{"id":396,"date":"2019-06-11T10:24:33","date_gmt":"2019-06-11T10:24:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/engp13.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=396"},"modified":"2019-06-12T07:28:40","modified_gmt":"2019-06-12T07:28:40","slug":"ambiguity","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/engp13\/chapter\/ambiguity\/","title":{"rendered":"Ambiguity"},"content":{"raw":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/-9n7KjcQQkc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"44\" height=\"44\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p10 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">1.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">\u00a0Ambiguity<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p11 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">2.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">Learning Outcome.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p11 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">3.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">Introduction.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p12 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">4.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">Ambiguity.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p11 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">5.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">Common examples of Ambiguity.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p12 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">6.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">Various causes of Ambigutiy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p13 ft2\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"ft2\">6.1.<\/span><span class=\"ft4\">Polysemy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p13 ft2\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"ft2\">6.2.<\/span><span class=\"ft4\">Homonymy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p14 ft2\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"ft2\">6.3.<\/span><span class=\"ft4\">Punctuation and pause.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p11 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">7.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">Types of Ambiguity.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p14 ft2\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"ft2\">7.1.<\/span><span class=\"ft4\">Lexical Ambiguity.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p13 ft2\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"ft2\">7.2.<\/span><span class=\"ft4\">Syntactic or structural Ambiguity.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p13 ft2\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"ft2\">7.3.<\/span><span class=\"ft4\">Semantic Ambiguity.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p12 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">8.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">The advantage of Ambiguity.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p11 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">9.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">Function and Significance of Ambiguity in Literature.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p12 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">10.<\/span><span class=\"ft5\">Examples of Ambiguity in Literature.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p11 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">11.<\/span><span class=\"ft5\">Ambiguity and Linguistics.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p11 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">12.<\/span><span class=\"ft5\">Conclusion\/ Summary.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div id=\"page_2\">\r\n<p class=\"p15 ft0\"><strong>Learning outcome:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"page_3\">\r\n<p class=\"p17 ft6 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">This module deals with Ambiguity, a major component in Semantics, one of the four significant wings of Linguistics. Also other parameters which causes ambiguity, its types, the purpose of Ambiguity, when and how to avoid ambiguity, its advantages etc..., will be discussed in the module to enhance the holistic understanding of the concept. References, List of websites and YouTube videos will help them study and analyze the concept\u00a0in-depth\u00a0and plays a vital role in promoting further study regarding the concept. Multiple choice questions, True or false and Fill in the blanks will help them\u00a0self-evaluate\u00a0themselves of their knowledge and understanding of the concept. Moreover for their better understanding, examples are provided wherever necessary.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p18 ft0 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Introduction: Ambiguity:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p19 ft7 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Languages are essential tools for human to communicate with each other and record and transfer information everyday; it is difficult to imagine the situation without language delivery. However, a natural language is not so perfectly designed to transfer all the information in an expected way.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p20 ft8 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">More or less, some flaws in a language are inevitable, such as the ambiguity of a language which causes confusion in people's common utterances. Generally speaking, there are often certain ambiguous words and sentences appearing in human's utterances and acquiring more precise clarification from speakers.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p21 ft7 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Different interpretations of the same utterance may result in various interpretations and the difficulty of comprehension of listeners. It is, actually, a quite common phenomenon among different languages. This kind of possible different interpretations is technically called \u201cAmbiguity\u201d.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p22 ft10 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft9\"><strong>Ambiguity<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"page_4\">\r\n<p class=\"p17 ft8 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Ambiguity is a type of\u00a0uncertainty\u00a0of\u00a0meaning\u00a0in which several interpretations are\u00a0plausible.\u00a0It is thus an attribute of any idea or statement whose\u00a0intended\u00a0meaning cannot be definitively resolved according to a rule or process with a finite number of steps. (The \u201c<span class=\"ft11\">ambi<\/span><span class=\"ft11\">\u201d-\u00a0<\/span>part of the name reflects an idea of\u00a0\"two\"\u00a0as in two meanings.)<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p21 ft7 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">The concept of ambiguity is generally contrasted with\u00a0vagueness.\u00a0In ambiguity, specific and distinct interpretations are permitted (although some may not be immediately obvious), whereas with information that is vague, it is difficult to form any interpretation at the desired level of specificity.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p24 ft13 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Context may play a role in resolving ambiguity. For example, the same piece of information may be ambiguous in one context and unambiguous in another. Moreover, Ambiguity plays a major role in\u00a0<span class=\"ft12\">Semantics\u00a0<\/span>(i.e. Meaning)(one of the four major wings in Linguistics)<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p25 ft0 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Common Examples of Ambiguity:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p26 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Below are some common examples of ambiguity:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft15\">A good life depends on a liver \u2013 Liver may be an organ or simply a living person.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft16\">Foreigners are hunting dogs \u2013 It is unclear whether dogs were being hunted or foreigners are being spoken of as dogs.