the unreached to disseminate the objectives.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Apart from the housing policies and programmes discussed, each of the twelve five year plans also had allocated specific funds to housing needs of the country. Especially since seventh five year plan (1975 onwards), urban housing shortage and slum development have been receiving exclusive focus. These are ample proof highlighting the ardent endeavours of the Government to house people from all strata in India.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>you can view video on HOUSING PROBLEMS\/ SHORTAGE IN INDIA \u2013 HOUSING POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/BWYmhPH9rlQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul> <\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u00a0http:\/\/shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in\/bitstream\/10603\/92990\/12\/12_chapter%203.pdf<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.makaan.com\/iq\/news-views\/re-imagining-indias-informal-housing-challenge\"><strong>https:\/\/www.makaan.com\/iq\/news-views\/re-imagining-indias-informal-housing-\u00a0<\/strong><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.makaan.com\/iq\/news-views\/re-imagining-indias-informal-housing-challenge\"><strong>challenge<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.livemint.com\/Opinion\/a5jnMOHQsHEk47Rr9mUWPI\/Five-charts-on-the-state-of-Indias-housing-sector.html\"><strong>http:\/\/www.livemint.com\/Opinion\/a5jnMOHQsHEk47Rr9mUWPI\/Five-charts-on-the-<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.livemint.com\/Opinion\/a5jnMOHQsHEk47Rr9mUWPI\/Five-charts-on-the-state-of-Indias-housing-sector.html\"><strong>state-of-Indias-housing-sector.html<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in\/bitstream\/\"><strong>http:\/\/shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in\/bitstream\/<\/strong> <\/a><strong>10603\/25587\/11\/11_chapter3.pdf<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/nbo.nic.in\/Images\/PDF\/housing_data_table.pdf\"><strong>http:\/\/nbo.nic.in\/Images\/PDF\/housing_data_table.pdf<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/government\/pradhan-mantri-awas-yojna-housing-for-\u00a0<\/strong><strong>all-by-2022<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/&#8230;\/255728150_Housing_Policy_in_India_Challenges_an&#8230;<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0970389615000336<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/housing.hydlab.in\/?p=165\"><strong>http:\/\/housing.hydlab.in\/?p=165<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Kumar, A (2016) India\u2019s Residential rental Housing, Economic &amp; Political Weekly, <\/strong><strong>Vol: 51, No. 24, 11 Jun 2016<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>State of Housing in India, A statistical Compendium 2013; published by GOI, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation and NBO<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Tiwari, P and Parikh, J (2012) Global Housing Challenge: A Case Study of CO<\/strong><strong>2<\/strong> <strong>Emissions in India, School of Planning and Architecture, Bhopal, Spandrel<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"menu_order":33,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["dr-s-visalakshi-rajeswari"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[68],"license":[],"class_list":["post-298","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-dr-s-visalakshi-rajeswari"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/298","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/298\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":303,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/298\/revisions\/303"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/298\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=298"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=298"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=298"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=298"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}