{"id":240,"date":"2019-04-29T06:52:00","date_gmt":"2019-04-29T06:52:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hsp01.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=240"},"modified":"2019-08-08T05:32:46","modified_gmt":"2019-08-08T05:32:46","slug":"recent-trends-in-building-designs-prefabrication-methods-and-techniques-green-and-sustainable-technology","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/chapter\/recent-trends-in-building-designs-prefabrication-methods-and-techniques-green-and-sustainable-technology\/","title":{"rendered":"RECENT TRENDS IN BUILDING DESIGNS, PREFABRICATION &#8211; METHODS AND TECHNIQUES; GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY"},"content":{"raw":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/FKbgMvLLnZA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>RECENT TRENDS IN BUILDING DESIGNS, PREFABRICATION - METHODS AND TECHNIQUES; GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Prefabrication <\/strong>- Definition, Meaning<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Classification-column and beam system, panel system, Box system, Closed or open system, site oriented or factory oriented system.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Advantages of Prefabrication-(speed, disciplined use of scarce material, cost reduction, superior quality control and high productivity) and<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Disadvantages<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Areas where prefabrication techniques can be introduced.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Prefabrication <\/strong>means the use of manufactured units or assembling the components of a structure or a building in a factory or a manufacturing site, and transporting them to the building location or the construction site. When several components or units are assembled together on-site to complete the structure of a building, it is called a <strong>Prefabricated building<\/strong> <strong>Prefabrication- History<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Prefabricated housing became popular during the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\">Second World War <\/a>as mass accommodation for military personnel was needed and also it was used as a means of<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">providing quick and cheap quality housing as a replacement for the housing destroyed during war<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The world's first prefabricated, pre-cast paneled apartment blocks were pioneered by city engineer <a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Alexander_Brodie\">John Alexander Brodie, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">in <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liverpool\">Liverpool <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">in 1906 after World War 2 which was demolished in the 1960s amid much controversy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Prefabricated homes kits were produced in the United States in 1908, which enabled Californian prospectors to quickly construct accommodation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Steel, aluminium, timber or <a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asbestos\">asbestos, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">were the construction materials used depending on the type of dwelling.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">But in India, house construction has been in the conventional manner in the organized sector, where burnt bricks, cement mortar, RCC, glass, aluminium, Ceramic tiles, etc were used which are all labour intensive, time consuming and expensive.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Present designs of houses in India are not at all eco friendly. An independent house of say, 900 sq.ft carpet area takes at least one year to complete and costs as high as Rupees fifty lakhs. On the other hand, a dwelling unit of similar size in a multi storied apartment building in urban India takes more than three years to complete and costs anything in the range of rupees thirty lakhs to 100 lakhs.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">India being the second most populous country in the world, more than half of its population of people live without a proper house. These populace is classified as the below poverty line (BPL) people whose average family income is less than Rs 5000 per month. It is not possible for them to afford a housing unit even if it costs only one tenth of the cost of a small house.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Besides, in the construction field, India has a serious shortage of skilled labour like masons, carpenters, electricians, plumbers, construction supervisors, planners, experienced engineers and architects. India has many governmental organizations like the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbri.res.in\/\">Central Building<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbri.res.in\/\">Research Institute <\/a>(CBRI) doing research work in this field and popularize useful technologies and many state government sponsored housing boards and other such governmental organizations. However, none of them have deviated much from the conventional methods of construction and could not popularize any practical and aesthetic housing designs which are affordable and also good to live comfortably.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Due to rapid growth of concrete constructions especially Kerala, there is a serious depletion of river sand in many regions in India and now river sand has become a scarce commodity that it is being imported from far away countries like Combodia. Even Rock sand (crushed rock), known as factory made sand is also an alternative. The cost of river sand which was only a few hundred rupees twenty years ago is now costing over Rs. 10,000\/- a cubic metre and is a punishable offence under environment protection Act (Protection of water bodies). Cost of standard burnt brick has also increased many fold.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Due to its thermal characteristics, concrete buildings are not at all comfortable to live. RCC roofs absorb all the heat of the sun during the day and radiate it inwards in the night which cause discomfort for the dwellers. People who can afford, will use air conditioners which\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">consume so much electricity making India a power hungry nation already, even with half of its population sleeping in the open skies!<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">All these reasons call for urgent actions to popularize alternative design and construction technologies with regard to the future houses in India both for the urban and the rural people. This is an area where dynamic and visionary entrepreneurs can think differently and evolve a business model that is useful to them, the users and the society.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Prefabrication\u2013methods and techniques<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Let us think about designing, manufacturing and marketing completely dismantled houses which also will be aesthetically better, comfortable, affordable and easy to maintain with a long life which could be assembled with the help of trained personnel at site in a few days which is not very difficult today as technologies and know how already exist in the world elsewhere.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0What is Prefabrication?.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Let us take an example from house-building to illustrate the process of prefabrication. Building a house involve transportation of <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brick\">bricks, <\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timber\">timber, <\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cement\">cement, <\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sand\">sand, <\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steel\">steel <\/a>and <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Construction_aggregate\">aggregate,<\/a> etc. to the construction site and construct the house on site from these materials.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prefabricated_buildings\">prefabricated construction, <\/a>conventional method of construction will be only for the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foundation_(architecture)\">foundations, <\/a>while sections of <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wall\">walls, <\/a>floors and <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roof\">roof <\/a>are prefabricated (assembled) in a factory (possibly with window and door frames included), transported to the site, lifted into place by a <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crane_(machine)\">crane <\/a>and <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Screw\">bolted <\/a>together.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022 \"<strong>Precast units\"<\/strong> means prefabricated concrete structural components can be also called as Precast members\" or precast elements\", which means that before being taken to the actual construction site for erection, they are cast in advance and given sufficient time to harden and acquire strength. \"Prefabricated construction\" refers to the construction methods which make use of prefabricated components .