{"id":117,"date":"2019-03-06T11:17:38","date_gmt":"2019-03-06T11:17:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/esp15.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&p=117"},"modified":"2022-01-07T10:45:38","modified_gmt":"2022-01-07T10:45:38","slug":"major-water-borne-diseases-part-i","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp15\/chapter\/major-water-borne-diseases-part-i\/","title":{"rendered":"Major Water Borne Diseases Part I"},"content":{"raw":"
\"epgp<\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n7.1<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Introduction<\/strong>\r\n

Water is one of the essential components for human life. The contamination of water with various biotic and abiotic elements leads to negative effects on human health. These negative effects include various acute and chronic diseases, collectively known as water related diseases. In water related diseases, water borne diseases are more dangerous due to the involvement of viral, bacterial and parasitic infections and pathogenesis. These infections use water as a common means of transmission. These transmissions results from direct or indirect exposure to water through consumption and skin exposure during bathing and recreational use of water. Historically, first scientifically documented outbreak of water borne disease occurred in London, England, in 1854. In this event, John Snow, a prominent local physician, reported that the consumption of water from a sewage-contaminated public well led to cholera. The WHO in 2004 reported that there are 2.1 million deaths from diarrheal diseases every year in the world, most of them being children. Further it is also reported that approx. 65% of these deaths could be prevented by water hygiene and sanitation interventions. The top five water borne diseases are cholera, diarrhea, malaria, Typhoid and dysentery. In India as per the data given in the National Health Profile published by Central Bureau of Health Investigation (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare), approximately 32 crore cases and 10 thousand deaths were recorded between 2011-2013, due to the bacterial based water borne diseases like Acute Diarrhea, Typhoid and Viral Hepatitis.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

7.2<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Classification of water related disease<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Water associated or water related disease covers a wide range of disease in which water plays a major role (figure 1). These diseases can be classified in the six categories. These are<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \r\n \t
  1. Water hygiene diseases: <\/em><\/strong>Diseases whose incidence, prevalence and severity can be reduced by the use of clean and safe water for personal and domestic hygiene e.g. Scabies, Shigellosis.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
      \r\n \t
    1. Water contact diseases: <\/em><\/strong>Diseases caused by skin contact with microbial, pathogens and chemical contaminated water e.g. Schistosomiasis.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
        \r\n \t
      1. Water based chemical diseases<\/em><\/strong>: Disease caused by contact and consumption of water contaminated by some chemicals e.g. Arsenicosis.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
          \r\n \t
        1. Water aerosol diseases: <\/em><\/strong>Disease caused by inhalation of water aerosols containing water suspended pathogens and chemicals e.g. Gestroentrosis.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
            \r\n \t
          1. Water scare disease<\/em><\/strong>: Diseases transmitted through inadequate sanitations due to the scarcity of water. e.g. Trichuriasis or whipworm infection<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
              \r\n \t
            1. Water Borne microbial diseases<\/em><\/strong>: <\/strong>Diseases caused due to the presence of virus, bacteria and parasites in the drinking water sources. e.g. cholera, diarrhea.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\"\"\r\n

              Among all the water related diseases, Water borne microbial diseases are the most common and frequent diseases. These diseases are further classified on the basis of their causative agents. It may be bacteria, virus, protozoa and worms. In this chapter various bacterial and viral water borne diseases are discussed along with their symptoms and preventive majors.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n7.2.1<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Water Borne Bacterial Diseases<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

              Water borne bacterial diseases covers all those bacterial infections which transmitted through the use of bacterial contaminated water (figure 2). The contaminated water may be used for the drinking purpose, food preparation and bathing. The major reason of water contamination by bacteria is faces of warm-blooded animals (birds and mammals) (<\/strong>figure 3).<\/strong> Major water borne bacterial diseases are cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery, Brainerd diarrhea and Botulism.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n\"\"7.2.1.1 Cholera (Causative agent: <\/strong>Vibrio cholera<\/em>)<\/strong>\r\n

              Pathogenesis: <\/strong>Vibrio cholera<\/em> inhabits in the small intestine and discharges enterotoxin which results in considerable outburst of fluid from the intestinal wall (figure 4).<\/p>\r\nIncubation Time: <\/strong>2-3 days\r\n

              Symptoms and signs<\/strong>: Thirst due to dehydration, sunken eyes, wrinkled skin, postural hypotension, weakness and oliguria progress fast.<\/p>\r\n

              Clinical features<\/strong>: Incubation period of 24 - 48 hours develops sickness which is initiates with abrupt watery diarrhea followed by vomiting.<\/p>\r\nTreatment<\/strong>\r\n