{"id":71,"date":"2019-01-11T11:31:21","date_gmt":"2019-01-11T11:31:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hinp09.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=71"},"modified":"2019-01-11T11:52:56","modified_gmt":"2019-01-11T11:52:56","slug":"71","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/chapter\/71\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923"},"content":{"raw":"&nbsp;\r\n<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/WrCis0i1P-I\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a <\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u200d\u092f<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923\u2013\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930<strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e <\/strong><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u200d\u092f <\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u200d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0906\u092a-\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ol start=\"2\">\r\n \t<li><strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e <\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e (Speech Process) \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u094c\u0925\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u200d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e (articulatory process) \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d \u092a\u0925 (Vocal tract) \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0915 \u092a\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u0928 \u092f\u093e Constriction \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0921\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0907\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u200d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 (Articulatory classification) \u00a0\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\r\n\r\n(Degree of Constriction of Articulation)\u00a0 \u00a0\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>(i) \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 ( \u092c\u0902\u0926) (Complete Closure)\u00a0 \u0915\u092e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018 \u0915\u094d \u2019 [k]\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018 \u092a\u094d \u2019 [p] \u0914\u0930 \u2018 \u0928\u094d \u2019 [n]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0928 (Close approximation) \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u092b\u0930\u094d\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u094d [f] \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094d [z] \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018 \u0938\u094d \u2019 [s]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>(iii) \u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0930 (Partial Closure) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0932\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018 \u0932\u094d \u2019 [I]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>(iv) \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0930 (Intermittent Closure) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0930\u093e\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018 \u0930\u094d \u2019 [r]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>(v) \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0928 (Open approximation) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018 \u0935\u094d \u2019 [w]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>(vi) \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 ( Open transition) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0906\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018 \u0906 \u2019 [a;]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u092d\u0940 6 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0923 (Articulators) \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u200d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u092e \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915weblink\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092a \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u200d\u092e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902-<\/p>\r\nhttps:\/\/<a href=\"LaryngealStroboscopy-%20edited.ogg\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mJedwz_r2Pc<\/a>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol start=\"3\">\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u00a0 <\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2013\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">(1) \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f (Plosive)\u00a0 (2) \u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f (Nasal)\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;text-indent: 1em;font-size: 1em\">(3)\u00a0 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 (Fricative)\u00a0 (4) \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 (Affricate)\u00a0 (5) \u00a0\u0915\u0902\u092a\u093f\u0924\u00a0 (Trill) \/ \u0924\u093e\u0921\u093f\u0924 (Tap)\u00a0 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u200d\u0924 (Flap)\u00a0 (6) \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 (Lateral)\u00a0 (7) \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 (Approximant)<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">(1)\u00a0 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f (Plosive) \u2013 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 -\u00a0 (i) \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 (Contact) (2)\u00a0 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 (Hold)\u00a0 (3) \u092e\u094b\u091a\u0928 (Release)\u0964 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092b\u0947\u092b\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948,\u00a0 \u0925\u094b\u0921\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0901\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u092c\u0922\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u092c \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u094b \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f\u0928 (Plosion) \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u2013 \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d, \u091a\u094d, \u091f\u094d, \u0924\u094d, \u092a\u094d \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u0930\u0942\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0905\u0918\u094b\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 :<\/p>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-75\" src=\"http:\/\/hinp09.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-15.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"286\" height=\"83\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930: \u0905\u0918\u094b\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u200d\u092f \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0915\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930, \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902- \u0905\u0918\u094b\u0937 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u200d\u092a\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923 (\u0915\u094d, \u091a\u094d, \u091f\u094d, \u0924\u094d, \u092a\u094d);\u00a0 \u0938\u0918\u094b\u0937 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u200d\u092a\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923 (\u0917\u094d, \u091c\u094d, \u0921\u094d, \u0926\u094d, \u092c\u094d); \u0905\u0918\u094b\u0937 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923 (\u0916\u094d, \u091b\u094d, \u0920\u094d, \u0925\u094d, \u092b\u094d); \u00a0\u0938\u0918\u094b\u0937 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923 (\u0918\u094d, \u091d\u094d, \u0922\u094d, \u0927\u094d, \u092d\u094d,) \u0907\u0928\u0915\u094b IPA (\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2013<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-76\" src=\"http:\/\/hinp09.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-16.