<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Example- <\/strong>concrete panels, slabs, beams or girders manufactured in a plant or constructed in a place other than their final intended location.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nGenerally prefabricated systems can be classified on the basis of structural action as follows\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Column and beam system<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Panel systems<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Box systems<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">closed\u2019 or \u2018open\u2019<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">site oriented or factory oriented<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<strong>Now let us see one by one<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Column and beam system<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022 In these, precast concrete columns and beams with in filled units for floors and roofs as well as for walls are used for the construction .<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022 Walls can be of precast units or\u00a0 in-situ-brick or light weight block masonry construction<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0 These types of systems have been developed by research institutions, public and private sector units and individuals for residential and institutional buildings<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>2.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><strong>Panel systems (small panel and large panel systems)<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0For load bearing walls and floor slabs of the structure, normal weight panels, light weight concrete panels or brick panels are used.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Examples: The UCOPAN system belong to the small panel system and the large panel residential construction of 144 flats in Besant Nagar, Madras27 storied Petit Hall construction by Shah construction company Bombay and Large number of flats built by Hindustan Prefabs Ltd. New Delhi belongs to large panel type.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 3.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Box systems<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The three dimensional or volumetric approaches are based on boxlike modules of room sized scale.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">They can be made of a variety of materials like wood, steel or concrete.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Box units are designed to permit stacking, the loads being carried by the side wall or by columns along the periphery.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">In India, service core units have been tried in three dimensional box unit shapes.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u00a0 \u00a04.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><strong>Closed\u2019 or \u2018open\u2019 &amp; site oriented or factory oriented Prefabrication <\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>A closed system <\/strong>may be defined as an industrialized building system which is internally compatible but which cannot be combined with other systems to permit the assembly of hybrid or mixed system<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>An open system <\/strong>offers more flexibility and freedom in that it is made up of components or sub systems which can be combined with in- situ construction resulting in partial pre fabrication.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Prefabrication system are also sometimes categorized as <strong>site oriented or factory<\/strong> <strong>oriented <\/strong>depending upon whether the components are produced at the site or the factory.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>From the view of degree of precast construction it can be also classified as <\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n1.Smal\/medium\/large prefabrication\r\n\r\n2.\u00a0\u00a0 Cast-in-site prefabrication\r\n\r\n3.\u00a0\u00a0 Factory prefabrication\r\n\r\n4.\u00a0\u00a0 Open\/closed system of prefabrication\r\n\r\n5.\u00a0\u00a0 Partial\/Total prefabrication\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Advantages of prefabrication as given by <\/strong>G. Madhava Rao &amp; D.S. Ramachandra Murthy(1996) are:\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Speed\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Disciplined use of scarce material\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cost reduction\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Superior quality control and\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 High productivity\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Speed: <\/strong>construction time can be reduced by as much as 40% for single storied houses and by 25% to 40% for multistoried flats.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Speed helps not only in wiping out the accumulated backlog of housing and other buildings but also to keep promise made to the people and also for ensuring quicker turn of capital.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">Disciplined use of scarce material: <\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">Prefabrication helps to reduce the consumption of scarce materials to minimum by employing standardized components so that its design can be optimized by employing sophisticated methods.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Cost reduction: <\/strong>In the beginning, because of the higher capital investment, industrialized building techniques and prefabrication may tend to be marginally more expensive than traditional construction.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 But with an assured demand, due to the savings in materials, labour and economies resulting from bulk purchase and the scale of operation, cost reduction is possible to the extent of 10% to 15 per cent.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Since formwork and scaffolding are largely eliminated, the quantities of materials required are less,<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Favourable weight <\/strong>\u2013 Total weight of the building is reduced by the use of structural sections where less concrete and steel is needed.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Superior quality control: <\/strong>Superior quality control can be ensured due to the use of machines, better Working environment provided by the factory, specialized labour and skilled supervision from factory production or site production and also minimizes heavy recurring maintenance expenditure.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0<strong>High productivity: <\/strong>Productivity can be improved as a result of better organisation and supervision and labour specialization.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Inclement weather does not hold up operations as the components are factory produced.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Problems in Prefabricated Construction<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nProblems according to M S Palanichamy, G Jeyakumar,&amp; K L Muthuramu(2002), are as follows\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Transporting the prefabricated components from the factory to the site is more difficult than the transport of materials and of erecting and interconnecting them to form the final structure in the site.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0 \u00a0 These operations associated with prefabrication entail additional costs and technical problems. To justify the choice of prefabricated construction in any particular case, the advantages must of course outweigh the disadvantages.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Areas where prefabrication techniques can be introduced<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n1. Foundation:\r\n\r\n2. Walls:\r\n\r\n3.\u00a0 Floors and Roofs:\r\n\r\n4.\u00a0 Doors and windows:\r\n\r\n5. Precast sanitary core units-\r\n\r\n6.\u00a0 Ferro cement products:\r\n\r\n7. Design of joints\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Foundation:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Because of the varying soil condition prevailing in different sites and complexity, it is generally found easier and more practicable to make foundation by conventional methods using in-situ techniques rather than prefabrication.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">However for column pedestals ,precast concrete pile foundations can be used.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Walls:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0In India, small, medium, and large panel techniques which are proved to be economical for medium and high rise buildings have been developed and executed for walling<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Large panel construction and similar heavy prefabrication may be used in walls only in cases where it proves economical.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Partial prefabrication is an important technology breakthrough from conventional to industrialised building methods.