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft18\">Each of us saw her duck \u2013 It is not clear whether the word \u201cduck\u201d refers to an action of ducking or a duck that is a bird.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft16\">The passerby helps dog bite victim \u2013 Is the passerby helping a dog bite someone? Or is he helping a person bitten by a dog? It\u2019s not clear.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p31 ft0 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Various Causes of Ambiguity:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"ft19\">Polysemy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"ft19\">Homonymy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"ft19\">Punctuation (while writing) pause (while speaking or reading).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p34 ft20 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Polysemy:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p35 ft22 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft17\">Polysemy-\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft21\">Polysemy\u00a0<\/span>is the association of one\u00a0<span class=\"ft17\">word\u00a0<\/span>with two or more distinct\u00a0<span class=\"ft17\">meanings.\u00a0<\/span>A\u00a0<span class=\"ft21\">polysemy\u00a0<\/span>is a word or phrase with multiple meanings. Adjective:\u00a0<span class=\"ft21\">polysemous\u00a0<\/span>or\u00a0<span class=\"ft21\">polysemic<\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p36 ft23 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Some Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"page_5\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft25\">Arms\u00a0<\/span>bend at the elbow.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft26\">Germany sells\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft27\">arms\u00a0<\/span>to Saudi Arabia.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft26\">Boil the solution\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft27\">once\u00a0<\/span>with salt and\u00a0<span class=\"ft27\">once\u00a0<\/span>with sugar.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft25\">Once\u00a0<\/span>Germany had surrendered, the Soviets were free to enter the conflict against Japan.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft26\">Is economics an arts\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft27\">subject\u00a0<\/span>or a science\u00a0<span class=\"ft27\">subject<\/span>?<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft26\">All income is\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft27\">subject\u00a0<\/span>to tax.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft25\">While\u00a0<\/span>the family was in the garden, an intruder entered the house.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft25\">While\u00a0<\/span>your answer is correct, it is not complete.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft26\">Work out the\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft27\">solution\u00a0<\/span>in your head<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft26\">Heat the\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft27\">solution\u00a0<\/span>to 75\u00b0 Celsius<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p43 ft20 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Homonymy:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p44 ft17 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><span class=\"ft28\">Homonyms,\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ft28\"><strong>or multiple meaning words<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/span>are words that share the same spelling and the same pronunciation but have different meanings.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p26 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft0\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>Bear, Left, Pole<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft15\">A\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft27\">bear\u00a0<\/span>(the animal) can\u00a0<span class=\"ft27\">bear\u00a0<\/span>(tolerate) very cold temperatures.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft15\">The driver turned\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft27\">left\u00a0<\/span>(opposite of right) and\u00a0<span class=\"ft27\">left\u00a0<\/span>(departed from) the main road.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft29\">Pole and Pole - The first Pole refers to a citizen of Poland who could either be referred to as Polish or a Pole. The second Pole refers to a bamboo pole or any other wooden pole.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p47 ft20 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Punctuation and pause:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p48 ft17 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Punctuation and pause plays a vital role while writing, speaking and reading. Proper Punctuation and pause can save lives and do wonders!!!<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p49 ft0 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Some Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-399\" src=\"http:\/\/engp13.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/265\/2019\/06\/Untitled-102.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" \/>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"p52 ft2 hanging-indent no-indent\"><span class=\"ft3\">I love cooking my pets and my family.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p53 ft17 hanging-indent no-indent\">The above example is ridiculous and funny without commas.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p53 ft17 hanging-indent no-indent\">The sentence should sound:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p54 ft2 hanging-indent no-indent\">I love Cooking, My pets and my family.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p55 ft2 hanging-indent no-indent\"><span class=\"ft3\">Let\u2019s cook Mom.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p56 ft2 hanging-indent no-indent\">Let\u2019s cook, Mom.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p57 ft17 hanging-indent no-indent\">Thus these are some of the causes of Ambiguity, which makes Language and people funny at times<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p57 ft17 hanging-indent\">serious.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"page_6\">\r\n<p class=\"p31 ft0\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Types of Ambiguity:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"p49 ft2\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft19\">William Empson was the first to write and publish the work titled\u201dSeven Types of\u00a0<\/span>Ambiguity\u201d.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p12 ft2\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft19\">In his work, he critiqued poetry and regarded Ambiguity as the highest creative skill.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p59 ft13\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft30\">It was one of the most influential critical works of the 20th century and was a key foundation work in the formation of the\u00a0<\/span>New Criticism\u00a0school.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p30 ft13\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft30\">Though he found these seven types, Linguists focus on three main categories of them which play a major role in Linguistics, while analysing sentences.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p60 ft2\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft19\">Let\u2019s discuss those with appropriate examples.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"page_7\">\r\n<p class=\"p62 ft20\"><strong>Lexical Ambiguity:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p63 ft17 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft28\"><strong>Lexical Ambiguity<\/strong>:\u00a0<\/span>Any ambiguity resulting from the ambiguity of a\u00a0<span class=\"ft31\">word\u00a0<\/span>which has multiple parts of speech.