{"id":616,"date":"2019-05-20T05:38:16","date_gmt":"2019-05-20T05:38:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/geop10.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=616"},"modified":"2019-05-20T06:16:54","modified_gmt":"2019-05-20T06:16:54","slug":"rs-gis-spatial-queries-in-gis","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/chapter\/rs-gis-spatial-queries-in-gis\/","title":{"rendered":"RS\/GIS- Spatial Queries in GIS"},"content":{"raw":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/53FrWe0vjJ0 target=\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Learning Objectives<em>: <\/em><\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong><em>In this chapter you will learn about the following:<\/em><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Comprehend the meaning of Spatial Queries<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>\u00a0<\/em><em>Be able to evolve linkage between database structure and multiple spatial queries<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Appreciate the classification of Queries.<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Be able to understand the basics of thematic query , geometric query and topological query.<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Recognise the relevance of spatial dimension based query in decision making of all kinds.<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><strong>INTRODUCTION<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">By now you have learned the meaning, relevance and power of Geographic Information system. You have also learned the advantage of GIS and different models that are present with dealing with raster and vector GIS. In this chapter you will take your journey forward and learn about that power of GIS that makes GIS a spatial decision making tool. One of the important step towards it is \u2018spatial queries\u2019. This lesson deals with different aspects of spatial queries. \u201cThe aim of spatial queries and their analysis is to detect spatial relationships between elements of one or more subjects, in order to locate spatial objects. The results of such analysis can be used in decision making. The database structure, which is included in a GIS, enables the logical, <em>consistent<\/em> and ordered storage and management of data. Both thematic and geometric information are stored in the form of tables. In the discipline of geo information, the term data analysis\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">includes all those investigations, queries, evaluations, etc., which are carried out on structured and stored spatial data. When a query is performed to obtain and answer to a spatial question, the data are accessed through the basic elements of this structure which is made up of tables, fields, data sets, values and connections<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">,<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Dolci, 2016 \u201d. The simplicity or complexity of query many-a-time is also guided by the available software capability. But, foremost of this, is the users requirement and understanding of the capability of the Geographic Information System. The following section deals with the kind of queries that GIS handles and\/or can handle.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-617\" src=\"http:\/\/geop10.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-404.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"629\" height=\"412\" \/>\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Figure 1: GIS is a query based Spatial data Management System with multiple Layers<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>2.\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Query a Step towards Information System<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>\u201c The deduction of new information from existing spatial data is one of the main tasks of a geoinformation system. Spatial analysis comprises analysis and synthesis of spatial data to a unity [...] Every spatial analysis implies the professional interpretation of the results.<\/em>\" (Bill 1999) \". Through GIS, what you need to build are multiple queries that are revolving around a unique system where the question and answer system are\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">designed in a system which is a repository of a data set. We know by now that the spatial information system deal with tools, algorithms and technologies in a computerized environment through innumerable queries. This enable handling of large data sets and conversion of raw data into useful information. \u201ca system is called geographic information system (GIS) if the data are geographically referenced. \u201cGIS is composed of various individual components. Some of these functions are basic, while others are more complicated or required for special applications. The user interface, query functions and the data management system play an important role. The user interface enables the user to communicate with the system. It allows users to start operations, query information, etc. Via the user interface, analysis functions can be executed through accessing the data. Data access and data management in general is controlled by the database management system,(Carosio 2000)\u201d.As depicted in Lesson 1 too data is the most important component of any computer based decision making system and so is the case of Geographic Information System. There are two types of datas used in GIS and they include Spatial data and Aspatial data . This makes a base of any query building layer.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-618\" src=\"http:\/\/geop10.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-405.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"785\" height=\"257\" \/>\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Figure 1: All Queries based on existing\u00a0 Spatial &amp; Aspatial data<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The data structure comprises the association of theme driven thematic data and spatial oriented geometric information. Certainly , geometry is expressed in the context of reference that has spatial connotation. What is important to understand is that a spatial reference is assigned to all the objects, area or phenomena that one wishes to map and study based on the objective. The extent may be of varied scales- lesser or\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">greater depending on the objective of the spatial inquiry. Spatial reference is also referred as Geo reference indicating specific locational extent of spatial information.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>3. Query Classification<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">A. Based on Spatial &amp; Aspatial relations<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0What is important for us to understand that the queries are all based on following aspects:<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nLocational properties\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nMetric properties (geometry), Topological properties .\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThematic properties\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u201cTopological properties are expressed by information about e.g. relations of neighborhood (what object is neighboring?), containedness (does an object contain other objects?), overlap (is an object overlapped by other objects?), etc. In addition to geometric and topological properties, thematic properties are also assigned to each object. They are stored in tables. The geometric and thematic information affect each other. These so called objects are subject<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-619\" src=\"http:\/\/geop10.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-406.