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>The common precast roofing\/ flooring components used in India are;<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\ni) Precast funicular shells, channel units\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">ii)\u00a0\u00a0 Precast ribbed units<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">iii)\u00a0\u00a0 Light weight concrete slabs<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">iv)\u00a0 Pre stressed hollow cored slabs<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">v)\u00a0 Precast battens and hollow block construction<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">vi)\u00a0 Plate floor systems<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">vii)\u00a0\u00a0 Shirke\u2019s 3S system<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">viii)\u00a0\u00a0 Precast RC planks and joists system<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">ix)\u00a0 Light weight aerated concrete units<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Precast roofing\/ flooring components<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">(i) For use as flooring and roofing units, SERC (Structural and Engineering Research Centre), Madras has developed Precast funicular shells, channel units, hollow cored units and cellular units . These shells through form concepts of nature, utilising the strength, utilise minimum of materials to maximum structural advantage.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">(ii) Precast ribbed units: They are essentially one way spanning system. These may be reinforced or pre stressed concrete depending upon their loading and span. And are in the form of a single or double Tee or a channel section and Light weight concrete slabs. These are structurally efficient and in addition provide a flat ceiling. Hollow cores can be used as service ducts.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Depending upon their loading and span, it can be reinforced or pre stressed.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">(iv) Pre stressed hollow cored slabs: Spiral system has facility for producing pre stressed hollow cored slabs to any desired length and of 1200mm wide and 150mm thickness.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">(v) Precast battens and hollow block construction can be used in pre tensioned floor strips. This precast flooring system is suitable for residential, school or office buildings.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0(vi) Plate floor systems: system developed by SERC Madras consists of this precast reinforced concrete plates elements of 4 cm to 5cm thickness used in conjunction with in-situ screeding concrete to act as a composite slab. The main advantage of this system are; elimination of centring, speedier construction, plastering of ceiling can be avoided and cost saving.\u00a0<strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Shirke\u2019s 3S system -precast concrete squares<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">\u00a0(vii)\u00a0 Shirke\u2019s 3S system: In this, squares or rectangular columns of precast concrete are hollow at the centre, with 45mm\u00a0 shell thickness. Beam used for 3S system are of standard cross-section and of various length and size as per the loading and span\u00a0 requirements. For flooring and roofing,\u00a0 light weight concrete siporex slabs (Light<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">(viii)\u00a0 Precast RC planks and joists system- This roofing system consists of RCC planks placed over partially Precast RCC joists and over the planks and beams cast-in-situ concrete is laid.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">(ix)\u00a0 \u00a0Light weight aerated concrete units: are manufactured in the form of blocks, slabs and reinforced slab strips. They are used in composite floors spanning in one or two direction. In many housing projects in India, these types of flooring have been adopted.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>4.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Doors and windows<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0 \u00a0 Various types and size of doors and windows are used in buildings. Normally timber and steel frames are used for windows and doors.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0 Cost can be reduced if standard and optimised dimensions and restricted number of doors and window sizes are evolved and thereby cost of construction can be economised.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>5. Precast sanitary core units- Ferro cement products:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0 \u00a0<strong>Ferro cement products are <\/strong>highly versatile form of Reinforced Concrete made of cement mortar, and wire mesh reinforcement and provide strength and serviceability.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0\u00a0<strong>Structures can be thin and light. <\/strong>It can be easily precast and in case of local damage it\u2019s amenable to repairs. Conservation of timber, considerable saving in form work particularly for complex shapes and saving in cost is possible.<\/p>\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong>Service core units; <\/strong>Ferrocement consists of bathroom and toilet units, trusses and rafters and water tanks. E- units consisting of WC and bath units are also available.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>6.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Design of joints:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\nrecast building by its very nature of as strong as the connection between the individual elements, Joints are classified with respect to location, direction and function.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Interior horizontal wall<\/strong>: wall to floor joint\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Exterior horizontal wall<\/strong>: wall to floor joint\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Horizontal :\u00a0 <\/strong>floor to floor joint\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Vertical <\/strong>: wall to wall joint\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Provision of transverse, longitudinal vertical and peripheral ties in the precast building establishes the structural integrity and continuity.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE ERECTION<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong><em>Setting out and marking<\/em><\/strong><strong>: <\/strong>Prior to erection, all measurements must be checked and sufficient marks set out to enable fast and accurate erecting.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><em>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><strong><em>Anchor bolts and dowel bars <\/em><\/strong>:In placing groups of bolts or dowel bars, one bolt (dowel bar) in each group should be getting out to facilitate location of the member, or even better the tops of all bolts (dowel bars) should be so defined that even the shortest bolt is sufficiently long to allow minor adjustments.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><em>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><strong><em>Mortar or Cast -in-place Joints<\/em><\/strong><strong>: <\/strong>The performance of these joints depends on the strength of the hardened mortar or in-situ concrete. The mix should be aimed at achieving full compaction with the available means, and on the other hand at keeping shrinkage to a minimum which calls for extensive curing.<\/p>\r\n<strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Since hardening of the mortar (concrete) is influenced by the ambient temperature, heating of the mortar or the concrete and even heating of the adjacent precast concrete might be required during the cold season.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n. <strong><em>4 Dowel holes:<\/em><\/strong> For grouting, dowel holes with the following possibilities may be considered;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0<strong><em>Upward dowel holes <\/em><\/strong>can be grouted either by injecting or by pouring a sand-cement grout containing a cement grout containing cement not susceptible to bleeding, or by a pure cement grout with an injection agent.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0\u00a0<strong><em>Downward dowel holes: <\/em><\/strong>which are cast in, can be grouted similarly. If they are drilled, these should be filled either with a grout to which a synthetic resin dispersion agent is\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">added, or with a synthetic resin with a quartz filler. In any case these holes must be filled just prior to placing the dowel bars and must then be clean and air-dry.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u2022\u00a0\u00a0<strong>Recesses, <em>pockets<\/em>: <\/strong>Depending on the size, these should be filled with a dry to half plastic sand-cement mortar or in-situ concrete to which a synthetic resin dispersion agent might be added for better bonding.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong><em>5.\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><strong><em>Welding <\/em><\/strong><strong>of<em> reinforcing bars<\/em><\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022 Welds between reinforcing bars, pertaining to the same joint, should be identical as possible. To attain this, each pair of bars to be welded in the same joint should be so bent, and if necessary cut, that the distance between the welding faces are equal to that of the other pairs. Furthermore there must be sufficient projection to prevent overheating of the concrete and also sufficient room between the concrete faces for laying the welds, and the bars.