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p64 ft8 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft32\"><strong>Example 1:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>I need a\u00a0<span class=\"ft11\">pen\u00a0<\/span>to\u00a0<span class=\"ft11\">pen\u00a0<\/span>a poem. In this example the word \u201cpen\u201d is used twice but with two different meaning and parts of speech, which is ambiguous. Thus this is a vital example of Lexical Ambiguity.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p65 ft13 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft33\"><strong>Example 2:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>The fisherman went to the\u00a0<span class=\"ft34\">bank<\/span>. Here, the word \u201cbank\u201d is ambiguous, which may mean a building or the edge of the river.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p66 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft0\"><strong>Example 3:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>She looked at the\u00a0<span class=\"ft27\">ball\u00a0<\/span>happily. The word \u201cball\u201d has two meanings:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p27 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft2\">1.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">Normal cricket ball<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p12 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft2\">2.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">Party or a gathering.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p67 ft20 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Polysemy and Homonymy are the types in Lexical Ambiguity.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p26 ft20 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Syntactic or structural ambiguity:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p68 ft8 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft11\">Structural or syntactic Ambiguity\u00a0<\/span>refers to the situation in which a sentence may have different meanings because; the words of a sentence are related to each other in various ways, even though each word is clear and unconnected.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p69 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><span class=\"ft0\">Example 1:\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Old men and women- Two possible meanings:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p27 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft2\">1.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">All old men and young women.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p12 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft2\">2.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">All old men and old women.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p67 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft0\"><strong>Example 2:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>John saw the boy with telescope. Two possible meanings:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p70 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft2\">1.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">John saw the boy through his telescope.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p12 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft2\">2.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">John saw the boy who was holding the telescope.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p67 ft20 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Semantic Ambiguity:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"page_8\">\r\n<p class=\"p17 ft8\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Semantics is nothing but \u201cMeaning\u201d. If a word or phrase is Ambiguous in its meaning then we call it as Semantic Ambiguity. That is even after the syntax and the meanings of the individual words have been resolved, there are two ways of reading the sentence.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p69 ft2 no-indent\"><span class=\"ft0\"><strong>Example 1<\/strong>:\u00a0<\/span>I saw Rachel with Glasses on her hand. This may give arise to two meanings:<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p70 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">1.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">\u201cGlasses\u201d- Eye glasses<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p11 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">2.<\/span><span class=\"ft35\">Glass with beer or wine.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p26 ft2 no-indent\"><span class=\"ft0\"><strong>Example 2:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>John and Mary are married. Two possible interpretations:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p67 ft2 no-indent\">Are they married each other? Or Separately?<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p68 ft17 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">To avoid these kinds of unnecessary ambiguities we may instead be plain and clear like the following:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p31 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\"John and Mary got engaged last month. Now, John and Mary are married.\"<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p63 ft17 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Thus these are the major types of Ambiguity, where the other types that Linguists and other schools argue could be exhausted.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p72 ft0 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u00a0The advantage of ambiguity<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p68 ft17 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Cognitive scientists develop a new take on an old problem: why human language has so many words with multiple meanings.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p73 ft36 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Why did language evolve? While the answer might seem obvious \u2014 as a way for individuals to exchange information \u2014 linguists and other students of communication have debated this question for years. Many prominent linguists, including MIT\u2019s Noam Chomsky, have argued that language is, in fact, poorly designed for communication. Such a use, they say, is merely a\u00a0by-product\u00a0of a system that probably evolved for other reasons \u2014 perhaps for structuring our own private thoughts.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"page_9\">\r\n<p class=\"p17 ft37 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">As evident, these linguists point to the existence of ambiguity: In a system optimized for conveying information between a speaker and a listener, they argue, each word would have just one meaning, eliminating any chance of confusion or misunderstanding. Now, a group of MIT cognitive scientists has turned this idea on its head. In a new theory, they claim that ambiguity actually makes language more efficient, by allowing for the reuse of short, efficient sounds that listeners can easily disambiguate with the help of context.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p75 ft37 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\u201cVarious people have said that ambiguity is a problem for communication,\u201d says Ted Gibson, an MIT professor of cognitive science and senior author of a paper describing the research to appear in the journal Cognition. \"But the fact that context disambiguates has important ramifications for the\u00a0re-use\u00a0of potentially ambiguous forms. Ambiguity is no longer a problem \u2014 it's something that you can take advantage of, because you can reuse easy [words] in different contexts over and over again.\"<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p76 ft38 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>What do you \u2018mean\u2019?<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p77 ft37 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">For a somewhat ironic example of ambiguity, consider the word \u201cmean.