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"565\" height=\"494\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Based on above properties the approaches that are used for performing a query could be three fold. One of them could be a thematic query \u2013based on a single or particular theme. For example, a query could \u201c Select all rhododendrons\u2019 from the image given, or \u201cselect all springs\u201d located in the given spatial unit\/image. Second could be a Geometric Query, where selection is based on a particular query related to a geometric parameter , as for example \u201c select all the industries that are located less than 100m away from the river Ganges\u201d or \u201cselect tobacco shops located within 100m near schools\u201d. The third could be a topological query, where the \u2018condition criteria\u2019 related to the surrounding spatial parameters and spatial relations is considered . In other words\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">\u201cSelection of all objects , based on particular spatial relations that achieve certain conditions.For example , select all the buildings that are lying in Seismic zone 4\u201d<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>B. Queries based on the coverage of Data Sets<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Data sets are sometimes so large that query could not be performed on the entire datasets and sometimes the need also is not for covering entire data set. Therfore queries based on the coverage of the datasets could be performed on the entire data with total coverage or query performed on the some portion of the data called sub-set of the data. These are called Subquery and are generated\/produced through complete queries. Subquery is a \u2018Select Statement\u2019 composed of three parts.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nTable 1: Parts of \u2018Sub Query\u2019\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-620\" src=\"http:\/\/geop10.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-407.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"567\" height=\"278\" \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>3:\u00a0 QUERY BASED ON THE ACCESS &amp; RESULT<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nDirect Query\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nManipulation\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In direct query , \u201cData are accessed interactively by the user or by an application program. Thus, a subset can be extracted, while the original data remains unchanged. The selection commands can be entered in<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>command lines or query masks.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>sequences of command lines (batch, macro).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>formal query language. (<em>SQL<\/em> 2 (Structured Query Language<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Whereas \u201cby manipulating, new geographic information elements can be created. These new elements can be used for analysis purpose in further steps. In general, the new objects have to be previously conceptually modeled , and their data structure has to be implemented in the GIS. Some GIS can generate a minimal data structure (without thematic attributes) automatically. New information can be generated combining different objects. They can be used for further analysis , (Claudia,2016). \u201d.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol start=\"4\">\r\n \t<li><strong> Different Queries<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u201cA GIS stores spatial and attribute data in two separate files. Corresponding records in the two files (for example, a map of property parcel boundaries and the corresponding data such as the name of the owner, structure, and the value of the structure) are linked by an identification number. This allows a GIS to search and display attribute data, based on spatial criteria, and vice versa. For example, a GIS user can point to a particular property and ask the GIS to retrieve and display the attribute data of that parcel, but can also ask the GIS to locate the corresponding property parcel on the map by supplying a record in the attribute database, (Sidiqui, 2016)\u201d.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nTable 1: List of main relational operators used in \u201cQuery GIS\u201d\r\n<table class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"width: 454px\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 161px\">Relational Operator<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 94px\">\u201cSpellings\u201d<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 199px\">Interpretation<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 161px\"><strong>=<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 94px\"><strong>EQ<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 199px\"><strong>Equal to<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 161px\"><strong>&gt;\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 94px\"><strong>GT<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 199px\"><strong>Greater than<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 161px\"><strong>&gt;=<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 94px\"><strong>GE<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 199px\"><strong>Greater than or equal to<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 161px\"><strong>&lt;\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 94px\"><strong>LT<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 199px\"><strong>Less than<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 161px\"><strong>&lt;=<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 94px\"><strong>LE<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 199px\"><strong>Less than or equal to<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 161px\"><strong>&lt;&gt;\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 94px\"><strong>NE<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 199px\"><strong>Not equal to<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">GIS also handle much more complex queries. \u201cThe Relational Operators are so important in GIS that they are used for all-numeric attributes, text attributes and other data types. Relational attributes are listed in Table 2 . The users can define search parameters involving arithmetic and logical expressions by building a \"query statement\". Operators such as +, -, =, not =, &lt;, &lt;=, &gt;, &gt;=, between and others specify the value to be found. Several query statements can be combined to perform a single query. For example, \"How many structures are for sale, with a price of RS 12,00,000 or less and in a specific location?\" The GIS would first build and send a query statement to the DBMS, which would search the attribute database for those parcels meeting the criteria. The DBMS then would return the parcel numbers to the GIS. \u201cThe GIS would then search its spatial data file to find these parcels and their coordinates, and finally it would highlight those parcels on the display of the property parcel map\u201d On the other hand, GIS users can also describe an area on the parcel map and ask the GIS to retrieve the attribute data of all parcels that are within the specified area. This area could be in any shape. Logical operators could be employed to narrow the search or even to specify which attributes to retrieve. SQL also provide many additional functions like aggregate functions\u201d for spatial analysis they include functions as depicted in Table 3:<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nTable 3 : Additional Aggregate\u00a0 Functions in GIS\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-621\" src=\"http:\/\/geop10.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-408.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"508\" height=\"213\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Spatial query in GIS relates to characteristics of a spatial entity in geographic space. It could be a point, line or polygon. \u201cSpatial queries are performed by creating a query set based on the spatial relationship of map features. Spatial operators in the queries define the spatial relationships that exist between map features. Most spatial operators (overlaps, entirely contains, entirely contained by, contains, contained by, terminates in, terminus of, passes through, passed through by, on boundary of, has on boundary, touches, meets, and spatially equal) can be combined to answer complex spatial queries. Proximity operators (between, within, beyond, entirely between, entirely within, and entirely beyond) are those that cannot be combined with each other, (Korte,1997). For example, a region with disaster management agency might collect a database of all location addresses and classify them into seismic zone 3 &amp; 4 and non-seismic zone areas by performing a spatial query. Another example is depicted in table 4 where a graphical input image with Unique ID\u2019s produces an output graphical image , based on a spatial query raised and set of relationships established.