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022 A minimum distance of five times the bar diameter should be provided between the edge of the weld nearest to the concrete and the concrete face. Moreover, welding operations should confine to the relevant standard specifications, codes of practice etc.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong><em>Stability <\/em><\/strong><strong>measures<em> during erection<\/em><\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0 \u00a0The overall stability of the structure as well as the stability of each element should be ensured by temporary supports, struts, braces etc. Until the connections are load transferring.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0 There should not be any obstruction to the erection equipment (cranes etc.) so that the order of erection can be ensured.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong><em>7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><strong><em>Corrosion protection<\/em><\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 \u00a0Projecting reinforcing bars should also be corrosion protected over a short distance from both sides of the interface with a coating of epoxy, rust proof paint as they will prevent the corrosion at the interface between the precast element and the in-situ concrete or mortar fill and also set out for steel parts.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Conclusion:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Therefore, by opting for prefabricated building solutions like the \u2018India Concept House\u2019 over traditionally constructed homes, one can achieve cost savings both in the short term and over the life of the structure.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 As the staging area is significantly limited, on-site waste generation is reduced on account of most of the construction taking place at an off-site location. At the same time it helps to reduce the impact of one\u2019s activities on the environment due to reduced impact of construction at building sites for the benefit of future generations.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Also, it is more feasible to control waste in a factory, where it can be easily segregated for recycling, when it is created on an assembly line rather than at a building site.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Every citizen in general should be aware or made aware of the natural state of environment, its capacity to adjust and to prevent its abuse\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 \u00a0Architectural design can play a large part in influencing the ways that social groups interact. Unnecessary development should be avoided if sustainable architects take initiatives in retrofitting old structures to serve new needs and also by developing sustainable designs which will help to create a sustainable way of living within a community.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Green and sustainable technology<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) concepts, zero or low VOC paints;\r\n\r\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Eco friendly materials and finishes used in green technology ;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Introduction:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Now let us see Green and sustainable technology. Our diminishing environmental resources due to the extensive use of the earth which has already exceeded the sustainable limits have resulted in environmental crisis ie. sudden growth of economic activity and human population, depletion of natural resources, ecosystem damage and biodiversity destruction.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Sustainable design: <\/strong>The concept reveals that natural world is an integral part of the human civilization and any design that preserve and perpetuate nature is called a sustainable design<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Sustainable design comply with the principles of economic, social and ecological sustainability which is also referred to as \u201cGreen design\u201d \u201ceco design\u201d or design for environment and is the art of designing physical objects, the built environment and services that are eco friendly. Sustainability does not mean low quality of life, but it needs a change in attitude towards non greedy and less consumptive lifestyle.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In short, sustainability is the key to make the natural and cultural system capable of being continued over time and again. Attitudinal changes which embrace global interdependence, environmental stewardship and social responsibility and economic viability is the key for sustainable designs which must use an alternative approach to traditional designs that incorporates changes in the mindset.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">.The new term <strong>Green buildings generally<\/strong> refers to the concept of using renewable resources and materials for construction as well as the management of the building.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022 It ranges from the microcosm of designing small objects for everyday use (including furniture, furnishings, curios and accessories), through to the macrocosm of designing buildings, cities and the earth\u2019s physical surface.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022 Now a days, \u201cGo green\u201d is the growing trend in all fields like building architecture, landscape architecture, urban design, urban planning, engineering, Graphic design, interior design, industrial design and Fashion design etc.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022 Sustainable landscape architecture is a means of designing outdoor space which can include ecological, social and economic aspects of sustainability.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0 Urban drainage system can improve habitat for fauna and flora, improves the recreation facilities also. The design of a green roof for a roof garden can also be a sustainable feature of a landscape architecture. .<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Features of a green building <\/strong>According to P.C. Varghese ( 2007 are;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Efficient use of water\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Energy efficient and eco friendly equipment\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Use of renewable energy -solar or wind energy\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Use of recycled or recyclable materials\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Effective use of landscape\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Effective control and building management system\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Indoor air quality for human safety and comfort\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Benefits of green buildings<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Has less impact on environment<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Enhances occupants\u2019 comfort thus suitable for\u00a0 health and safety<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gives long term economy because of less operating costs<\/p>\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Improves the output or productivity of occupants.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Many of the urban development projects nowadays try to incorporate these concepts into their designs.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Near cities where flyash is in plenty, some of the Govt. agencies such as CPWD insist that the infill material for framed buildings should be flyash bricks instead of clay bricks.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">When older buildings are demolished, any good wood, stone is reclaimed, as well as wall panels, partitions etc and many other parts such as doors, windows, mantels hardware can be reused thus , reducing the consumption of new goods. are renewed and reused.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">As per A.P. Mishra, Brajendra S. Kusmariya, and Rajendra K. Jain, (2015) Scientists must design safer and cleaner approaches to manufacture the products needed by mankind. the term \u201cgreen chemistry\u201d is defined as the \u201cinvention, design and application of chemical products and processes to reduce or to eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Conclusion: <\/strong>Green technology, Eco city concept, Safe indoor air quality, Social sustainability and Sustainable landscape architecture all these contribute to a better living condition amidst urbanization, technological development and population explosion.