{"id":313,"date":"2019-03-11T09:07:58","date_gmt":"2019-03-11T09:07:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/esp11.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&p=313"},"modified":"2019-04-24T12:21:47","modified_gmt":"2019-04-24T12:21:47","slug":"solid-waste-disposal-open-dumping-and-landfills","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/esp11\/chapter\/solid-waste-disposal-open-dumping-and-landfills\/","title":{"rendered":"Solid waste disposal, open dumping and landfills"},"content":{"raw":"
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\"epgp<\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\nObjectives:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 To define waste disposal\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 To understand the waste disposal of options\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 To understand the problems of open dumping\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 To define the process of controlled dumping (i.e) landfills\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 To study the different types of landfill\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 To understand the various criteria in selecting a site for a landfill operation\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nSolid waste<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

Waste is defined as any unwanted or unusable substance that is discarded after primary use. Wastes are normally generated as a result of human and animal activities. Urbanization and rapid advancements in industrialization has led to an increase in the production and consumption processes resulting in the generation of wastes from various sectors that include agricultural, commercial, domestic, industrial, institutional, social and from community activities. Over time, these waste accumulate and can have real impacts on the health and the environment. Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on health, the environment or aesthetics.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

Solid wastes are any discarded or abandoned materials that is of no use. that can be solid, liquid, semi-solid or containerized gaseous material discarded by the human society. According to the source of generation and type they are classified as urban wastes, agricultural wastes, biomedical wastes, bulky waste, open area waste, radioactive wastes, e wastes and many more. The term refuse is also used for solid wastes. Examples of solid wastes include waste tires, septage, scrap metal, latex paints, furniture and toys, garbage, appliances and vehicles, oil and anti-freeze, empty aerosol cans, paint cans and compressed gas cylinders, construction and demolition debris, asbestos, plastics, styrofoam containers, bottles etc.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\nDisposal of solid waste<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

The solid waste must be properly managed to avoid environmental and health hazards. The waste management involves various steps namely waste collection, segregation, transport, processing, treatment and disposal. Disposal is the final step in the waste management. Ultimately all solid waste ends in disposal site either directly or after some processing and treatment it ends in disposal sites. Most of the developing and under developed countries, dispose or dump the solid waste in an open land without any protection or environmental control. Such dumping is not safe and is called as open dumps or open dumping. Solid waste is also disposed off in water bodies eg. Sea, ocean, lake, river etc. Sometimes they are also burned in open areas, the phenomenon termed as open burning. Developed countries are practicing a system of safe or controlled dumping called the landfill. Landfill is an engineered structure where the waste is safely disposed and contained.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nUncontrolled or open dumping<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

It is the most common method of waste disposal. Open dumping is practiced in many parts of the world especially the under developed and developing countries. In this method, wastes are dumped at a designated site or land without any environmental protection or control. The waste disposed in these open areas remain there for a long period of time and affects the environment and health of the individual Due the problems associated with the open dumping they are not considered as a safe option. The problems of open dumping are discussed below.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\nProblems of open dumping<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n

Waste when dumped in open areas causes a lot of problems thereby affecting the different environmental matrices namely water, soil, air and noise. It also disturbs the ecosystem and the population of the earth. Also, open dumping leads to a lot of health hazards which even possess lethal and fatal effects.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\nThe problems associated with open dumping of solid waste includes\r\n\r\n \r\n