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nTable 4 : Graphical Input &amp; graphical Output image after the Query Input.\r\n<table class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"height: 42px\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 87.3333px\">Graphical<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 28.6667px\">UID<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 45.7333px\">Shape<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 46.8px\">Query<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 175.867px\">Graphical Output Image<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 87.3333px\">Input Image<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 28.6667px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 45.7333px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 46.8px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 175.867px\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 87.3333px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 28.6667px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 45.7333px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 46.8px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 175.867px\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-622\" src=\"http:\/\/geop10.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-409.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"582\" height=\"318\" \/>\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0It could use GIS to compare a map of the 100-year flood plain to the tax parcel map as follows:<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">First of all, the user would query for all parcels that are within the flood plain area (using the \"entirely contains\" operator). T<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">What follows is These addresses would be classified as \"flood-prone\".<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The GIS would then be used to find all parcels crossed by the flood plain boundary (using the \"passes-through\" operator).<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Address in this category would be classified as \"intermediate\" and determined that if the structure itself was flood prone or just a portion of the property.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The remaining parcels would be entirely outside the flood plain and put into the \"not flood prone\" category.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The \"disjoint\" operator may be used to check the identified flood prone parcel and label it.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-626\" src=\"http:\/\/geop10.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-410.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"565\" height=\"384\" \/>\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0GIS can also combine AND compare or query sets in several logical ways. Queries that involve two or more query sets are called \"set queries.\" Set query operators ,commonly known as \"Boolean Operators\u2019\u201d often include the following operations:<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nunion,\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nintersect,\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nminus and difference,\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">When conducting a study to find possible sites for a new INDUSTRY , several query sets may be created to find locations that are not suitable .<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The first query set might identify buffer areas surrounding endangered habitats,<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">another might identify all forested areas,<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">another might show all flat areas, and another might indicate locations of competing industries.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The query sets then could be combined using the \"union\" operator and all areas on the map that are not suitable would be identified. The remaining areas would then be examined for potential sites.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>4.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Creation of a Query layer<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">New Query layer has to be created and in most software you get a new dialog box in the left corner as for example you get in Arc Map. The first and foremost step is finding a way and developing a connection to database. What followed is the visibility of the list of tables. As you are working with different data type check whether, the specific data type is conducive and acceptable by the software you are using. Sometimes less common data bases are not supported by a software. In that situation there is aneed to convert the existing data set into an acceptable format.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Another important thing which we have already learnt is the need for SQL syntax should be used when building a query layer. A common example would be as follows:<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">SELECT * FROM Test India . This would result in a query layer containing all rows from the India table. Once the query is created, it must be validated. During validation, ArcGIS attempts to determine the properties of the query layer based on the first row returned in the table.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>The properties of a query layer are the following:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>What is important to understand is the properties of a query layer. As given in the guidance of GITTA ,2016 they are ,<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u201cUnique identifier field\u2014This is one or many fields used by ArcGIS to uniquely identify the layer.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Dimensionality\u2014This determines whether a layer's coordinates will include m-values to store route data and zvalues to store 3D data.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Geometry type\u2014This determines whether the layer is a point, multipoint, line, or polygon.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Spatial reference\u2014This is the coordinate system and other related spatial properties for the layer\u201d.Gitta,2106.\u201d<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">That means, that all our work is generally done in the Query Text box. Therefore it is essential to give a meaningful title to the Query text box so that it can be recognized easily. This to be followed by giving a relevant and required SQL query in the Query text box. Next to follow is Validation. Once the query is created, it must be validated. Click Validate to make sure the query syntax is correct and returns data that can be used by ArcGIS. The validation process executes the query in the database and verifies whether the result set from the query meets the data modeling standards enforced by ArcGIS. A query layer is not added to ArcMap until it is valid.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nRules for\u00a0 result set\u00a0 for validation is as follows:\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nAt most, one spatial field.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nAt most, one spatial reference. Only one shape type.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">During the validation process, the dimensionality, geometry type, spatial reference, SRID, and unique identifier properties on the query layer are all considered . These values are based on the first row returned in the query. If you need to change these settings, you can do so through the Advanced Options dialog box. Consequent of a the query being successfully validated, generally there is need to click finish or end depending on the software and add the result set to ArcMap as a query layer.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Advantages of the query further enhances when we use it fully recognizing the power of GIS .Since, GIS visualises all queries related to where, when, what and why possibilities can be enabled in GIS software.Since, GIS enables to create a<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">comprehensive framework to a concern in hand and supports the policy and decision makers to arrive at the right ground reality. All queries related to the simulation and predictability can b addressed as GIS predict events\/outcomes derived based on multi-criteria analyses carried out using the appropriate thematic layers in GIS. Even at the time of quick decision making correct queries can assist in planning strategies, especially useful in case where disastrous events demands quick decision making.