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>you can view video on RECENT TRENDS IN BUILDING DESIGNS, PREFABRICATION - METHODS AND TECHNIQUES; GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY <\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/FKbgMvLLnZA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","rendered":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/FKbgMvLLnZA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>RECENT TRENDS IN BUILDING DESIGNS, PREFABRICATION &#8211; METHODS AND TECHNIQUES; GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Prefabrication <\/strong>&#8211; Definition, Meaning<\/li>\n<li>Classification-column and beam system, panel system, Box system, Closed or open system, site oriented or factory oriented system.<\/li>\n<li>Advantages of Prefabrication-(speed, disciplined use of scarce material, cost reduction, superior quality control and high productivity) and<\/li>\n<li>Disadvantages<\/li>\n<li>Areas where prefabrication techniques can be introduced.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Prefabrication <\/strong>means the use of manufactured units or assembling the components of a structure or a building in a factory or a manufacturing site, and transporting them to the building location or the construction site. When several components or units are assembled together on-site to complete the structure of a building, it is called a <strong>Prefabricated building<\/strong> <strong>Prefabrication- History<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Prefabricated housing became popular during the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\">Second World War <\/a>as mass accommodation for military personnel was needed and also it was used as a means of<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">providing quick and cheap quality housing as a replacement for the housing destroyed during war<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The world&#8217;s first prefabricated, pre-cast paneled apartment blocks were pioneered by city engineer <a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Alexander_Brodie\">John Alexander Brodie, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">in <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liverpool\">Liverpool <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">in 1906 after World War 2 which was demolished in the 1960s amid much controversy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Prefabricated homes kits were produced in the United States in 1908, which enabled Californian prospectors to quickly construct accommodation.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Steel, aluminium, timber or <a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asbestos\">asbestos, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">were the construction materials used depending on the type of dwelling.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">But in India, house construction has been in the conventional manner in the organized sector, where burnt bricks, cement mortar, RCC, glass, aluminium, Ceramic tiles, etc were used which are all labour intensive, time consuming and expensive.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Present designs of houses in India are not at all eco friendly. An independent house of say, 900 sq.ft carpet area takes at least one year to complete and costs as high as Rupees fifty lakhs. On the other hand, a dwelling unit of similar size in a multi storied apartment building in urban India takes more than three years to complete and costs anything in the range of rupees thirty lakhs to 100 lakhs.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">India being the second most populous country in the world, more than half of its population of people live without a proper house. These populace is classified as the below poverty line (BPL) people whose average family income is less than Rs 5000 per month. It is not possible for them to afford a housing unit even if it costs only one tenth of the cost of a small house.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Besides, in the construction field, India has a serious shortage of skilled labour like masons, carpenters, electricians, plumbers, construction supervisors, planners, experienced engineers and architects. India has many governmental organizations like the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbri.res.in\/\">Central Building<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbri.res.in\/\">Research Institute <\/a>(CBRI) doing research work in this field and popularize useful technologies and many state government sponsored housing boards and other such governmental organizations. However, none of them have deviated much from the conventional methods of construction and could not popularize any practical and aesthetic housing designs which are affordable and also good to live comfortably.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Due to rapid growth of concrete constructions especially Kerala, there is a serious depletion of river sand in many regions in India and now river sand has become a scarce commodity that it is being imported from far away countries like Combodia. Even Rock sand (crushed rock), known as factory made sand is also an alternative. The cost of river sand which was only a few hundred rupees twenty years ago is now costing over Rs. 10,000\/- a cubic metre and is a punishable offence under environment protection Act (Protection of water bodies). Cost of standard burnt brick has also increased many fold.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Due to its thermal characteristics, concrete buildings are not at all comfortable to live. RCC roofs absorb all the heat of the sun during the day and radiate it inwards in the night which cause discomfort for the dwellers. People who can afford, will use air conditioners which\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">consume so much electricity making India a power hungry nation already, even with half of its population sleeping in the open skies!<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">All these reasons call for urgent actions to popularize alternative design and construction technologies with regard to the future houses in India both for the urban and the rural people. This is an area where dynamic and visionary entrepreneurs can think differently and evolve a business model that is useful to them, the users and the society.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Prefabrication\u2013methods and techniques<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Let us think about designing, manufacturing and marketing completely dismantled houses which also will be aesthetically better, comfortable, affordable and easy to maintain with a long life which could be assembled with the help of trained personnel at site in a few days which is not very difficult today as technologies and know how already exist in the world elsewhere.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0What is Prefabrication?.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Let us take an example from house-building to illustrate the process of prefabrication. Building a house involve transportation of <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brick\">bricks, <\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timber\">timber, <\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cement\">cement, <\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sand\">sand, <\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steel\">steel <\/a>and <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Construction_aggregate\">aggregate,<\/a> etc. to the construction site and construct the house on site from these materials.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prefabricated_buildings\">prefabricated construction, <\/a>conventional method of construction will be only for the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foundation_(architecture)\">foundations, <\/a>while sections of <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wall\">walls, <\/a>floors and <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roof\">roof <\/a>are prefabricated (assembled) in a factory (possibly with window and door frames included), transported to the site, lifted into place by a <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crane_(machine)\">crane <\/a>and <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Screw\">bolted <\/a>together.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022 &#8220;<strong>Precast units&#8221;<\/strong> means prefabricated concrete structural components can be also called as Precast members&#8221; or precast elements&#8221;, which means that before being taken to the actual construction site for erection, they are cast in advance and given sufficient time to harden and acquire strength. &#8220;Prefabricated construction&#8221; refers to the construction methods which make use of prefabricated components .<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Example- <\/strong>concrete panels, slabs, beams or girders manufactured in a plant or constructed in a place other than their final intended location.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Generally prefabricated systems can be classified on the basis of structural action as follows<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Column and beam system<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Panel systems<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Box systems<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">closed\u2019 or \u2018open\u2019<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">site oriented or factory oriented<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><strong>Now let us see one by one<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Column and beam system<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022 In these, precast concrete columns and beams with in filled units for floors and roofs as well as for walls are used for the construction .