\u201d It can mean, of course, to indicate or signify, but it can also refer to an intention or purpose (\u201cI meant to go to the store\u201d); something offensive or nasty; or the mathematical average of a set of numbers. Adding an\u2018s\u2019 introduces even more potential definitions: an instrument or method (\u201ca means to an end\u201d), or financial resources (\u201cto live within one\u2019s means\u201d).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p75 ft39 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">But virtually no speaker of English gets confused when he or she hears the word \u201cmean.\u201d That\u2019s because the different senses of the word occur in such different contexts as to allow listeners to infer its meaning nearly automatically.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p73 ft40 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Given the disambiguating power of context, the researchers hypothesized that languages might harness ambiguity to reuse words \u2014 most likely, the easiest words for language processing systems. Building on observation and previous studies, they posited that words with fewer syllables, high frequency and the simplest pronunciations should have the most meanings.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p78 ft41 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">To test this prediction, Piantadosi, Tily and Gibson carried out corpus studies of English, Dutch and German. (In linguistics, a corpus is a large body of samples of language as it is\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">used naturally, which can be used to search for word frequencies or patterns.) By comparing certain properties of words to their numbers of meanings, the researchers confirmed their suspicion that shorter, more frequent words, as well as those that conform to the language\u2019s typical sound patterns, are most likely to be ambiguous \u2014 trends that were statistically significant in all three languages.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"page_10\">\r\n<p class=\"p80 ft42\" style=\"text-align: justify\">To understand why ambiguity makes a language more efficient rather than less so, think about the competing desires of the speaker and the listener. The speaker is interested in conveying as much as possible with the fewest possible words, while the listener is aiming to get a complete and specific understanding of what the speaker is trying to say. But as the researchers write, it is \u201ccognitively cheaper\u201d to have the listener infer certain things from the context than to have the speaker spend time on longer and more complicated utterances. The result is a system that skews toward ambiguity, reusing the \u201ceasiest\u201d words. Once context is considered, it\u2019s clear that \u201cambiguity is actually something you would want in the communication system,\u201d Piantadosi says.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p77 ft43\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\u201cYou would expect that since languages are constantly changing, they would evolve to get rid of ambiguity,\u201d Wasow says. \u201cBut if you look at natural languages, they are massively ambiguous: Words have multiple meanings; there are multiple ways to parse strings of words. Thus Ambiguity is advantageous while communicating, in one sense.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p77 ft43\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Now let\u2019s see how ambiguity plays a significant role in Literature.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p82 ft38 hanging-indent\"><strong><span class=\"ft0\">Function\u00a0<\/span>&amp;Significance of Ambiguity in Literature<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p83 ft8\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Ambiguity in literature serves the purpose of lending a deeper meaning to a literary work. By introducing ambiguity in their works, writers give liberty to the readers to use their imagination to explore meanings. This active participation of the readers involves them in the\u00a0prose\u00a0or poetry they read.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p84 ft45\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Ambiguity can be a powerful tool in literature when an author uses it intentionally. Ambiguous situations can force the reader to decide what happens in a story for him- or herself. This decision about which interpretation to choose thus reflects on the reader\u2019s own psychology.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"page_11\">\r\n<p class=\"p17 ft46\" style=\"text-align: justify\">If a reader is an optimistic person, for example, she or he might decide that things ended well, or if the reader has recently gone through a bad breakup he or she might decide that a betrayal was intentional rather than accidental. Authors sometimes write ambiguous endings in their books precisely to create situations that ask the reader to bring their own experience to bear to decide what happened.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p19 ft47\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Many philosophers have explored the nature of ambiguity, and have concluded that it is an inevitable part of human existence. Psychologists have also researched how people deal with and tolerate ambiguity; being able to tolerate ambiguity seems to be an important element for creativity and being\u00a0open-minded.\u00a0Thus, while ambiguity can occur at the sentence level in literature, the ambiguity presented in characters\u2019 motivations and in plot lines can be important to help readers develop their own tolerance for it and thus their psychological well- being.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p20 ft8\" style=\"text-align: justify\">In literature, authors purposely make use of ambiguity to make their writing complex, interesting, and even true to life. After all, talking about literature is much more fun when there's room for different interpretations.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p86 ft48\" style=\"text-align: justify\">In literature and rhetoric, ambiguity can be a useful tool. Groucho Marx's classic joke depends on a grammatical ambiguity for its humour, for example: \"Last night I shot an elephant in my pyjamas. How he got in my pyjamas, I'll never know\".<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p86 ft49 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Songs and poetry often rely on ambiguous words for artistic effect, as in the song title \"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue\" (where \"blue\" can refer to the color, or to sadness).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p87 ft49 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">In narrative, ambiguity can be introduced in several ways: motive, plot, character. F. Scott Fitzgerald uses the latter type of ambiguity with notable effect in his novel\u00a0<span class=\"ft50\">The Great Gatsby<\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p88 ft38 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Examples of Ambiguity in Literature<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p89 ft38 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Example #1:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p90 ft8 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\u201cHer right arm lay on the cushioned parapet before her. She raised her hand, and made a slight, quick movement toward the right. No one but her lover saw her. Every eye but his was fixed on the man in the arena.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"page_12\">\r\n<p class=\"p92 ft8\" style=\"text-align: justify\">He turned, and with a firm and rapid step he walked across the empty space. Every heart stopped beating, every breath was held, and every eye was fixed immovably upon that man. Without the slightest hesitation, he went to the door on the right, and opened it.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p93 ft51 no-indent\"><strong>(\u201cThe Lady, or the Tiger?\u201d by Frank R. Stockton)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p90 ft45\" style=\"text-align: justify\">This is a famous example of ambiguity in literature; Stockton\u2019s short story ends at this point when a man has either chosen a door behind which waits a tiger or a beautiful woman. His lover, the princess, has indicated which door he should choose, but it\u2019s up to the reader to decide if she wants him alive and married to another woman, or is jealous enough to prefer his death.