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"522\" height=\"45\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e (Pattern) \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2013 \u092a\u094d, \u092b\u094d, \u092c\u094d, \u092c\u094b\u0921\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2013 \u092a\u094d, \u092c\u094d, \u0924\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d \u092b\u094d, \u0906\u0913 \u2013 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2013 \u092a\u094d \u0964<\/p>\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f -<\/strong>\u00a0 \u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f,\u00a0 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u00a0 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u092e\u0932 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u0941 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u092e\u0932 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u0941 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013 \u092e\u094d [m], \u0928\u094d [n], \u0923\u094d [\u0273], \u00a0\u091e\u094d [\u0272] \u0914\u0930 \u0919\u094d [\u014b].<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u091c\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0924\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0918\u094b\u0937 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018\u092e\u094d\u200d\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902\u2019 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018\u092e\u094d\u200d\u0939\u2019 (m\u02b1) \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0939\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u200d\u0939\u094d \u00a0[n\u02b1]<\/p>\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940\u00a0 - <\/strong>\u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u091c\u0926\u0940\u0915 \u0906 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013 \u092b\u094d, \u0938\u094d, \u091c\u094d, \u0936\u094d, \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u094d \u0964<\/p>\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 <\/strong>\u2013 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2013(a) \u092b \u092b\u093c (b) \u0916 \u0916\u093c\u00a0 \u0914\u0930 (c) \u091c \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093c \u0907\u0928 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0918\u094b\u0937 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u0938\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936<\/strong><strong>-<\/strong><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 -\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>\u0938\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936-\u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094b \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2013 (1) \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0914\u0930 (2) \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928, \u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u2013 \u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u2013 \u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u2013 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u2018\u091a \u2019 \u0914\u0930 \u2018 \u091c \u2019 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u091b\u00a0\u00a0 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0930\u093e\u0920\u0940, \u0914\u0930 \u0913\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u2013 \u2018 \u0924\u094d\u0938 \u2019 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u093c\u094d\u091c\u0964<\/p>\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u0924\u093e\u0921\u200c\u200c\u0928 <\/strong><strong>(Tap), <\/strong><strong>\u0915\u0902<\/strong><strong>\u092a<\/strong><strong>\u0928 <\/strong><strong>(Trill), <\/strong><strong>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a <\/strong><strong>(Flap) -\u00a0 <\/strong>\u092f\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u093e\u0921\u093c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u093f\u0939\u0943\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0924\u0941 (Alveolar ridge) \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 (Contact) \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u2018 \u0930 \u2019 \u091c\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0924\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u0908 \u0924\u093e\u0921\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0964 \u2018 \u0930 \u2019 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u2013 \u092e\u0930\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0947\u0932\u0917\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0915\u0902\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u00a0 \u0924\u093e\u0921\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013 [J] \u0924\u093e\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 [r] \u0915\u0902\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u095d\u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u091d\u091f\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0921\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u200d\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0907 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 -\u00a0 <\/strong>\u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941, \u092e\u0941\u0916\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u0947, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">(\u0905) \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 (Central approximant) \u0914\u0930 (\u092c) \u00a0\u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 (Lateral approximant) \u00a0\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u2013 \u2018 \u0935 \u2019 \u0914\u0930 \u2018\u092f\u2019\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947,\u2018 \u0932 \u2019\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 (sides) \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/p>\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<ol start=\"4\">\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 <\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">(Places of articulation) -\u00a0 \u00a0\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- \u0938, \u0928, \u0932\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936: \u0938\u0902\u0927\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940, \u00a0\u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964\u00a0 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2013 \u0935\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0964<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u092e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u200d\u0924 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0947\u0915\u00a0 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947\u00a0 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0902\u0964 IPA \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 -\u00a0 IPA\u00a0\u00a0 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u2013\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-77\" src=\"http:\/\/hinp09.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-17.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"675\" height=\"325\" \/>\r\n\r\n\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u091b\u0935\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930: \u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-78\" src=\"http:\/\/hinp09.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-18.