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022 Walls can be of precast units or\u00a0 in-situ-brick or light weight block masonry construction<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0 These types of systems have been developed by research institutions, public and private sector units and individuals for residential and institutional buildings<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><strong>Panel systems (small panel and large panel systems)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0For load bearing walls and floor slabs of the structure, normal weight panels, light weight concrete panels or brick panels are used.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Examples: The UCOPAN system belong to the small panel system and the large panel residential construction of 144 flats in Besant Nagar, Madras27 storied Petit Hall construction by Shah construction company Bombay and Large number of flats built by Hindustan Prefabs Ltd. New Delhi belongs to large panel type.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 3.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Box systems<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The three dimensional or volumetric approaches are based on boxlike modules of room sized scale.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">They can be made of a variety of materials like wood, steel or concrete.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Box units are designed to permit stacking, the loads being carried by the side wall or by columns along the periphery.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">In India, service core units have been tried in three dimensional box unit shapes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u00a0 \u00a04.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><strong>Closed\u2019 or \u2018open\u2019 &amp; site oriented or factory oriented Prefabrication <\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>A closed system <\/strong>may be defined as an industrialized building system which is internally compatible but which cannot be combined with other systems to permit the assembly of hybrid or mixed system<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>An open system <\/strong>offers more flexibility and freedom in that it is made up of components or sub systems which can be combined with in- situ construction resulting in partial pre fabrication.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Prefabrication system are also sometimes categorized as <strong>site oriented or factory<\/strong> <strong>oriented <\/strong>depending upon whether the components are produced at the site or the factory.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>From the view of degree of precast construction it can be also classified as <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1.Smal\/medium\/large prefabrication<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0\u00a0 Cast-in-site prefabrication<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0\u00a0 Factory prefabrication<\/p>\n<p>4.\u00a0\u00a0 Open\/closed system of prefabrication<\/p>\n<p>5.\u00a0\u00a0 Partial\/Total prefabrication<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Advantages of prefabrication as given by <\/strong>G. Madhava Rao &amp; D.S. Ramachandra Murthy(1996) are:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Speed<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Disciplined use of scarce material<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cost reduction<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Superior quality control and<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 High productivity<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Speed: <\/strong>construction time can be reduced by as much as 40% for single storied houses and by 25% to 40% for multistoried flats.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Speed helps not only in wiping out the accumulated backlog of housing and other buildings but also to keep promise made to the people and also for ensuring quicker turn of capital.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">Disciplined use of scarce material: <\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">Prefabrication helps to reduce the consumption of scarce materials to minimum by employing standardized components so that its design can be optimized by employing sophisticated methods.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Cost reduction: <\/strong>In the beginning, because of the higher capital investment, industrialized building techniques and prefabrication may tend to be marginally more expensive than traditional construction.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 But with an assured demand, due to the savings in materials, labour and economies resulting from bulk purchase and the scale of operation, cost reduction is possible to the extent of 10% to 15 per cent.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Since formwork and scaffolding are largely eliminated, the quantities of materials required are less,<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Favourable weight <\/strong>\u2013 Total weight of the building is reduced by the use of structural sections where less concrete and steel is needed.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Superior quality control: <\/strong>Superior quality control can be ensured due to the use of machines, better Working environment provided by the factory, specialized labour and skilled supervision from factory production or site production and also minimizes heavy recurring maintenance expenditure.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0<strong>High productivity: <\/strong>Productivity can be improved as a result of better organisation and supervision and labour specialization.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 Inclement weather does not hold up operations as the components are factory produced.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Problems in Prefabricated Construction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Problems according to M S Palanichamy, G Jeyakumar,&amp; K L Muthuramu(2002), are as follows<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Transporting the prefabricated components from the factory to the site is more difficult than the transport of materials and of erecting and interconnecting them to form the final structure in the site.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0 \u00a0 These operations associated with prefabrication entail additional costs and technical problems. To justify the choice of prefabricated construction in any particular case, the advantages must of course outweigh the disadvantages.<\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Areas where prefabrication techniques can be introduced<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1. Foundation:<\/p>\n<p>2. Walls:<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0 Floors and Roofs:<\/p>\n<p>4.\u00a0 Doors and windows:<\/p>\n<p>5. Precast sanitary core units-<\/p>\n<p>6.\u00a0 Ferro cement products:<\/p>\n<p>7. Design of joints<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Foundation:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Because of the varying soil condition prevailing in different sites and complexity, it is generally found easier and more practicable to make foundation by conventional methods using in-situ techniques rather than prefabrication.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">However for column pedestals ,precast concrete pile foundations can be used.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Walls:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0In India, small, medium, and large panel techniques which are proved to be economical for medium and high rise buildings have been developed and executed for walling<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Large panel construction and similar heavy prefabrication may be used in walls only in cases where it proves economical.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Partial prefabrication is an important technology breakthrough from conventional to industrialised building methods.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>The common precast roofing\/ flooring components used in India are;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>i) Precast funicular shells, channel units<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">ii)\u00a0\u00a0 Precast ribbed units<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">iii)\u00a0\u00a0 Light weight concrete slabs<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">iv)\u00a0 Pre stressed hollow cored slabs<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">v)\u00a0 Precast battens and hollow block construction<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">vi)\u00a0 Plate floor systems<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">vii)\u00a0\u00a0 Shirke\u2019s 3S system<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">viii)\u00a0\u00a0 Precast RC planks and joists system<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">ix)\u00a0 Light weight aerated concrete units<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Precast roofing\/ flooring components<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">(i) For use as flooring and roofing units, SERC (Structural and Engineering Research Centre), Madras has developed Precast funicular shells, channel units, hollow cored units and cellular units . These shells through form concepts of nature, utilising the strength, utilise minimum of materials to maximum structural advantage.