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p94 ft52 no-indent\"><strong>Example#2:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p95 ft46\" style=\"text-align: justify\">I wear a red yes and how he kissed me under the Moorish Wall and I thought well as well him as another and then I asked him with my eyes to ask again yes and then he asked me would I yes to say yes\u2026 (<span class=\"ft52\">Ulysses\u00a0<\/span>by James Joyce)<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p77 ft46\" style=\"text-align: justify\">This excerpt is one of many examples of ambiguity in James Joyce\u2019s classic\u00a0<span class=\"ft53\">Ulysses.\u00a0<\/span>Molly Bloom is thinking many different thoughts and remembering different events here and ultimately agrees to Leopold\u2019s marriage proposal. However, in her\u00a0<span class=\"ft8\">stream of consciousness\u00a0<\/span>there is some ambiguity about the person and\/or people the different masculine pronouns refer to. They may refer to Leopold, or to other previous lovers.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p96 ft54 no-indent\"><strong>Example#3:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p26 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">We find ambiguity in the first line of\u00a0<span class=\"ft20\">Keats\u2019s \u201cOde to a Grecian Urn\u201d:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p26 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\u201cThou still unravish\u2019d bride of quietness,\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p97 ft17 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">The use of word \u201cstill\u201d is ambiguous in nature. \u201cStill\u201d here may mean \u201can unmoving object\u201d or it may be interpreted as \u201cyet unchanged\u201d.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p31 ft0 no-indent\"><strong>Example#4:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p63 ft17\" style=\"text-align: justify\">The short story \"<span class=\"ft28\">Hills Like White Elephants<\/span>\" by\u00a0<span class=\"ft28\">Ernest Hemingway\u00a0<\/span>is notoriously ambiguous. What exactly is the couple talking about? What will happen to them? The fact\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">that we don't know everything about the characters pulls us into the story and drives us to dig deeper, push harder, and get more out of the whole shebang.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"page_13\">\r\n<p class=\"p100 ft17\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Other notoriously ambiguous books and stories?\u00a0<span class=\"ft28\">Henry James<\/span>'s \"<span class=\"ft28\">The Beast in the Jungle<\/span>\" and the\u00a0<span class=\"ft28\">ending\u00a0<\/span>of\u00a0<span class=\"ft28\">Kate Chopin<\/span>'s\u00a0<span class=\"ft55\">The Awakening<\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p101 ft0 no-indent\"><strong>Ambiguity and Linguistics:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p102 ft17\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Ambiguity, as I mentioned earlier serves a greater importance in Linguistics, especially in one of the four major wings, Semantics.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p103 ft8\" style=\"text-align: justify\">In Linguistics, When we analyze a poem or a discourse we generally look for literary devices which add up to the quality of the discourse...such as Irony, Pun, Ambiguity etc... Moreover, IC [Immediate Constituent] analysis is specially used to disambiguate sentences, so that we could get a better understanding of the discourse\/ text.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"p104 ft58\"><span class=\"ft57\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XNOpclZ2P0Y<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p105 ft58\"><span class=\"ft57\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PATIKE2c8kE<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p106 ft17\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Watch these video lectures to learn in detail about IC analysis and the rules of IC analysis and how it works in disambiguating ambiguous sentences.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p36 ft0 no-indent\"><strong>Conclusion\/ Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p106 ft8\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Thus Ambiguity is a vast area in Linguistics, which has many types according to many critics and schools. But all those could be exhausted in the three discussed above. Those are:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p107 ft2 no-indent\">Lexical, Syntactic and Semantic Ambiguity.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p108 ft17 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><span class=\"ft28\">Lexical:\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Any ambiguity resulting from the ambiguity of a\u00a0<span class=\"ft31\">word\u00a0<\/span>which has multiple parts of speech.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p109 ft13 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft33\">Syntactic:\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft34\">Structural or syntactic Ambiguity\u00a0<\/span>refers to the situation in which a sentence may have different meanings because; the words of a sentence are related to each other in various ways, even though each word is clear and unconnected.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"page_14\">\r\n<p class=\"p111 ft7 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft59\"><strong>Semantic:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>Semantics is nothing but \u201cMeaning\u201d. If a word or phrase is Ambiguous in its meaning then we call it as Semantic Ambiguity. That is even after the syntax and the meanings of the individual words have been resolved, there are two ways of reading the sentence.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p112 ft17 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">And as it was discussed above, Ambiguity is much helpful in Language and literature, which in literature is used by the author with an intention to grasp the readers towards the text.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p113 ft13 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Also look at the videos above to learn much about IC analysis and its role in Linguistics. Thus, everything in the creation has both positive and negative side. So does Ambiguity. It depends on the context in which it is used.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>you can view video on Ambiguity<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/-9n7KjcQQkc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p class=\"p31 ft0 no-indent\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"p114 ft34 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft30\">Crystal, David.\u00a0<\/span>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language<span class=\"ft13\">. USA: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Print.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p115 ft2\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft19\">Empson, William.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft27\">Seven types of Ambiguity<\/span>. USA: New Directions, 1930. Print.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p116 ft13\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft30\">Winkler, Sussane.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft34\">Ambiguity: Language and Communication<\/span>. Berlin\/Munich\/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH &amp; Co KG., 2015. Print.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p117 ft2\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft19\">Yule, George.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft27\">The Study of Language<\/span>.UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Print.