{"id":57,"date":"2019-03-09T09:38:22","date_gmt":"2019-03-09T09:38:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/esp11.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=57"},"modified":"2019-04-24T05:11:48","modified_gmt":"2019-04-24T05:11:48","slug":"57","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/chapter\/57\/","title":{"rendered":"Composition of solid waste"},"content":{"raw":"<div>\r\n\r\n<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/bEpT3dNSI_s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0 Objectives:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nAfter completing this module, you should be able\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>To understand the various constituents of the municipal solid waste<\/li>\r\n \t<li>To gain knowledge about waste generation<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The understand the factors influencing waste composition<\/li>\r\n \t<li>To understand the status of municipal solid waste composition in India<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>2.\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Solid waste definition<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Solid waste is defined differently in different countries. It most commonly connotes municipal solid waste (MSW). According to United States Environment Protection Agency the term \u201csolid waste\u201d means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a waste treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities, but does not include solid or dissolved materials in domestic sewage, or solid or dissolved materials in irrigation return flows or industrial discharges. In the United Kingdom it is commonly known as refuse or rubbish and is defined as waste from households, as well as other waste, which because of its nature or composition, is similar to waste from households. In India, solid waste is categorized into municipal wastes, hazardous wastes, medical wastes and radioactive wastes. According to Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India, MSW refers to commercial and residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified area in either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical wastes.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>3.\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Sources<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Municipal Solid Waste can be broadly classified based on the nature of its composition as organic and inorganic waste. The World Bank report segregates this MSW based on its composition and source as under as most of the solid waste falls under these types. Most often inert material like construction debris also get mixed up with MSW.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-60\" src=\"http:\/\/esp11.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2019\/03\/2-17.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"492\" height=\"278\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Figure 1. Municipal Solid Waste in India (Image source, The Hindu, 4<\/strong><strong>th<\/strong><strong> July 2013)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Table 1<\/strong>.<strong> Composition of solid waste and its source of generation<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-61\" src=\"http:\/\/esp11.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2019\/03\/2-18.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"644\" height=\"300\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In India, depending upon the source, MSW is further categorized into three types viz. household waste which arises from domestic areas from individual houses; commercial wastes which arise from\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">individually larger sources of MSW like hotels, office buildings, schools, etc.; and municipal services wastes which arise from area sources like streets, parks, etc.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>4.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Composition of Municipal Solid Waste<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The rate of waste generation is an indicator of socio-economic development of a region. Many factors like economic development, cultural norms, geographical location, climate and energy sources, influence the composition of MSW. As a country urbanizes and population becomes economically well off, consumption of inorganic materials (such as plastics, paper, and aluminum) increases, while the relative organic fraction decreases. Generally, low and middle-income countries have a high percentage of organic matter (40-80%) in the urban waste stream. The material used for construction (example wood versus steel), fuel used for heating (example coal versus gas) etc., differs according to the geography and climate of the place there by influencing type of municipal solid waste generated. Figure 2 shows the MSW composition of the world in 2009 (World Bank, 2014). Table 2 below further highlights the composition of waste in the countries based on their income level, which reiterates the role of economic development on waste composition.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>5.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Composition and state of Municipal Solid waste in India<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">India is in a rapid phase of urbanization with nearly 32% of the population of the country staying in the urban areas according to 2011 census. This rapid urbanization is putting immense demand on its resources, infrastructure and energy requirements. Adding to this is the rapidly growing volume of municipal solid waste, which is posing another serious challenge. The per capita waste generation refers to the amount of waste generated by one person in one day in a country. This is affected by the economic ability and hence is strongly correlated to the GDP of the country. The average per capita generation in India is 370 grams\/day as against 2000g\/day in USA and 700grams\/day in China (Annepu, 2012). The per capita waste generation in the country is increasing at the rate of 1.3% per year. Cities in the Southern states of India generate highest per capita waste of 570grams\/day. While the cities in the western states of the country produce the least amount of per capita waste of 440grams\/day.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-62\" src=\"http:\/\/esp11.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2019\/03\/2-19.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"377\" height=\"345\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Figure 2. Global Solid Waste Composition (World Bank, 2014)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Table 2 Type of waste composition based on income level (World Bank, 2014)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"height: 200px;width: 60%\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 32px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 32px;width: 92.0625px\"><strong>Income Level<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 32px;width: 77.0625px\"><strong>Organic(%)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 32px;width: 62.0625px\"><strong>Paper(%)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 32px;width: 68.0625px\"><strong>Plastic(%)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 32px;width: 59.0625px\"><strong>Glass(%)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 32px;width: 61.0625px\"><strong>Metal(%)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 32px;width: 63.0625px\"><strong>Other(%)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 92.0625px\">Low