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">(ii) Precast ribbed units: They are essentially one way spanning system. These may be reinforced or pre stressed concrete depending upon their loading and span. And are in the form of a single or double Tee or a channel section and Light weight concrete slabs. These are structurally efficient and in addition provide a flat ceiling. Hollow cores can be used as service ducts.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Depending upon their loading and span, it can be reinforced or pre stressed.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">(iv) Pre stressed hollow cored slabs: Spiral system has facility for producing pre stressed hollow cored slabs to any desired length and of 1200mm wide and 150mm thickness.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">(v) Precast battens and hollow block construction can be used in pre tensioned floor strips. This precast flooring system is suitable for residential, school or office buildings.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0(vi) Plate floor systems: system developed by SERC Madras consists of this precast reinforced concrete plates elements of 4 cm to 5cm thickness used in conjunction with in-situ screeding concrete to act as a composite slab. The main advantage of this system are; elimination of centring, speedier construction, plastering of ceiling can be avoided and cost saving.\u00a0<strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Shirke\u2019s 3S system -precast concrete squares<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">\u00a0(vii)\u00a0 Shirke\u2019s 3S system: In this, squares or rectangular columns of precast concrete are hollow at the centre, with 45mm\u00a0 shell thickness. Beam used for 3S system are of standard cross-section and of various length and size as per the loading and span\u00a0 requirements. For flooring and roofing,\u00a0 light weight concrete siporex slabs (Light<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">(viii)\u00a0 Precast RC planks and joists system- This roofing system consists of RCC planks placed over partially Precast RCC joists and over the planks and beams cast-in-situ concrete is laid.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">(ix)\u00a0 \u00a0Light weight aerated concrete units: are manufactured in the form of blocks, slabs and reinforced slab strips. They are used in composite floors spanning in one or two direction. In many housing projects in India, these types of flooring have been adopted.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>4.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Doors and windows<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0 \u00a0 Various types and size of doors and windows are used in buildings. Normally timber and steel frames are used for windows and doors.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0 Cost can be reduced if standard and optimised dimensions and restricted number of doors and window sizes are evolved and thereby cost of construction can be economised.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>5. Precast sanitary core units- Ferro cement products:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0 \u00a0<strong>Ferro cement products are <\/strong>highly versatile form of Reinforced Concrete made of cement mortar, and wire mesh reinforcement and provide strength and serviceability.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0\u00a0<strong>Structures can be thin and light. <\/strong>It can be easily precast and in case of local damage it\u2019s amenable to repairs. Conservation of timber, considerable saving in form work particularly for complex shapes and saving in cost is possible.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong>Service core units; <\/strong>Ferrocement consists of bathroom and toilet units, trusses and rafters and water tanks. E- units consisting of WC and bath units are also available.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>6.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Design of joints:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>recast building by its very nature of as strong as the connection between the individual elements, Joints are classified with respect to location, direction and function.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Interior horizontal wall<\/strong>: wall to floor joint<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Exterior horizontal wall<\/strong>: wall to floor joint<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Horizontal :\u00a0 <\/strong>floor to floor joint<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Vertical <\/strong>: wall to wall joint<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Provision of transverse, longitudinal vertical and peripheral ties in the precast building establishes the structural integrity and continuity.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE ERECTION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong><em>Setting out and marking<\/em><\/strong><strong>: <\/strong>Prior to erection, all measurements must be checked and sufficient marks set out to enable fast and accurate erecting.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><em>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><strong><em>Anchor bolts and dowel bars <\/em><\/strong>:In placing groups of bolts or dowel bars, one bolt (dowel bar) in each group should be getting out to facilitate location of the member, or even better the tops of all bolts (dowel bars) should be so defined that even the shortest bolt is sufficiently long to allow minor adjustments.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><em>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><strong><em>Mortar or Cast -in-place Joints<\/em><\/strong><strong>: <\/strong>The performance of these joints depends on the strength of the hardened mortar or in-situ concrete. The mix should be aimed at achieving full compaction with the available means, and on the other hand at keeping shrinkage to a minimum which calls for extensive curing.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Since hardening of the mortar (concrete) is influenced by the ambient temperature, heating of the mortar or the concrete and even heating of the adjacent precast concrete might be required during the cold season.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>. <strong><em>4 Dowel holes:<\/em><\/strong> For grouting, dowel holes with the following possibilities may be considered;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0<strong><em>Upward dowel holes <\/em><\/strong>can be grouted either by injecting or by pouring a sand-cement grout containing a cement grout containing cement not susceptible to bleeding, or by a pure cement grout with an injection agent.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0\u00a0<strong><em>Downward dowel holes: <\/em><\/strong>which are cast in, can be grouted similarly. If they are drilled, these should be filled either with a grout to which a synthetic resin dispersion agent is\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">added, or with a synthetic resin with a quartz filler. In any case these holes must be filled just prior to placing the dowel bars and must then be clean and air-dry.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u2022\u00a0\u00a0<strong>Recesses, <em>pockets<\/em>: <\/strong>Depending on the size, these should be filled with a dry to half plastic sand-cement mortar or in-situ concrete to which a synthetic resin dispersion agent might be added for better bonding.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>5.\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><strong><em>Welding <\/em><\/strong><strong>of<em> reinforcing bars<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022 Welds between reinforcing bars, pertaining to the same joint, should be identical as possible. To attain this, each pair of bars to be welded in the same joint should be so bent, and if necessary cut, that the distance between the welding faces are equal to that of the other pairs. Furthermore there must be sufficient projection to prevent overheating of the concrete and also sufficient room between the concrete faces for laying the welds, and the bars.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022 A minimum distance of five times the bar diameter should be provided between the edge of the weld nearest to the concrete and the concrete face. Moreover, welding operations should confine to the relevant standard specifications, codes of practice etc.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Stability <\/em><\/strong><strong>measures<em> during erection<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0 \u00a0The overall stability of the structure as well as the stability of each element should be ensured by temporary supports, struts, braces etc. Until the connections are load transferring.