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"451\" height=\"294\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.as-sidq.org\/durusulQuran\/images\/tongue.gif\">http:\/\/www.as-sidq.org\/durusulQuran\/images\/tongue.gif<\/a><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 - \u00a0 <\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>(1) <\/strong>\u0913\u0937\u094d\u200d\u0920\u094d\u092f (Labial) _ \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013<\/li>\r\n \t<li>(\u0915) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u092f\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094d\u092f (Bilabial)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>(\u0916) \u0926\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094d\u092f (Labiodental)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u0940 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u200d\u0938\u0930 \u0926\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0937\u094d\u200d\u0920\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 (Labioental fricative) \u2018 \u092b\u094d \u2019 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094d\u0935\u092f\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f (bilabial plosive) \u2018 \u092b\u094d \u2019 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0947 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>(2) <\/strong>\u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092b\u0932\u0915\u0940\u092f (Coronal) \u2013 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 5 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013 \u0915 \u0926\u0902\u0924\u094d\u200d\u092f (Dental)\u00a0 \u0916 \u0935\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u200d\u092f (Alveolar) \u0917 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u200d\u091a \u0935\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u200d\u092f (Postalveolar) \u0918 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093f\u0924 (Retroflex) \u0921\u093c \u0924\u093e\u0932\u0941 \u0935\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0930\u094d\u092f (Paletoalveolar) \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f IPA \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>(3) <\/strong>\u092a\u0936\u094d\u200d\u091a\u091c\u093f\u0939\u0943\u0935\u0940\u092f (Dorsal) - \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013<\/li>\r\n \t<li>(\u0915) \u0915\u094b\u092e\u0932 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f (Velar)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>(\u0916) \u0905\u0932\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092f (Uvular) \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u0930\u0942\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093c \u0914\u0930 \u0915\/ \u0915\u093c\u0932\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0932\/<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>(4) <\/strong>\u0915\u0902\u0920\u094d\u092f <strong>(Gutteral) \u2013<\/strong>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 2 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u2013<\/li>\r\n \t<li>(\u0915) \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0928\u094d\u200d\u092f (pharyngeal) (\u0916\u094d\u200d) \u0915\u093e\u0915\u0932\u094d\u200d\u092f (glottal) \u0964<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0928\u094d\u200d\u092f (Pharyngeal) \u00a0\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0930\u092c\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902- [h] \u00a0\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u2018 \u0905\u0939\u092e\u0926 \u2019 \u0915\u093e \u2018 \u0939 \u2019 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u2018 \u0938 \u2019\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0907\u0928 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b [h] \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0915\u093e\u0915\u0932\u094d\u200d\u092f (Glottal) \u00a0\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0927\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u2018 \u0939 \u2019 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0925\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0915\u0932\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 (glottal stop) (?) \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u200d\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u2018 \u0939\u092e \u2019 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0925\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 ?\u0964<\/p>\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<ol start=\"5\">\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 - <\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0907\u0938 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 (Cardinal vowels) \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 (Cardinal Vowel ( CV) <strong>-\u00a0 <\/strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902 ? \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u092e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 IPA \u00a0\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2013<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-79\" src=\"http:\/\/hinp09.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-19.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"328\" height=\"249\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924: <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Phonetic_Alphabet\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Phonetic_Alphabet<\/a><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0907\u0938 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 (\u0966) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915, \u0921\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u091c\u094b\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0938, \u0928\u0947 1917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0940\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u2013 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0939\u0943\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 -<\/p>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-80\" src=\"http:\/\/hinp09.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-20.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"475\" height=\"205\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Source:<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/4175679\/Historical_Development_of_Phonetic_Vowel_Systems\"><em>https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/4175679\/Historical_Development_of_Phonetic_Vowel_Systems<\/em><\/a><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u200d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">(1) \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e 8 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 (Primary vowel) \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0926\u0902\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u200d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013 (i) \u091c\u092c\u0921\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 (ii)\u00a0 \u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0917- \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930, \u092e\u0927\u094d\u200d\u092f, \u092a\u0936\u094d\u200d\u091a\u0964 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u092b \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924 (Unrounded) \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u092b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 (Rourded vowels) \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">(2) \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u2013 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2013 (i) \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918 (Long) [e.];\u00a0 (ii) \u092f\u093e \u0939\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935 (Short) [e];\u00a0 (iii)\u00a0 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918 \u092f\u093e (Half long) [e.];\u00a0 (iv)\u00a0 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0939\u0943\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935 (Very Short) [e].<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">(3) \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e 8 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 18, 22, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 28 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/li>\r\n \t<li>(4) \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u092a\u0926 (Term), - \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u2013 [i], [u], [a] \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u2013<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[i] \u0939\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935 (short), \u0905\u0935\u0924\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0924 (unrounded), \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0943\u0924 (closed),\u00a0 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 (front vowel)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[u] \u0939\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935 (short), \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924 (rounded ), \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0943\u0924 (closed), \u092a\u0936\u094d\u200d\u091a \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 (back vowel)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[a] \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918 (long) \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924 (unrounded), \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924 (open), \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 (central vowel)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f (Vowel chart) \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 (\u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u2013 Ohala \u2013 1999)<\/p>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-81\" src=\"http:\/\/hinp09.