Income<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 77.0625px\">64<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 62.0625px\">5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 68.0625px\">8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 59.0625px\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 61.0625px\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 63.0625px\">17<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 92.0625px\">Lower Middle\u00a0Income<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 77.0625px\">59<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 62.0625px\">9<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 68.0625px\">12<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 59.0625px\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 61.0625px\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 63.0625px\">15<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 92.0625px\">Upper Middle\u00a0Income<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 77.0625px\">54<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 62.0625px\">14<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 68.0625px\">11<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 59.0625px\">5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 61.0625px\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 63.0625px\">13<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 92.0625px\">High Income<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 77.0625px\">28<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 62.0625px\">31<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 68.0625px\">11<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 59.0625px\">7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 61.0625px\">6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 63.0625px\">17<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">The urban MSW in India contains 51% of organic matter, 17.5% of recyclables and 31% of inert waste. This high level of organic matter is at the waste dumps, which is after picking of certain percentage of recyclables by the informal sector from the source. Table 3. Depicts the composition of MSW in India<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Table 3. Composition of MSW in India (Annepu, 2012)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"height: 56px;width: 60%\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 123.063px\">MSW components<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 351.063px\">Materials<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 123.063px\">Compostables<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 351.063px\">Food waste, landscape and tree trimmings<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 123.063px\">Recyclables<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 351.063px\">Paper, Cardboard, Plastics, Glass, Metals<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 123.063px\">Inerts<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 351.063px\">Stones and silt, bones, and other inorganic materials<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Presently there is no proper system of management of this waste. Firstly there is lack of storage and segregation of waste at source as people lack awareness and so do not participate in managing the waste. Secondly, there is no proper public system of waste collection from the primary sources and so municipal sanitation workers collect the waste thrown in streets and public open spaces on an irregular basis. Wastes are collected mostly using handcarts and tricycles and are stored in temporary storage spaces before being transported by motorized vehicles. These temporary storage spaces are usually concrete bins and small open spaces in the street corners. This further causes spillage of waste and littering of the area, as they are inadequate for volume of waste collected. The waste thus collected is transported through motorized vehicles to dumpsites, which are managed by sanitation workers who lack adequate training in handling them. This further adds to spillage of waste. Thirdly the dumpsites are not scientifically managed. Most often these dumpsites are located outside the city. The waste dumped there is just piled without compacting or covering with inert material as a result they emanate foul smell and are breeding grounds for pathogens and pests. Further, liquid seeping through the rotting organic waste called leachate pollutes underground water and poses a serious threat to health and environment. Thus, there is total lack of apathy to management of this waste (Asnani, 2006).<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The composition of waste determines the type of waste management practice. Presence of large\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">proportion of organic matter makes it suitable for aerobic and anaerobic digestion. However, for these\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">processes to be effective it is essential to keep the raw material for the process free of inorganic material.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">This can be achieved by emphasizing on segregation at source, which at present is lacking. Other\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">available options for the management of this waste include waste to energy process, composting,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">incineration, pyrolysis, sanitary landfill with gas recovery etc. A combination of methods along with\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">increased awareness and strict regulation and implementation of the same is the only way to tackle this\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">growing waste in the future.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<ol start=\"6\">\r\n \t<li><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>This lecture familiarizes about:<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Different constituents of MSW<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Waste generation rates at different countries Factors influencing waste composition<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>you can view video on Composition of solid waste<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/bEpT3dNSI_s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n<strong>7. References<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Asnani, P. U. (2006), Solid waste management. India Infrastructure Report, 160-189<\/li>\r\n \t<li>World Bank (2014), Waste composition, Urban Development Seies- Knowledge paper<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Status of Solid waste in India, CPCB, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cpcb.nic.in\/divisionsofheadoffice\/pams\/Status_Municipal.pdf\">http:\/\/www.cpcb.nic.in\/divisionsofheadoffice\/pams\/Status_Municipal.pdf<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Annepu, Ranjith Kharvel (2012), Sustainable solid waste management in India, Columbia <em>University, New York<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<div>\n<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/bEpT3dNSI_s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0 Objectives:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>After completing this module, you should be able<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>To understand the various constituents of the municipal solid waste<\/li>\n<li>To gain knowledge about waste generation<\/li>\n<li>The understand the factors influencing waste composition<\/li>\n<li>To understand the status of municipal solid waste composition in India<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Solid waste definition<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Solid waste is defined differently in different countries. It most commonly connotes municipal solid waste (MSW). According to United States Environment Protection Agency the term \u201csolid waste\u201d means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a waste treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities, but does not include solid or dissolved materials in domestic sewage, or solid or dissolved materials in irrigation return flows or industrial discharges. In the United Kingdom it is commonly known as refuse or rubbish and is defined as waste from households, as well as other waste, which because of its nature or composition, is similar to waste from households. In India, solid waste is categorized into municipal wastes, hazardous wastes, medical wastes and radioactive wastes. According to Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India, MSW refers to commercial and residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified area in either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical wastes.