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Correct queries helps in geo-visualization of the present scenarios and how the simulation would look like and its consequences. Such scenarios greatly assist disaster managers to plan for future and safe human lives.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Summary:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">We know by now that the spatial information system deal with tools, algorithms and technologies in a computerized environment through innumerable queries. Queries enable handling of large data sets and conversion of raw data into useful<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">information.The simplicity or complexity of query depends on the users requirement, understanding and the capability of the GIS. It could be limited to merely data retrieval or could be a mix of retrieval and manipulation., reference identifier are returned by the query. The queries are all based on locational properties ;metric properties (geometry), topological properties and thematic properties. Most of the time depending on the objective there sub-queries and they consist of three parts:part description; expression and SQL statement. What is important to understand is the properties of a query layer as \u201cUnique identifier field; Dimensionality; Geometry type\u2014and Spatial reference. .\u201d SRID is the layer's spatial reference identifier and is used to ensure that only geometries with the same spatial. Once the query is created, it must be validated.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>you can view video on RS\/GIS- Spatial Queries in GIS<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/53FrWe0vjJ0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>References<\/h3>\r\n<div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Bonhan - Carter, G.F. 1994. Geographic Information Systems for Geoscientists. Love Printing Service Ltd., Ontario, Canada.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Burrough, P.A. 1987. Principles of Geographical Information System for Land Assessment<em style=\"text-align: initial;text-indent: 1em;font-size: 1em\">.\u00a0<\/em>Oxford : Clardon Press.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Chung, Chang-Jo F. and Fabbri, A.G. 1993. The representation of Geoscience Information for data integration. <em style=\"text-align: initial;text-indent: 1em;font-size: 1em\">Nonrenewable Resources<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;text-indent: 1em;font-size: 1em\">, Vol. 2, No. 2, Oxford Univ. Press.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Chang, Kang-tsung (2002) Introduction to Geographic Information Systems, University of Idaho, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, 2002, ISBN 0-07-049552-1.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Ganesh, A. Ed. (2006)\u00a0 Applications of Geospatial Technology: Serial Publishing House<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Hohl Pat Ed. (1998) GIS Data Conversion, Strategies, Techniques, Management, Onward Press, 1998<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Korte,G,B., (1997) The GIS Book, Understanding the Value and Implementation of Geographic Information Systems, 4th Edition,. Onward Press, 1997.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Parihar, S.M. (2007),, <em>Standardisation in Geo ICT Arena<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;text-indent: 1em;font-size: 1em\">, Vol.5. Issue 5.p.p 40-46.\u00a0<\/span>Feb,2007,Geospatial Today,\u00a0 p.p 40-46.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Parihar, S.M., (2007)<em>Catching that Fleeting Detail,<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Vol.6. Issue 6.p.p 42-45. August,2007, Geospatial Today, pp 42-45<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Parihar, S.M.,(2006) <em>3-D GIS: Much Awaited Technology,<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Vol.4 . Issue 11. August,2006 ,Geospatial Today, pp 43-46<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Raper, Jonathan, Ed. (1989) Three Dimensional Applications in Geographic Information Systems. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor &amp; Francis, Inc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Siddiqui, M.A. (2011) Concepts and Techniques of Geoinformatics, Allahabad: Sharda Pustak Bhawan<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Worboys, M., &amp; M. Duckham (2004) GIS A computing Perspective, London, CRC Press Dolci, Claudia ,et.al., 2016 (www.gitta.info - Version from: 4.5.2016 3)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Egenhofer, M.J., 1993. A model for detailed binary topological relationships. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Geomatica<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, Vol. 47, no.3-4, 261-273.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">ESRI. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">ArcInfo Help<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Download: <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"http:\/\/www.esri.com\/\">http:\/\/www.esri.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">ESRI. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">GIS Dictionary: SQL<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> [online]. Available from:\u00a0<\/span>http:\/\/support.esri.com\/en\/knowledgebase\/Gisdictionary\/browse<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Longley, P.A.; Goodchild, M.F.; Maguire, D.J.; Rhind D.W., 1999. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Geographical<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Information\u00a0<\/em><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Systems. Principles, techniques, applications and management<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. New York, etc.: John Wiley &amp; Sons.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Saaty, T.L., 1980. <em style=\"text-align: initial;text-indent: 1em;font-size: 1em\">The Analytic Hierarchy Process: Planning Setting Priorities, Resource\u00a0<\/em><em style=\"text-align: initial;text-indent: 1em;font-size: 1em\">Allocation<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;text-indent: 1em;font-size: 1em\">.New York: McGraw-Hill International.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Worboys, M., Duckham, M., 2004. <em style=\"text-align: initial;text-indent: 1em;font-size: 1em\">GIS. A Computing Perspective. Chapter 4. Models of<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;text-indent: 1em;font-size: 1em\">geospatial information<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;text-indent: 1em;font-size: 1em\">. Boca Raton, etc.: CRC Press.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/53FrWe0vjJ0 target=\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Learning Objectives<em>: <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>In this chapter you will learn about the following:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Comprehend the meaning of Spatial Queries<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>\u00a0<\/em><em>Be able to evolve linkage between database structure and multiple spatial queries<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Appreciate the classification of Queries.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Be able to understand the basics of thematic query , geometric query and topological query.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Recognise the relevance of spatial dimension based query in decision making of all kinds.