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-21.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"347\" height=\"266\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930: \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902\u00a0 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 -\u00a0 (i)\u00a0 \u090f\u0915\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 (monophthong)\u00a0 (2) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 (Dipthong)\u00a0 (3) \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 (Triphthong),\u00a0 \u090f\u0915\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 Monophthong Vowels \u0915\u094b\u00a0 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 Pure Vowels\u00a0 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u200d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 (Dipthong) \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e \u0926\u094b \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 (Triphthong), \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 (Diphthongs) \u00a0\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 [ai] , [au], [ia] \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u2013 High, how \u0914\u0930 here \u092e\u0947\u0902)\u00a0 \u092f\u0939 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u200d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 (Diphthong) \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018 \u0917\u0948\u092f\u093e \u2019 \u0914\u0930 \u2018 \u0915\u094c\u0935\u093e \u2019 \u0964 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u200d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u094b, \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u200d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/p>\r\n\u2013\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-82\" src=\"http:\/\/hinp09.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-22.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"361\" height=\"257\" \/>\r\n\r\n\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930: \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b0\/RP_vowel_chart_(diphthongs).gif\">http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b0\/RP_vowel_chart_(diphthongs).gif<\/a><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u092e\u094c\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 <\/strong>(Oral Vowels and Nasal Vowels) -\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u2013 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018 \u0917\u094b\u0926 \u2019 \u0914\u0930 \u2018 \u0917\u094b\u0902\u0926 \u2019\u0964 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 (Nasal Vowels) \u00a0\u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013 \/ i\u0303 i\u0303 : \u00a0u\u0303 \u00a0\u00a0u\u0303: \u0259\u0303 \u00a0a\u0303: \u00a0e\u0303: \u00a0o\u0303: \u00a0\u025b\u0303: \u00a0\u1d02\u0303: \u00a0\u1d14\u0303: \/ \u0964 \/\u1d02\u0303: \u00a0\u1d14\u0303:\/ \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902- [\u1d02\u0303:\u00a0 \u0259\u026a\u0303] \u0914\u0930\u00a0 [\u1d14\u0303: \u0259\u028a\u0303].<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol start=\"6\">\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u200d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013 \u091c\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908, \u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0913\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0964<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e, \u092e\u094c\u0916\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e-\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>you can view video on \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/WrCis0i1P-I\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<strong>\u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902 <\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u092a \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong><strong>? <\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u2018\u090b\u2018 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 approximant \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964\r\n\r\n\u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u092f\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018\u0907\u2018 \u092f\u093e \u2018\u0909\u2018 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0906\u0908\u092a\u0940\u090f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u2013 [ \u027b ]\u2019, \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u2018\u0930\u093f\u2019 \u092f\u093e \u2018\u0930\u0941\u2019 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0940\u0964\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0947\u0902<\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Ladefoged, Peter. (1975). A course in phonetics. Orlando: Harcourt Brace<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/groups.lis.illinois.edu\/amag\/langev\/author\/plieberman.html\">Lieberman, P.<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/groups.lis.illinois.edu\/amag\/langev\/author\/escrelin.html\">Crelin, E. S.<\/a> (1971) On the speech of Neanderthal man. <a href=\"http:\/\/groups.lis.illinois.edu\/amag\/langev\/pubtype\/article_LinguisticInquiry.html\"><em>Linguistic Inquiry<\/em><\/a>, 2:203--222.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/groups.lis.illinois.edu\/amag\/langev\/author\/mstuddertkennedy.html\">Studdert-Kennedy, M.<\/a> (1998) The particulate origins of language generativity: From syllable to gesture. In Hurford, J. R. and Studdert-Kennedy, M. and Knight C., editors, <a href=\"http:\/\/groups.lis.illinois.edu\/amag\/langev\/pubtype\/inbook_ApproachestotheEvolutionofLanguageSocialandCognitiveBases.html\"><em>Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Bases<\/em><\/a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 - \u092b\u0941\u092b\u094d\u092b\u0941\u0938\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940, \u0939\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0924, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0902 -<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.phon.ox.ac.uk\/jcoleman\/airstream_exercises.htm\">http:\/\/www.phon.ox.ac.uk\/jcoleman\/airstream_exercises.htm<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902 -<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.phon.ox.ac.uk\/jcoleman\/CardinalVowels.htm\">http:\/\/www.phon.ox.ac.uk\/jcoleman\/CardinalVowels.htm<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cardinal_vowels\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cardinal_vowels<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/WrCis0i1P-I\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a <\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u200d\u092f<\/li>\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e<\/li>\n<li>\u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/li>\n<li>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923\u2013\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928<\/li>\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930<strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e <\/strong><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u200d\u092f <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u200d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0906\u092a-<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e (Speech Process) \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u094c\u0925\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u200d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e (articulatory process) \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d \u092a\u0925 (Vocal tract) \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0915 \u092a\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u0928 \u092f\u093e Constriction \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0921\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0907\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u200d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 (Articulatory classification) \u00a0\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e<\/p>\n<p>(Degree of Constriction of Articulation)\u00a0 \u00a0\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>(i) \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 ( \u092c\u0902\u0926) (Complete Closure)\u00a0 \u0915\u092e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018 \u0915\u094d \u2019 [k]\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018 \u092a\u094d \u2019 [p] \u0914\u0930 \u2018 \u0928\u094d \u2019 [n]<\/li>\n<li>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0928 (Close approximation) \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u092b\u0930\u094d\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u094d [f] \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094d [z] \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018 \u0938\u094d \u2019 [s]<\/li>\n<li>(iii) \u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0930 (Partial Closure) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0932\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018 \u0932\u094d \u2019 [I]<\/li>\n<li>(iv) \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0930 (Intermittent Closure) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0930\u093e\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018 \u0930\u094d \u2019 [r]<\/li>\n<li>(v) \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0928 (Open approximation) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018 \u0935\u094d \u2019 [w]<\/li>\n<li>(vi) \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 ( Open transition) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0906\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018 \u0906 \u2019 [a;]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u092d\u0940 6 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0923 (Articulators) \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u200d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u092e \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915weblink\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092a \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u200d\u092e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902-<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/<a href=\"LaryngealStroboscopy-%20edited.ogg\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mJedwz_r2Pc<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u00a0 <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2013<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">(1) \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f (Plosive)\u00a0 (2) \u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f (Nasal)\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;text-indent: 1em;font-size: 1em\">(3)\u00a0 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 (Fricative)\u00a0 (4) \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 (Affricate)\u00a0 (5) \u00a0\u0915\u0902\u092a\u093f\u0924\u00a0 (Trill) \/ \u0924\u093e\u0921\u093f\u0924 (Tap)\u00a0 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u200d\u0924 (Flap)\u00a0 (6) \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 (Lateral)\u00a0 (7) \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 (Approximant)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">(1)\u00a0 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f (Plosive) \u2013 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 &#8211;\u00a0 (i) \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 (Contact) (2)\u00a0 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 (Hold)\u00a0 (3) \u092e\u094b\u091a\u0928 (Release)\u0964 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092b\u0947\u092b\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948,\u00a0 \u0925\u094b\u0921\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0901\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u092c\u0922\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u092c \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u094b \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f\u0928 (Plosion) \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u2013 \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d, \u091a\u094d, \u091f\u094d, \u0924\u094d, \u092a\u094d \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u0930\u0942\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0905\u0918\u094b\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 :<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-75\" src=\"http:\/\/hinp09.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-15.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"286\" height=\"83\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-15.png 286w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-15-65x19.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-15-225x65.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 286px) 100vw, 286px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930: \u0905\u0918\u094b\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u200d\u092f \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0915\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930, \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902- \u0905\u0918\u094b\u0937 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u200d\u092a\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923 (\u0915\u094d, \u091a\u094d, \u091f\u094d, \u0924\u094d, \u092a\u094d);\u00a0 \u0938\u0918\u094b\u0937 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u200d\u092a\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923 (\u0917\u094d, \u091c\u094d, \u0921\u094d, \u0926\u094d, \u092c\u094d); \u0905\u0918\u094b\u0937 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923 (\u0916\u094d, \u091b\u094d, \u0920\u094d, \u0925\u094d, \u092b\u094d); \u00a0\u0938\u0918\u094b\u0937 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923 (\u0918\u094d, \u091d\u094d, \u0922\u094d, \u0927\u094d, \u092d\u094d,) \u0907\u0928\u0915\u094b IPA (\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2013<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-76\" src=\"http:\/\/hinp09.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-16.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"522\" height=\"45\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-16.png 522w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-16-300x26.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-16-65x6.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-16-225x19.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-16-350x30.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 522px) 100vw, 522px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e (Pattern) \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2013 \u092a\u094d, \u092b\u094d, \u092c\u094d, \u092c\u094b\u0921\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2013 \u092a\u094d, \u092c\u094d, \u0924\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d \u092b\u094d, \u0906\u0913 \u2013 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2013 \u092a\u094d \u0964<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f &#8211;<\/strong>\u00a0 \u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f,\u00a0 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u00a0 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u092e\u0932 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u0941 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u092e\u0932 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u0941 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013 \u092e\u094d [m], \u0928\u094d [n], \u0923\u094d [\u0273], \u00a0\u091e\u094d [\u0272] \u0914\u0930 \u0919\u094d [\u014b].