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Municipal Solid Waste can be broadly classified based on the nature of its composition as organic and inorganic waste. The World Bank report segregates this MSW based on its composition and source as under as most of the solid waste falls under these types. Most often inert material like construction debris also get mixed up with MSW.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-60\" src=\"http:\/\/esp11.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2019\/03\/2-17.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"492\" height=\"278\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2019\/03\/2-17.png 492w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2019\/03\/2-17-300x170.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2019\/03\/2-17-65x37.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2019\/03\/2-17-225x127.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2019\/03\/2-17-350x198.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 492px) 100vw, 492px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Figure 1. Municipal Solid Waste in India (Image source, The Hindu, 4<\/strong><strong>th<\/strong><strong> July 2013)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Table 1<\/strong>.<strong> Composition of solid waste and its source of generation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-61\" src=\"http:\/\/esp11.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2019\/03\/2-18.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"644\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2019\/03\/2-18.png 644w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2019\/03\/2-18-300x140.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2019\/03\/2-18-65x30.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2019\/03\/2-18-225x105.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2019\/03\/2-18-350x163.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 644px) 100vw, 644px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In India, depending upon the source, MSW is further categorized into three types viz. household waste which arises from domestic areas from individual houses; commercial wastes which arise from\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">individually larger sources of MSW like hotels, office buildings, schools, etc.; and municipal services wastes which arise from area sources like streets, parks, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>4.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Composition of Municipal Solid Waste<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The rate of waste generation is an indicator of socio-economic development of a region. Many factors like economic development, cultural norms, geographical location, climate and energy sources, influence the composition of MSW. As a country urbanizes and population becomes economically well off, consumption of inorganic materials (such as plastics, paper, and aluminum) increases, while the relative organic fraction decreases. Generally, low and middle-income countries have a high percentage of organic matter (40-80%) in the urban waste stream. The material used for construction (example wood versus steel), fuel used for heating (example coal versus gas) etc., differs according to the geography and climate of the place there by influencing type of municipal solid waste generated. Figure 2 shows the MSW composition of the world in 2009 (World Bank, 2014). Table 2 below further highlights the composition of waste in the countries based on their income level, which reiterates the role of economic development on waste composition.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>5.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Composition and state of Municipal Solid waste in India<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">India is in a rapid phase of urbanization with nearly 32% of the population of the country staying in the urban areas according to 2011 census. This rapid urbanization is putting immense demand on its resources, infrastructure and energy requirements. Adding to this is the rapidly growing volume of municipal solid waste, which is posing another serious challenge. The per capita waste generation refers to the amount of waste generated by one person in one day in a country. This is affected by the economic ability and hence is strongly correlated to the GDP of the country. The average per capita generation in India is 370 grams\/day as against 2000g\/day in USA and 700grams\/day in China (Annepu, 2012). The per capita waste generation in the country is increasing at the rate of 1.3% per year. Cities in the Southern states of India generate highest per capita waste of 570grams\/day. While the cities in the western states of the country produce the least amount of per capita waste of 440grams\/day.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-62\" src=\"http:\/\/esp11.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2019\/03\/2-19.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"377\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2019\/03\/2-19.png 377w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2019\/03\/2-19-300x275.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2019\/03\/2-19-65x59.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2019\/03\/2-19-225x206.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2019\/03\/2-19-350x320.