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><strong>INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">By now you have learned the meaning, relevance and power of Geographic Information system. You have also learned the advantage of GIS and different models that are present with dealing with raster and vector GIS. In this chapter you will take your journey forward and learn about that power of GIS that makes GIS a spatial decision making tool. One of the important step towards it is \u2018spatial queries\u2019. This lesson deals with different aspects of spatial queries. \u201cThe aim of spatial queries and their analysis is to detect spatial relationships between elements of one or more subjects, in order to locate spatial objects. The results of such analysis can be used in decision making. The database structure, which is included in a GIS, enables the logical, <em>consistent<\/em> and ordered storage and management of data. Both thematic and geometric information are stored in the form of tables. In the discipline of geo information, the term data analysis\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">includes all those investigations, queries, evaluations, etc., which are carried out on structured and stored spatial data. When a query is performed to obtain and answer to a spatial question, the data are accessed through the basic elements of this structure which is made up of tables, fields, data sets, values and connections<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">,<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Dolci, 2016 \u201d. The simplicity or complexity of query many-a-time is also guided by the available software capability. But, foremost of this, is the users requirement and understanding of the capability of the Geographic Information System. The following section deals with the kind of queries that GIS handles and\/or can handle.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-617\" src=\"http:\/\/geop10.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-404.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"629\" height=\"412\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-404.png 629w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-404-300x197.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-404-65x43.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-404-225x147.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-404-350x229.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 629px) 100vw, 629px\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Figure 1: GIS is a query based Spatial data Management System with multiple Layers<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Query a Step towards Information System<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>\u201c The deduction of new information from existing spatial data is one of the main tasks of a geoinformation system. Spatial analysis comprises analysis and synthesis of spatial data to a unity [&#8230;] Every spatial analysis implies the professional interpretation of the results.<\/em>&#8221; (Bill 1999) &#8220;. Through GIS, what you need to build are multiple queries that are revolving around a unique system where the question and answer system are\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">designed in a system which is a repository of a data set. We know by now that the spatial information system deal with tools, algorithms and technologies in a computerized environment through innumerable queries. This enable handling of large data sets and conversion of raw data into useful information. \u201ca system is called geographic information system (GIS) if the data are geographically referenced. \u201cGIS is composed of various individual components. Some of these functions are basic, while others are more complicated or required for special applications. The user interface, query functions and the data management system play an important role. The user interface enables the user to communicate with the system. It allows users to start operations, query information, etc. Via the user interface, analysis functions can be executed through accessing the data. Data access and data management in general is controlled by the database management system,(Carosio 2000)\u201d.As depicted in Lesson 1 too data is the most important component of any computer based decision making system and so is the case of Geographic Information System. There are two types of datas used in GIS and they include Spatial data and Aspatial data . This makes a base of any query building layer.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-618\" src=\"http:\/\/geop10.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-405.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"785\" height=\"257\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-405.png 785w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-405-300x98.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-405-768x251.png 768w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-405-65x21.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-405-225x74.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-405-350x115.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 785px) 100vw, 785px\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Figure 1: All Queries based on existing\u00a0 Spatial &amp; Aspatial data<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The data structure comprises the association of theme driven thematic data and spatial oriented geometric information. Certainly , geometry is expressed in the context of reference that has spatial connotation. What is important to understand is that a spatial reference is assigned to all the objects, area or phenomena that one wishes to map and study based on the objective. The extent may be of varied scales- lesser or\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">greater depending on the objective of the spatial inquiry. Spatial reference is also referred as Geo reference indicating specific locational extent of spatial information.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. Query Classification<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">A. Based on Spatial &amp; Aspatial relations<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0What is important for us to understand that the queries are all based on following aspects:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Locational properties<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Metric properties (geometry), Topological properties .<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Thematic properties<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u201cTopological properties are expressed by information about e.g. relations of neighborhood (what object is neighboring?), containedness (does an object contain other objects?), overlap (is an object overlapped by other objects?), etc. In addition to geometric and topological properties, thematic properties are also assigned to each object. They are stored in tables. The geometric and thematic information affect each other. These so called objects are subject<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-619\" src=\"http:\/\/geop10.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-406.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"565\" height=\"494\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-406.png 565w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-406-300x262.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-406-65x57.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-406-225x197.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-406-350x306.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 565px) 100vw, 565px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Based on above properties the approaches that are used for performing a query could be three fold. One of them could be a thematic query \u2013based on a single or particular theme. For example, a query could \u201c Select all rhododendrons\u2019 from the image given, or \u201cselect all springs\u201d located in the given spatial unit\/image. Second could be a Geometric Query, where selection is based on a particular query related to a geometric parameter , as for example \u201c select all the industries that are located less than 100m away from the river Ganges\u201d or \u201cselect tobacco shops located within 100m near schools\u201d. The third could be a topological query, where the \u2018condition criteria\u2019 related to the surrounding spatial parameters and spatial relations is considered . In other words\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">\u201cSelection of all objects , based on particular spatial relations that achieve certain conditions.For example , select all the buildings that are lying in Seismic zone 4\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>B. Queries based on the coverage of Data Sets<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Data sets are sometimes so large that query could not be performed on the entire datasets and sometimes the need also is not for covering entire data set. Therfore queries based on the coverage of the datasets could be performed on the entire data with total coverage or query performed on the some portion of the data called sub-set of the data. These are called Subquery and are generated\/produced through complete queries. Subquery is a \u2018Select Statement\u2019 composed of three parts.