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p33 ft2\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft19\">https:\/\/www.enotes.com\/topics\/seven-types-ambiguity<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p11 ft2\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft19\">https:\/\/literarydevices.net\/ambiguity\/<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p33 ft2\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft19\">https:\/\/www.spellingcity.com\/homophones-and-homonyms.html<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p33 ft2\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft19\">http:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2012\/ambiguity-in-language-0119<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p33 ft2\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft19\">https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/polysemy-words-and-meanings-1691642<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p96 ft2\" style=\"text-align: justify\">http:\/\/semantics.uchicago.edu\/kennedy\/classes\/s06\/readings\/gillon90.pdf<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/-9n7KjcQQkc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"44\" height=\"44\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p10 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">1.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">\u00a0Ambiguity<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p11 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">2.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">Learning Outcome.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p11 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">3.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">Introduction.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p12 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">4.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">Ambiguity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p11 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">5.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">Common examples of Ambiguity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p12 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">6.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">Various causes of Ambigutiy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p13 ft2\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"ft2\">6.1.<\/span><span class=\"ft4\">Polysemy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p13 ft2\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"ft2\">6.2.<\/span><span class=\"ft4\">Homonymy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p14 ft2\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"ft2\">6.3.<\/span><span class=\"ft4\">Punctuation and pause.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p11 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">7.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">Types of Ambiguity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p14 ft2\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"ft2\">7.1.<\/span><span class=\"ft4\">Lexical Ambiguity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p13 ft2\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"ft2\">7.2.<\/span><span class=\"ft4\">Syntactic or structural Ambiguity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p13 ft2\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"ft2\">7.3.<\/span><span class=\"ft4\">Semantic Ambiguity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p12 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">8.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">The advantage of Ambiguity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p11 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">9.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">Function and Significance of Ambiguity in Literature.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p12 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">10.<\/span><span class=\"ft5\">Examples of Ambiguity in Literature.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p11 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">11.<\/span><span class=\"ft5\">Ambiguity and Linguistics.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p11 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">12.<\/span><span class=\"ft5\">Conclusion\/ Summary.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"page_2\">\n<p class=\"p15 ft0\"><strong>Learning outcome:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"page_3\">\n<p class=\"p17 ft6 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">This module deals with Ambiguity, a major component in Semantics, one of the four significant wings of Linguistics. Also other parameters which causes ambiguity, its types, the purpose of Ambiguity, when and how to avoid ambiguity, its advantages etc&#8230;, will be discussed in the module to enhance the holistic understanding of the concept. References, List of websites and YouTube videos will help them study and analyze the concept\u00a0in-depth\u00a0and plays a vital role in promoting further study regarding the concept. Multiple choice questions, True or false and Fill in the blanks will help them\u00a0self-evaluate\u00a0themselves of their knowledge and understanding of the concept. Moreover for their better understanding, examples are provided wherever necessary.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p18 ft0 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Introduction: Ambiguity:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p19 ft7 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Languages are essential tools for human to communicate with each other and record and transfer information everyday; it is difficult to imagine the situation without language delivery. However, a natural language is not so perfectly designed to transfer all the information in an expected way.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p20 ft8 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">More or less, some flaws in a language are inevitable, such as the ambiguity of a language which causes confusion in people&#8217;s common utterances. Generally speaking, there are often certain ambiguous words and sentences appearing in human&#8217;s utterances and acquiring more precise clarification from speakers.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p21 ft7 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Different interpretations of the same utterance may result in various interpretations and the difficulty of comprehension of listeners. It is, actually, a quite common phenomenon among different languages. This kind of possible different interpretations is technically called \u201cAmbiguity\u201d.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p22 ft10 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft9\"><strong>Ambiguity<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"page_4\">\n<p class=\"p17 ft8 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Ambiguity is a type of\u00a0uncertainty\u00a0of\u00a0meaning\u00a0in which several interpretations are\u00a0plausible.\u00a0It is thus an attribute of any idea or statement whose\u00a0intended\u00a0meaning cannot be definitively resolved according to a rule or process with a finite number of steps. (The \u201c<span class=\"ft11\">ambi<\/span><span class=\"ft11\">\u201d-\u00a0<\/span>part of the name reflects an idea of\u00a0&#8220;two&#8221;\u00a0as in two meanings.)<\/p>\n<p class=\"p21 ft7 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">The concept of ambiguity is generally contrasted with\u00a0vagueness.\u00a0In ambiguity, specific and distinct interpretations are permitted (although some may not be immediately obvious), whereas with information that is vague, it is difficult to form any interpretation at the desired level of specificity.