<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u091c\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0924\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0918\u094b\u0937 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018\u092e\u094d\u200d\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902\u2019 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018\u092e\u094d\u200d\u0939\u2019 (m\u02b1) \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0939\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u200d\u0939\u094d \u00a0[n\u02b1]<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940\u00a0 &#8211; <\/strong>\u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u091c\u0926\u0940\u0915 \u0906 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013 \u092b\u094d, \u0938\u094d, \u091c\u094d, \u0936\u094d, \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u094d \u0964<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 <\/strong>\u2013 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2013(a) \u092b \u092b\u093c (b) \u0916 \u0916\u093c\u00a0 \u0914\u0930 (c) \u091c \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093c \u0907\u0928 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0918\u094b\u0937 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u0938\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936<\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>\u0938\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936-\u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094b \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2013 (1) \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0914\u0930 (2) \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928, \u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u2013 \u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u2013 \u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u2013 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u2018\u091a \u2019 \u0914\u0930 \u2018 \u091c \u2019 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u091b\u00a0\u00a0 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0930\u093e\u0920\u0940, \u0914\u0930 \u0913\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u2013 \u2018 \u0924\u094d\u0938 \u2019 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u093c\u094d\u091c\u0964<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u0924\u093e\u0921\u200c\u200c\u0928 <\/strong><strong>(Tap), <\/strong><strong>\u0915\u0902<\/strong><strong>\u092a<\/strong><strong>\u0928 <\/strong><strong>(Trill), <\/strong><strong>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a <\/strong><strong>(Flap) &#8211;\u00a0 <\/strong>\u092f\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u093e\u0921\u093c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u093f\u0939\u0943\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0924\u0941 (Alveolar ridge) \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 (Contact) \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u2018 \u0930 \u2019 \u091c\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0924\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u0908 \u0924\u093e\u0921\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0964 \u2018 \u0930 \u2019 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u2013 \u092e\u0930\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0947\u0932\u0917\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0915\u0902\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u00a0 \u0924\u093e\u0921\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013 [J] \u0924\u093e\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 [r] \u0915\u0902\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u095d\u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u091d\u091f\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0921\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u200d\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0907 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 &#8211;\u00a0 <\/strong>\u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941, \u092e\u0941\u0916\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u0947, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">(\u0905) \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 (Central approximant) \u0914\u0930 (\u092c) \u00a0\u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 (Lateral approximant) \u00a0\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u2013 \u2018 \u0935 \u2019 \u0914\u0930 \u2018\u092f\u2019\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947,\u2018 \u0932 \u2019\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 (sides) \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">(Places of articulation) &#8211;\u00a0 \u00a0\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- \u0938, \u0928, \u0932\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936: \u0938\u0902\u0927\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940, \u00a0\u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964\u00a0 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2013 \u0935\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0964<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u092e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u200d\u0924 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0947\u0915\u00a0 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947\u00a0 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0902\u0964 IPA \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 &#8211;\u00a0 IPA\u00a0\u00a0 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u2013<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-77\" src=\"http:\/\/hinp09.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-17.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"675\" height=\"325\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-17.png 675w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-17-300x144.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-17-65x31.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-17-225x108.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-17-350x169.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u091b\u0935\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930: \u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-78\" src=\"http:\/\/hinp09.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-18.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"451\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-18.png 451w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-18-300x196.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-18-65x42.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-18-225x147.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-18-350x228.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.as-sidq.org\/durusulQuran\/images\/tongue.gif\">http:\/\/www.as-sidq.org\/durusulQuran\/images\/tongue.gif<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 &#8211; \u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>(1) <\/strong>\u0913\u0937\u094d\u200d\u0920\u094d\u092f (Labial) _ \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013<\/li>\n<li>(\u0915) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u092f\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094d\u092f (Bilabial)<\/li>\n<li>(\u0916) \u0926\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094d\u092f (Labiodental)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u0940 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u200d\u0938\u0930 \u0926\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0937\u094d\u200d\u0920\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 (Labioental fricative) \u2018 \u092b\u094d \u2019 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094d\u0935\u092f\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092b\u094b\u091f (bilabial plosive) \u2018 \u092b\u094d \u2019 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0947 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>(2) <\/strong>\u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092b\u0932\u0915\u0940\u092f (Coronal) \u2013 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 5 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013 \u0915 \u0926\u0902\u0924\u094d\u200d\u092f (Dental)\u00a0 \u0916 \u0935\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u200d\u092f (Alveolar) \u0917 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u200d\u091a \u0935\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u200d\u092f (Postalveolar) \u0918 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093f\u0924 (Retroflex) \u0921\u093c \u0924\u093e\u0932\u0941 \u0935\u0924\u094d\u200d\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0930\u094d\u092f (Paletoalveolar) \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f IPA \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>(3) <\/strong>\u092a\u0936\u094d\u200d\u091a\u091c\u093f\u0939\u0943\u0935\u0940\u092f (Dorsal) &#8211; \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013<\/li>\n<li>(\u0915) \u0915\u094b\u092e\u0932 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f (Velar)<\/li>\n<li>(\u0916) \u0905\u0932\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092f (Uvular) \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u0930\u0942\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093c \u0914\u0930 \u0915\/ \u0915\u093c\u0932\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0932\/<\/li>\n<li><strong>(4) <\/strong>\u0915\u0902\u0920\u094d\u092f <strong>(Gutteral) \u2013<\/strong>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 2 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u2013<\/li>\n<li>(\u0915) \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0928\u094d\u200d\u092f (pharyngeal) (\u0916\u094d\u200d) \u0915\u093e\u0915\u0932\u094d\u200d\u092f (glottal) \u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0928\u094d\u200d\u092f (Pharyngeal) \u00a0\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0930\u092c\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902- [h] \u00a0\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u2018 \u0905\u0939\u092e\u0926 \u2019 \u0915\u093e \u2018 \u0939 \u2019 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u2018 \u0938 \u2019\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0907\u0928 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b [h] \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0915\u093e\u0915\u0932\u094d\u200d\u092f (Glottal) \u00a0\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0927\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u2018 \u0939 \u2019 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0925\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0915\u0932\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u200d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 (glottal stop) (?) \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u200d\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u2018 \u0939\u092e \u2019 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0925\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 ?\u0964<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 &#8211; <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0907\u0938 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 (Cardinal vowels) \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 (Cardinal Vowel ( CV) <strong>&#8211;\u00a0 <\/strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902 ? \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u092e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 IPA \u00a0\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2013<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-79\" src=\"http:\/\/hinp09.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-19.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"328\" height=\"249\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-19.png 328w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-19-300x228.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-19-65x49.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-19-225x171.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 328px) 100vw, 328px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924: <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Phonetic_Alphabet\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Phonetic_Alphabet<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0907\u0938 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 (\u0966) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915, \u0921\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u091c\u094b\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0938, \u0928\u0947 1917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0940\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u2013 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0939\u0943\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 &#8211;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-80\" src=\"http:\/\/hinp09.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-20.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"475\" height=\"205\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-20.png 475w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-20-300x129.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-20-65x28.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-20-225x97.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-20-350x151.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 475px) 100vw, 475px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Source:<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/4175679\/Historical_Development_of_Phonetic_Vowel_Systems\"><em>https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/4175679\/Historical_Development_of_Phonetic_Vowel_Systems<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u200d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">(1) \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e 8 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 (Primary vowel) \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0926\u0902\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u200d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013 (i) \u091c\u092c\u0921\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 (ii)\u00a0 \u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0917- \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930, \u092e\u0927\u094d\u200d\u092f, \u092a\u0936\u094d\u200d\u091a\u0964 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u092b \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924 (Unrounded) \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u092b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 (Rourded vowels) \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">(2) \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u2013 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2013 (i) \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918 (Long) [e.];\u00a0 (ii) \u092f\u093e \u0939\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935 (Short) [e];\u00a0 (iii)\u00a0 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918 \u092f\u093e (Half long) [e.];\u00a0 (iv)\u00a0 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0939\u0943\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935 (Very Short) [e].<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">(3) \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e 8 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 18, 22, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 28 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n<li>(4) \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u092a\u0926 (Term), &#8211; \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u2013 [i], [u], [a] \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u2013<\/li>\n<li>[i] \u0939\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935 (short), \u0905\u0935\u0924\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0924 (unrounded), \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0943\u0924 (closed),\u00a0 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 (front vowel)<\/li>\n<li>[u] \u0939\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935 (short), \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924 (rounded ), \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0943\u0924 (closed), \u092a\u0936\u094d\u200d\u091a \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 (back vowel)<\/li>\n<li>[a] \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918 (long) \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924 (unrounded), \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924 (open), \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 (central vowel)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0928 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f (Vowel chart) \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 (\u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u2013 Ohala \u2013 1999)<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-81\" src=\"http:\/\/hinp09.