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Table 1: Parts of \u2018Sub Query\u2019<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-620\" src=\"http:\/\/geop10.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-407.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"567\" height=\"278\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-407.png 567w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-407-300x147.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-407-65x32.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-407-225x110.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-407-350x172.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 567px) 100vw, 567px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>3:\u00a0 QUERY BASED ON THE ACCESS &amp; RESULT<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Direct Query<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Manipulation<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In direct query , \u201cData are accessed interactively by the user or by an application program. Thus, a subset can be extracted, while the original data remains unchanged. The selection commands can be entered in<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>command lines or query masks.<\/li>\n<li>sequences of command lines (batch, macro).<\/li>\n<li>formal query language. (<em>SQL<\/em> 2 (Structured Query Language<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Whereas \u201cby manipulating, new geographic information elements can be created. These new elements can be used for analysis purpose in further steps. In general, the new objects have to be previously conceptually modeled , and their data structure has to be implemented in the GIS. Some GIS can generate a minimal data structure (without thematic attributes) automatically. New information can be generated combining different objects. They can be used for further analysis , (Claudia,2016). \u201d.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong> Different Queries<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u201cA GIS stores spatial and attribute data in two separate files. Corresponding records in the two files (for example, a map of property parcel boundaries and the corresponding data such as the name of the owner, structure, and the value of the structure) are linked by an identification number. This allows a GIS to search and display attribute data, based on spatial criteria, and vice versa. For example, a GIS user can point to a particular property and ask the GIS to retrieve and display the attribute data of that parcel, but can also ask the GIS to locate the corresponding property parcel on the map by supplying a record in the attribute database, (Sidiqui, 2016)\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Table 1: List of main relational operators used in \u201cQuery GIS\u201d<\/p>\n<table class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"width: 454px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 161px\">Relational Operator<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 94px\">\u201cSpellings\u201d<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 199px\">Interpretation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 161px\"><strong>=<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 94px\"><strong>EQ<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 199px\"><strong>Equal to<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 161px\"><strong>&gt;\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 94px\"><strong>GT<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 199px\"><strong>Greater than<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 161px\"><strong>&gt;=<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 94px\"><strong>GE<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 199px\"><strong>Greater than or equal to<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 161px\"><strong>&lt;\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 94px\"><strong>LT<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 199px\"><strong>Less than<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 161px\"><strong>&lt;=<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 94px\"><strong>LE<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 199px\"><strong>Less than or equal to<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 161px\"><strong>&lt;&gt;\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 94px\"><strong>NE<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 199px\"><strong>Not equal to<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">GIS also handle much more complex queries. \u201cThe Relational Operators are so important in GIS that they are used for all-numeric attributes, text attributes and other data types. Relational attributes are listed in Table 2 . The users can define search parameters involving arithmetic and logical expressions by building a &#8220;query statement&#8221;. Operators such as +, -, =, not =, &lt;, &lt;=, &gt;, &gt;=, between and others specify the value to be found. Several query statements can be combined to perform a single query. For example, &#8220;How many structures are for sale, with a price of RS 12,00,000 or less and in a specific location?&#8221; The GIS would first build and send a query statement to the DBMS, which would search the attribute database for those parcels meeting the criteria. The DBMS then would return the parcel numbers to the GIS. \u201cThe GIS would then search its spatial data file to find these parcels and their coordinates, and finally it would highlight those parcels on the display of the property parcel map\u201d On the other hand, GIS users can also describe an area on the parcel map and ask the GIS to retrieve the attribute data of all parcels that are within the specified area. This area could be in any shape. Logical operators could be employed to narrow the search or even to specify which attributes to retrieve. SQL also provide many additional functions like aggregate functions\u201d for spatial analysis they include functions as depicted in Table 3:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Table 3 : Additional Aggregate\u00a0 Functions in GIS<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-621\" src=\"http:\/\/geop10.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-408.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"508\" height=\"213\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-408.png 508w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-408-300x126.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-408-65x27.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-408-225x94.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-408-350x147.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Spatial query in GIS relates to characteristics of a spatial entity in geographic space. It could be a point, line or polygon. \u201cSpatial queries are performed by creating a query set based on the spatial relationship of map features. Spatial operators in the queries define the spatial relationships that exist between map features. Most spatial operators (overlaps, entirely contains, entirely contained by, contains, contained by, terminates in, terminus of, passes through, passed through by, on boundary of, has on boundary, touches, meets, and spatially equal) can be combined to answer complex spatial queries. Proximity operators (between, within, beyond, entirely between, entirely within, and entirely beyond) are those that cannot be combined with each other, (Korte,1997). For example, a region with disaster management agency might collect a database of all location addresses and classify them into seismic zone 3 &amp; 4 and non-seismic zone areas by performing a spatial query. Another example is depicted in table 4 where a graphical input image with Unique ID\u2019s produces an output graphical image , based on a spatial query raised and set of relationships established.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Table 4 : Graphical Input &amp; graphical Output image after the Query Input.