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p24 ft13 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Context may play a role in resolving ambiguity. For example, the same piece of information may be ambiguous in one context and unambiguous in another. Moreover, Ambiguity plays a major role in\u00a0<span class=\"ft12\">Semantics\u00a0<\/span>(i.e. Meaning)(one of the four major wings in Linguistics)<\/p>\n<p class=\"p25 ft0 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Common Examples of Ambiguity:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p26 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Below are some common examples of ambiguity:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft15\">A good life depends on a liver \u2013 Liver may be an organ or simply a living person.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft16\">Foreigners are hunting dogs \u2013 It is unclear whether dogs were being hunted or foreigners are being spoken of as dogs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft18\">Each of us saw her duck \u2013 It is not clear whether the word \u201cduck\u201d refers to an action of ducking or a duck that is a bird.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft16\">The passerby helps dog bite victim \u2013 Is the passerby helping a dog bite someone? Or is he helping a person bitten by a dog? It\u2019s not clear.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p31 ft0 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Various Causes of Ambiguity:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"ft19\">Polysemy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"ft19\">Homonymy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"ft19\">Punctuation (while writing) pause (while speaking or reading).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p34 ft20 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Polysemy:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p35 ft22 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft17\">Polysemy-\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft21\">Polysemy\u00a0<\/span>is the association of one\u00a0<span class=\"ft17\">word\u00a0<\/span>with two or more distinct\u00a0<span class=\"ft17\">meanings.\u00a0<\/span>A\u00a0<span class=\"ft21\">polysemy\u00a0<\/span>is a word or phrase with multiple meanings. Adjective:\u00a0<span class=\"ft21\">polysemous\u00a0<\/span>or\u00a0<span class=\"ft21\">polysemic<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p36 ft23 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Some Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"page_5\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft25\">Arms\u00a0<\/span>bend at the elbow.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft26\">Germany sells\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft27\">arms\u00a0<\/span>to Saudi Arabia.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft26\">Boil the solution\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft27\">once\u00a0<\/span>with salt and\u00a0<span class=\"ft27\">once\u00a0<\/span>with sugar.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft25\">Once\u00a0<\/span>Germany had surrendered, the Soviets were free to enter the conflict against Japan.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft26\">Is economics an arts\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft27\">subject\u00a0<\/span>or a science\u00a0<span class=\"ft27\">subject<\/span>?<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft26\">All income is\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft27\">subject\u00a0<\/span>to tax.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft25\">While\u00a0<\/span>the family was in the garden, an intruder entered the house.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft25\">While\u00a0<\/span>your answer is correct, it is not complete.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft26\">Work out the\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft27\">solution\u00a0<\/span>in your head<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft26\">Heat the\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft27\">solution\u00a0<\/span>to 75\u00b0 Celsius<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p43 ft20 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Homonymy:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p44 ft17 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><span class=\"ft28\">Homonyms,\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ft28\"><strong>or multiple meaning words<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/span>are words that share the same spelling and the same pronunciation but have different meanings.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p26 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft0\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>Bear, Left, Pole<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft15\">A\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft27\">bear\u00a0<\/span>(the animal) can\u00a0<span class=\"ft27\">bear\u00a0<\/span>(tolerate) very cold temperatures.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft15\">The driver turned\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft27\">left\u00a0<\/span>(opposite of right) and\u00a0<span class=\"ft27\">left\u00a0<\/span>(departed from) the main road.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft29\">Pole and Pole &#8211; The first Pole refers to a citizen of Poland who could either be referred to as Polish or a Pole. The second Pole refers to a bamboo pole or any other wooden pole.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p47 ft20 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Punctuation and pause:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p48 ft17 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Punctuation and pause plays a vital role while writing, speaking and reading. Proper Punctuation and pause can save lives and do wonders!!!<\/p>\n<p class=\"p49 ft0 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Some Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-399\" src=\"http:\/\/engp13.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/265\/2019\/06\/Untitled-102.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/engp13\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/265\/2019\/06\/Untitled-102.png 500w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/engp13\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/265\/2019\/06\/Untitled-102-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/engp13\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/265\/2019\/06\/Untitled-102-65x43.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/engp13\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/265\/2019\/06\/Untitled-102-225x150.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/engp13\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/265\/2019\/06\/Untitled-102-350x234.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"p52 ft2 hanging-indent no-indent\"><span class=\"ft3\">I love cooking my pets and my family.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p53 ft17 hanging-indent no-indent\">The above example is ridiculous and funny without commas.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p53 ft17 hanging-indent no-indent\">The sentence should sound:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p54 ft2 hanging-indent no-indent\">I love Cooking, My pets and my family.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p55 ft2 hanging-indent no-indent\"><span class=\"ft3\">Let\u2019s cook Mom.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p56 ft2 hanging-indent no-indent\">Let\u2019s cook, Mom.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p57 ft17 hanging-indent no-indent\">Thus these are some of the causes of Ambiguity, which makes Language and people funny at times<\/p>\n<p class=\"p57 ft17 hanging-indent\">serious.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"page_6\">\n<p class=\"p31 ft0\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Types of Ambiguity:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p49 ft2\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft19\">William Empson was the first to write and publish the work titled\u201dSeven Types of\u00a0<\/span>Ambiguity\u201d.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p12 ft2\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft19\">In his work, he critiqued poetry and regarded Ambiguity as the highest creative skill.