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-21.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"347\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-21.png 347w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-21-300x230.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-21-65x50.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-21-225x172.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 347px) 100vw, 347px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930: \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902\u00a0 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 &#8211;\u00a0 (i)\u00a0 \u090f\u0915\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 (monophthong)\u00a0 (2) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 (Dipthong)\u00a0 (3) \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 (Triphthong),\u00a0 \u090f\u0915\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 Monophthong Vowels \u0915\u094b\u00a0 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 Pure Vowels\u00a0 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u200d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 (Dipthong) \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e \u0926\u094b \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 (Triphthong), \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 (Diphthongs) \u00a0\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 [ai] , [au], [ia] \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u2013 High, how \u0914\u0930 here \u092e\u0947\u0902)\u00a0 \u092f\u0939 \u0927\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u200d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 (Diphthong) \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018 \u0917\u0948\u092f\u093e \u2019 \u0914\u0930 \u2018 \u0915\u094c\u0935\u093e \u2019 \u0964 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u200d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u094b, \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u200d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u200d\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u200d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/p>\n<p>\u2013<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-82\" src=\"http:\/\/hinp09.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-22.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"361\" height=\"257\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-22.png 361w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-22-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-22-65x46.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-22-225x160.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/158\/2019\/01\/2-22-350x249.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 361px) 100vw, 361px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930: \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b0\/RP_vowel_chart_(diphthongs).gif\">http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b0\/RP_vowel_chart_(diphthongs).gif<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u092e\u094c\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 <\/strong>(Oral Vowels and Nasal Vowels) &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u2013 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018 \u0917\u094b\u0926 \u2019 \u0914\u0930 \u2018 \u0917\u094b\u0902\u0926 \u2019\u0964 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930 (Nasal Vowels) \u00a0\u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013 \/ i\u0303 i\u0303 : \u00a0u\u0303 \u00a0\u00a0u\u0303: \u0259\u0303 \u00a0a\u0303: \u00a0e\u0303: \u00a0o\u0303: \u00a0\u025b\u0303: \u00a0\u1d02\u0303: \u00a0\u1d14\u0303: \/ \u0964 \/\u1d02\u0303: \u00a0\u1d14\u0303:\/ \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902- [\u1d02\u0303:\u00a0 \u0259\u026a\u0303] \u0914\u0930\u00a0 [\u1d14\u0303: \u0259\u028a\u0303].<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u0935\u094d\u200d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u200d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013 \u091c\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908, \u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0913\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e, \u092e\u094c\u0916\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e-\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>you can view video on \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/WrCis0i1P-I\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>\u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u092a \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong><strong>? <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u2018\u090b\u2018 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 approximant \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u092f\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018\u0907\u2018 \u092f\u093e \u2018\u0909\u2018 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0906\u0908\u092a\u0940\u090f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u2013 [ \u027b ]\u2019, \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u2018\u0930\u093f\u2019 \u092f\u093e \u2018\u0930\u0941\u2019 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Ladefoged, Peter. (1975). A course in phonetics. Orlando: Harcourt Brace<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/groups.lis.illinois.edu\/amag\/langev\/author\/plieberman.html\">Lieberman, P.<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/groups.lis.illinois.edu\/amag\/langev\/author\/escrelin.html\">Crelin, E. S.<\/a> (1971) On the speech of Neanderthal man. <a href=\"http:\/\/groups.lis.illinois.edu\/amag\/langev\/pubtype\/article_LinguisticInquiry.html\"><em>Linguistic Inquiry<\/em><\/a>, 2:203&#8211;222.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/groups.lis.illinois.edu\/amag\/langev\/author\/mstuddertkennedy.html\">Studdert-Kennedy, M.<\/a> (1998) The particulate origins of language generativity: From syllable to gesture. In Hurford, J. R. and Studdert-Kennedy, M. and Knight C., editors, <a href=\"http:\/\/groups.lis.illinois.edu\/amag\/langev\/pubtype\/inbook_ApproachestotheEvolutionofLanguageSocialandCognitiveBases.html\"><em>Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Bases<\/em><\/a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 &#8211; \u092b\u0941\u092b\u094d\u092b\u0941\u0938\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940, \u0939\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0924, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947<\/li>\n<li>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0902 &#8211;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.phon.ox.ac.uk\/jcoleman\/airstream_exercises.htm\">http:\/\/www.phon.ox.ac.uk\/jcoleman\/airstream_exercises.htm<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902 &#8211;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.phon.ox.ac.uk\/jcoleman\/CardinalVowels.htm\">http:\/\/www.phon.ox.ac.uk\/jcoleman\/CardinalVowels.htm<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cardinal_vowels\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cardinal_vowels<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8b-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%a6-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a3%e0%a5%8d%e2%80%8d%e0%a4%a1"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[59],"license":[],"class_list":["post-71","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-59"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/71","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/71\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":88,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/71\/revisions\/88"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/71\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=71"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=71"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=71"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/hinp09\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=71"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}