<\/p>\n<table class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"height: 42px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 87.3333px\">Graphical<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 28.6667px\">UID<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 45.7333px\">Shape<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 46.8px\">Query<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 175.867px\">Graphical Output Image<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 87.3333px\">Input Image<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 28.6667px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 45.7333px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 46.8px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 175.867px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 87.3333px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 28.6667px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 45.7333px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 46.8px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 175.867px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-622\" src=\"http:\/\/geop10.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-409.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"582\" height=\"318\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-409.png 582w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-409-300x164.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-409-65x36.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-409-225x123.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-409-350x191.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 582px) 100vw, 582px\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0It could use GIS to compare a map of the 100-year flood plain to the tax parcel map as follows:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">First of all, the user would query for all parcels that are within the flood plain area (using the &#8220;entirely contains&#8221; operator). T<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">What follows is These addresses would be classified as &#8220;flood-prone&#8221;.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The GIS would then be used to find all parcels crossed by the flood plain boundary (using the &#8220;passes-through&#8221; operator).<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Address in this category would be classified as &#8220;intermediate&#8221; and determined that if the structure itself was flood prone or just a portion of the property.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The remaining parcels would be entirely outside the flood plain and put into the &#8220;not flood prone&#8221; category.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The &#8220;disjoint&#8221; operator may be used to check the identified flood prone parcel and label it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-626\" src=\"http:\/\/geop10.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-410.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"565\" height=\"384\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-410.png 565w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-410-300x204.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-410-65x44.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-410-225x153.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/246\/2019\/05\/1-410-350x238.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 565px) 100vw, 565px\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0GIS can also combine AND compare or query sets in several logical ways. Queries that involve two or more query sets are called &#8220;set queries.&#8221; Set query operators ,commonly known as &#8220;Boolean Operators\u2019\u201d often include the following operations:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>union,<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>intersect,<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>minus and difference,<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">When conducting a study to find possible sites for a new INDUSTRY , several query sets may be created to find locations that are not suitable .<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The first query set might identify buffer areas surrounding endangered habitats,<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">another might identify all forested areas,<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">another might show all flat areas, and another might indicate locations of competing industries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The query sets then could be combined using the &#8220;union&#8221; operator and all areas on the map that are not suitable would be identified. The remaining areas would then be examined for potential sites.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>4.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Creation of a Query layer<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">New Query layer has to be created and in most software you get a new dialog box in the left corner as for example you get in Arc Map. The first and foremost step is finding a way and developing a connection to database. What followed is the visibility of the list of tables. As you are working with different data type check whether, the specific data type is conducive and acceptable by the software you are using. Sometimes less common data bases are not supported by a software. In that situation there is aneed to convert the existing data set into an acceptable format.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Another important thing which we have already learnt is the need for SQL syntax should be used when building a query layer. A common example would be as follows:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">SELECT * FROM Test India . This would result in a query layer containing all rows from the India table. Once the query is created, it must be validated. During validation, ArcGIS attempts to determine the properties of the query layer based on the first row returned in the table.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>The properties of a query layer are the following:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>What is important to understand is the properties of a query layer. As given in the guidance of GITTA ,2016 they are ,<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u201cUnique identifier field\u2014This is one or many fields used by ArcGIS to uniquely identify the layer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Dimensionality\u2014This determines whether a layer&#8217;s coordinates will include m-values to store route data and zvalues to store 3D data.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Geometry type\u2014This determines whether the layer is a point, multipoint, line, or polygon.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Spatial reference\u2014This is the coordinate system and other related spatial properties for the layer\u201d.Gitta,2106.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">That means, that all our work is generally done in the Query Text box. Therefore it is essential to give a meaningful title to the Query text box so that it can be recognized easily. This to be followed by giving a relevant and required SQL query in the Query text box. Next to follow is Validation. Once the query is created, it must be validated. Click Validate to make sure the query syntax is correct and returns data that can be used by ArcGIS. The validation process executes the query in the database and verifies whether the result set from the query meets the data modeling standards enforced by ArcGIS. A query layer is not added to ArcMap until it is valid.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Rules for\u00a0 result set\u00a0 for validation is as follows:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>At most, one spatial field.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>At most, one spatial reference. Only one shape type.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">During the validation process, the dimensionality, geometry type, spatial reference, SRID, and unique identifier properties on the query layer are all considered . These values are based on the first row returned in the query. If you need to change these settings, you can do so through the Advanced Options dialog box. Consequent of a the query being successfully validated, generally there is need to click finish or end depending on the software and add the result set to ArcMap as a query layer.