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 377px) 100vw, 377px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Figure 2. Global Solid Waste Composition (World Bank, 2014)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Table 2 Type of waste composition based on income level (World Bank, 2014)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"height: 200px;width: 60%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 32px\">\n<td style=\"height: 32px;width: 92.0625px\"><strong>Income Level<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 32px;width: 77.0625px\"><strong>Organic(%)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 32px;width: 62.0625px\"><strong>Paper(%)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 32px;width: 68.0625px\"><strong>Plastic(%)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 32px;width: 59.0625px\"><strong>Glass(%)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 32px;width: 61.0625px\"><strong>Metal(%)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 32px;width: 63.0625px\"><strong>Other(%)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 92.0625px\">Low Income<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 77.0625px\">64<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 62.0625px\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 68.0625px\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 59.0625px\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 61.0625px\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 63.0625px\">17<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 92.0625px\">Lower Middle\u00a0Income<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 77.0625px\">59<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 62.0625px\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 68.0625px\">12<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 59.0625px\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 61.0625px\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 63.0625px\">15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 92.0625px\">Upper Middle\u00a0Income<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 77.0625px\">54<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 62.0625px\">14<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 68.0625px\">11<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 59.0625px\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 61.0625px\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 63.0625px\">13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 92.0625px\">High Income<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 77.0625px\">28<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 62.0625px\">31<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 68.0625px\">11<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 59.0625px\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 61.0625px\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 63.0625px\">17<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">The urban MSW in India contains 51% of organic matter, 17.5% of recyclables and 31% of inert waste. This high level of organic matter is at the waste dumps, which is after picking of certain percentage of recyclables by the informal sector from the source. Table 3. Depicts the composition of MSW in India<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Table 3. Composition of MSW in India (Annepu, 2012)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"height: 56px;width: 60%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 123.063px\">MSW components<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 351.063px\">Materials<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 123.063px\">Compostables<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 351.063px\">Food waste, landscape and tree trimmings<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 123.063px\">Recyclables<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 351.063px\">Paper, Cardboard, Plastics, Glass, Metals<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 123.063px\">Inerts<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px;width: 351.063px\">Stones and silt, bones, and other inorganic materials<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Presently there is no proper system of management of this waste. Firstly there is lack of storage and segregation of waste at source as people lack awareness and so do not participate in managing the waste. Secondly, there is no proper public system of waste collection from the primary sources and so municipal sanitation workers collect the waste thrown in streets and public open spaces on an irregular basis. Wastes are collected mostly using handcarts and tricycles and are stored in temporary storage spaces before being transported by motorized vehicles. These temporary storage spaces are usually concrete bins and small open spaces in the street corners. This further causes spillage of waste and littering of the area, as they are inadequate for volume of waste collected. The waste thus collected is transported through motorized vehicles to dumpsites, which are managed by sanitation workers who lack adequate training in handling them. This further adds to spillage of waste. Thirdly the dumpsites are not scientifically managed. Most often these dumpsites are located outside the city. The waste dumped there is just piled without compacting or covering with inert material as a result they emanate foul smell and are breeding grounds for pathogens and pests. Further, liquid seeping through the rotting organic waste called leachate pollutes underground water and poses a serious threat to health and environment. Thus, there is total lack of apathy to management of this waste (Asnani, 2006).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The composition of waste determines the type of waste management practice. Presence of large\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">proportion of organic matter makes it suitable for aerobic and anaerobic digestion. However, for these\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">processes to be effective it is essential to keep the raw material for the process free of inorganic material.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">This can be achieved by emphasizing on segregation at source, which at present is lacking. Other\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">available options for the management of this waste include waste to energy process, composting,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">incineration, pyrolysis, sanitary landfill with gas recovery etc. A combination of methods along with\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">increased awareness and strict regulation and implementation of the same is the only way to tackle this\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">growing waste in the future.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>This lecture familiarizes about:<\/li>\n<li>Different constituents of MSW<\/li>\n<li>Waste generation rates at different countries Factors influencing waste composition<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>you can view video on Composition of solid waste<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/bEpT3dNSI_s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>7. References<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Asnani, P. U. (2006), Solid waste management. India Infrastructure Report, 160-189<\/li>\n<li>World Bank (2014), Waste composition, Urban Development Seies- Knowledge paper<\/li>\n<li>Status of Solid waste in India, CPCB, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cpcb.nic.in\/divisionsofheadoffice\/pams\/Status_Municipal.pdf\">http:\/\/www.cpcb.nic.in\/divisionsofheadoffice\/pams\/Status_Municipal.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Annepu, Ranjith Kharvel (2012), Sustainable solid waste management in India, Columbia <em>University, New York<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["dr-logakanthi-s"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[61],"license":[],"class_list":["post-57","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-dr-logakanthi-s"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/57","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/57\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":426,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/57\/revisions\/426"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/57\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=57"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=57"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=57"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=57"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}