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0 There should not be any obstruction to the erection equipment (cranes etc.) so that the order of erection can be ensured.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><strong><em>Corrosion protection<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0 \u00a0Projecting reinforcing bars should also be corrosion protected over a short distance from both sides of the interface with a coating of epoxy, rust proof paint as they will prevent the corrosion at the interface between the precast element and the in-situ concrete or mortar fill and also set out for steel parts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Conclusion:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0 Therefore, by opting for prefabricated building solutions like the \u2018India Concept House\u2019 over traditionally constructed homes, one can achieve cost savings both in the short term and over the life of the structure.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0 As the staging area is significantly limited, on-site waste generation is reduced on account of most of the construction taking place at an off-site location. At the same time it helps to reduce the impact of one\u2019s activities on the environment due to reduced impact of construction at building sites for the benefit of future generations.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0 Also, it is more feasible to control waste in a factory, where it can be easily segregated for recycling, when it is created on an assembly line rather than at a building site.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Every citizen in general should be aware or made aware of the natural state of environment, its capacity to adjust and to prevent its abuse<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0 \u00a0Architectural design can play a large part in influencing the ways that social groups interact. Unnecessary development should be avoided if sustainable architects take initiatives in retrofitting old structures to serve new needs and also by developing sustainable designs which will help to create a sustainable way of living within a community.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Green and sustainable technology<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) concepts, zero or low VOC paints;<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Eco friendly materials and finishes used in green technology ;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Introduction:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Now let us see Green and sustainable technology. Our diminishing environmental resources due to the extensive use of the earth which has already exceeded the sustainable limits have resulted in environmental crisis ie. sudden growth of economic activity and human population, depletion of natural resources, ecosystem damage and biodiversity destruction.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Sustainable design: <\/strong>The concept reveals that natural world is an integral part of the human civilization and any design that preserve and perpetuate nature is called a sustainable design<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Sustainable design comply with the principles of economic, social and ecological sustainability which is also referred to as \u201cGreen design\u201d \u201ceco design\u201d or design for environment and is the art of designing physical objects, the built environment and services that are eco friendly. Sustainability does not mean low quality of life, but it needs a change in attitude towards non greedy and less consumptive lifestyle.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In short, sustainability is the key to make the natural and cultural system capable of being continued over time and again. Attitudinal changes which embrace global interdependence, environmental stewardship and social responsibility and economic viability is the key for sustainable designs which must use an alternative approach to traditional designs that incorporates changes in the mindset.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">.The new term <strong>Green buildings generally<\/strong> refers to the concept of using renewable resources and materials for construction as well as the management of the building.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022 It ranges from the microcosm of designing small objects for everyday use (including furniture, furnishings, curios and accessories), through to the macrocosm of designing buildings, cities and the earth\u2019s physical surface.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022 Now a days, \u201cGo green\u201d is the growing trend in all fields like building architecture, landscape architecture, urban design, urban planning, engineering, Graphic design, interior design, industrial design and Fashion design etc.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022 Sustainable landscape architecture is a means of designing outdoor space which can include ecological, social and economic aspects of sustainability.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0 Urban drainage system can improve habitat for fauna and flora, improves the recreation facilities also. The design of a green roof for a roof garden can also be a sustainable feature of a landscape architecture. .<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Features of a green building <\/strong>According to P.C. Varghese ( 2007 are;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Efficient use of water<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Energy efficient and eco friendly equipment<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Use of renewable energy -solar or wind energy<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Use of recycled or recyclable materials<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Effective use of landscape<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Effective control and building management system<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Indoor air quality for human safety and comfort<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Benefits of green buildings<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Has less impact on environment<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Enhances occupants\u2019 comfort thus suitable for\u00a0 health and safety<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gives long term economy because of less operating costs<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Improves the output or productivity of occupants.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Many of the urban development projects nowadays try to incorporate these concepts into their designs.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Near cities where flyash is in plenty, some of the Govt. agencies such as CPWD insist that the infill material for framed buildings should be flyash bricks instead of clay bricks.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">When older buildings are demolished, any good wood, stone is reclaimed, as well as wall panels, partitions etc and many other parts such as doors, windows, mantels hardware can be reused thus , reducing the consumption of new goods. are renewed and reused.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">As per A.P. Mishra, Brajendra S. Kusmariya, and Rajendra K. Jain, (2015) Scientists must design safer and cleaner approaches to manufacture the products needed by mankind. the term \u201cgreen chemistry\u201d is defined as the \u201cinvention, design and application of chemical products and processes to reduce or to eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Conclusion: <\/strong>Green technology, Eco city concept, Safe indoor air quality, Social sustainability and Sustainable landscape architecture all these contribute to a better living condition amidst urbanization, technological development and population explosion.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>you can view video on RECENT TRENDS IN BUILDING DESIGNS, PREFABRICATION &#8211; METHODS AND TECHNIQUES; GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY <\/strong><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/FKbgMvLLnZA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"menu_order":25,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["dr-rymala-mathen"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[59],"license":[],"class_list":["post-240","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-dr-rymala-mathen"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/240","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/240\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":340,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/240\/revisions\/340"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/240\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=240"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=240"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=240"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hsp01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=240"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}