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Advantages of the query further enhances when we use it fully recognizing the power of GIS .Since, GIS visualises all queries related to where, when, what and why possibilities can be enabled in GIS software.Since, GIS enables to create a<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">comprehensive framework to a concern in hand and supports the policy and decision makers to arrive at the right ground reality. All queries related to the simulation and predictability can b addressed as GIS predict events\/outcomes derived based on multi-criteria analyses carried out using the appropriate thematic layers in GIS. Even at the time of quick decision making correct queries can assist in planning strategies, especially useful in case where disastrous events demands quick decision making.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Correct queries helps in geo-visualization of the present scenarios and how the simulation would look like and its consequences. Such scenarios greatly assist disaster managers to plan for future and safe human lives.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">We know by now that the spatial information system deal with tools, algorithms and technologies in a computerized environment through innumerable queries. Queries enable handling of large data sets and conversion of raw data into useful<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">information.The simplicity or complexity of query depends on the users requirement, understanding and the capability of the GIS. It could be limited to merely data retrieval or could be a mix of retrieval and manipulation., reference identifier are returned by the query. The queries are all based on locational properties ;metric properties (geometry), topological properties and thematic properties. Most of the time depending on the objective there sub-queries and they consist of three parts:part description; expression and SQL statement. What is important to understand is the properties of a query layer as \u201cUnique identifier field; Dimensionality; Geometry type\u2014and Spatial reference. .\u201d SRID is the layer&#8217;s spatial reference identifier and is used to ensure that only geometries with the same spatial. Once the query is created, it must be validated.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>you can view video on RS\/GIS- Spatial Queries in GIS<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/53FrWe0vjJ0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>References<\/h3>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Bonhan &#8211; Carter, G.F. 1994. Geographic Information Systems for Geoscientists. Love Printing Service Ltd., Ontario, Canada.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Burrough, P.A. 1987. Principles of Geographical Information System for Land Assessment<em style=\"text-align: initial;text-indent: 1em;font-size: 1em\">.\u00a0<\/em>Oxford : Clardon Press.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Chung, Chang-Jo F. and Fabbri, A.G. 1993. The representation of Geoscience Information for data integration. <em style=\"text-align: initial;text-indent: 1em;font-size: 1em\">Nonrenewable Resources<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;text-indent: 1em;font-size: 1em\">, Vol. 2, No. 2, Oxford Univ. Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Chang, Kang-tsung (2002) Introduction to Geographic Information Systems, University of Idaho, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, 2002, ISBN 0-07-049552-1.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Ganesh, A. Ed. (2006)\u00a0 Applications of Geospatial Technology: Serial Publishing House<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Hohl Pat Ed. (1998) GIS Data Conversion, Strategies, Techniques, Management, Onward Press, 1998<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Korte,G,B., (1997) The GIS Book, Understanding the Value and Implementation of Geographic Information Systems, 4th Edition,. Onward Press, 1997.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Parihar, S.M. (2007),, <em>Standardisation in Geo ICT Arena<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;text-indent: 1em;font-size: 1em\">, Vol.5. Issue 5.p.p 40-46.\u00a0<\/span>Feb,2007,Geospatial Today,\u00a0 p.p 40-46.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Parihar, S.M., (2007)<em>Catching that Fleeting Detail,<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Vol.6. Issue 6.p.p 42-45. August,2007, Geospatial Today, pp 42-45<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Parihar, S.M.,(2006) <em>3-D GIS: Much Awaited Technology,<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Vol.4 . Issue 11. August,2006 ,Geospatial Today, pp 43-46<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Raper, Jonathan, Ed. (1989) Three Dimensional Applications in Geographic Information Systems. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor &amp; Francis, Inc.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Siddiqui, M.A. (2011) Concepts and Techniques of Geoinformatics, Allahabad: Sharda Pustak Bhawan<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Worboys, M., &amp; M. Duckham (2004) GIS A computing Perspective, London, CRC Press Dolci, Claudia ,et.al., 2016 (www.gitta.info &#8211; Version from: 4.5.2016 3)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Egenhofer, M.J., 1993. A model for detailed binary topological relationships. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Geomatica<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, Vol. 47, no.3-4, 261-273.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">ESRI. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">ArcInfo Help<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Download: <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"http:\/\/www.esri.com\/\">http:\/\/www.esri.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">ESRI. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">GIS Dictionary: SQL<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> [online]. Available from:\u00a0<\/span>http:\/\/support.esri.com\/en\/knowledgebase\/Gisdictionary\/browse<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Longley, P.A.; Goodchild, M.F.; Maguire, D.J.; Rhind D.W., 1999. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Geographical<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Information\u00a0<\/em><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Systems. Principles, techniques, applications and management<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. New York, etc.: John Wiley &amp; Sons.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Saaty, T.L., 1980. <em style=\"text-align: initial;text-indent: 1em;font-size: 1em\">The Analytic Hierarchy Process: Planning Setting Priorities, Resource\u00a0<\/em><em style=\"text-align: initial;text-indent: 1em;font-size: 1em\">Allocation<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;text-indent: 1em;font-size: 1em\">.New York: McGraw-Hill International.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Worboys, M., Duckham, M., 2004. <em style=\"text-align: initial;text-indent: 1em;font-size: 1em\">GIS. A Computing Perspective. Chapter 4. Models of<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;text-indent: 1em;font-size: 1em\">geospatial information<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;text-indent: 1em;font-size: 1em\">. Boca Raton, etc.: CRC Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"menu_order":23,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["dr-seema-mehra-parihar"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[66],"license":[],"class_list":["post-616","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-dr-seema-mehra-parihar"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/616","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/616\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":630,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/616\/revisions\/630"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/616\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=616"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=616"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=616"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/geop10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=616"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}