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p59 ft13\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft30\">It was one of the most influential critical works of the 20th century and was a key foundation work in the formation of the\u00a0<\/span>New Criticism\u00a0school.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p30 ft13\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft30\">Though he found these seven types, Linguists focus on three main categories of them which play a major role in Linguistics, while analysing sentences.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p60 ft2\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft19\">Let\u2019s discuss those with appropriate examples.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"page_7\">\n<p class=\"p62 ft20\"><strong>Lexical Ambiguity:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p63 ft17 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft28\"><strong>Lexical Ambiguity<\/strong>:\u00a0<\/span>Any ambiguity resulting from the ambiguity of a\u00a0<span class=\"ft31\">word\u00a0<\/span>which has multiple parts of speech.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p64 ft8 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft32\"><strong>Example 1:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>I need a\u00a0<span class=\"ft11\">pen\u00a0<\/span>to\u00a0<span class=\"ft11\">pen\u00a0<\/span>a poem. In this example the word \u201cpen\u201d is used twice but with two different meaning and parts of speech, which is ambiguous. Thus this is a vital example of Lexical Ambiguity.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p65 ft13 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft33\"><strong>Example 2:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>The fisherman went to the\u00a0<span class=\"ft34\">bank<\/span>. Here, the word \u201cbank\u201d is ambiguous, which may mean a building or the edge of the river.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p66 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft0\"><strong>Example 3:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>She looked at the\u00a0<span class=\"ft27\">ball\u00a0<\/span>happily. The word \u201cball\u201d has two meanings:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p27 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft2\">1.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">Normal cricket ball<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p12 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft2\">2.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">Party or a gathering.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p67 ft20 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Polysemy and Homonymy are the types in Lexical Ambiguity.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p26 ft20 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Syntactic or structural ambiguity:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p68 ft8 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft11\">Structural or syntactic Ambiguity\u00a0<\/span>refers to the situation in which a sentence may have different meanings because; the words of a sentence are related to each other in various ways, even though each word is clear and unconnected.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p69 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><span class=\"ft0\">Example 1:\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Old men and women- Two possible meanings:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p27 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft2\">1.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">All old men and young women.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p12 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft2\">2.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">All old men and old women.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p67 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft0\"><strong>Example 2:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>John saw the boy with telescope. Two possible meanings:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p70 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft2\">1.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">John saw the boy through his telescope.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p12 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft2\">2.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">John saw the boy who was holding the telescope.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p67 ft20 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Semantic Ambiguity:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"page_8\">\n<p class=\"p17 ft8\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Semantics is nothing but \u201cMeaning\u201d. If a word or phrase is Ambiguous in its meaning then we call it as Semantic Ambiguity. That is even after the syntax and the meanings of the individual words have been resolved, there are two ways of reading the sentence.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p69 ft2 no-indent\"><span class=\"ft0\"><strong>Example 1<\/strong>:\u00a0<\/span>I saw Rachel with Glasses on her hand. This may give arise to two meanings:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p70 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">1.<\/span><span class=\"ft3\">\u201cGlasses\u201d- Eye glasses<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p11 ft2\"><span class=\"ft2\">2.<\/span><span class=\"ft35\">Glass with beer or wine.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p26 ft2 no-indent\"><span class=\"ft0\"><strong>Example 2:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>John and Mary are married. Two possible interpretations:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p67 ft2 no-indent\">Are they married each other? Or Separately?<\/p>\n<p class=\"p68 ft17 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">To avoid these kinds of unnecessary ambiguities we may instead be plain and clear like the following:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p31 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">&#8220;John and Mary got engaged last month. Now, John and Mary are married.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p63 ft17 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Thus these are the major types of Ambiguity, where the other types that Linguists and other schools argue could be exhausted.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p72 ft0 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u00a0The advantage of ambiguity<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p68 ft17 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Cognitive scientists develop a new take on an old problem: why human language has so many words with multiple meanings.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p73 ft36 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Why did language evolve? While the answer might seem obvious \u2014 as a way for individuals to exchange information \u2014 linguists and other students of communication have debated this question for years. Many prominent linguists, including MIT\u2019s Noam Chomsky, have argued that language is, in fact, poorly designed for communication. Such a use, they say, is merely a\u00a0by-product\u00a0of a system that probably evolved for other reasons \u2014 perhaps for structuring our own private thoughts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"page_9\">\n<p class=\"p17 ft37 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">As evident, these linguists point to the existence of ambiguity: In a system optimized for conveying information between a speaker and a listener, they argue, each word would have just one meaning, eliminating any chance of confusion or misunderstanding. Now, a group of MIT cognitive scientists has turned this idea on its head. In a new theory, they claim that ambiguity actually makes language more efficient, by allowing for the reuse of short, efficient sounds that listeners can easily disambiguate with the help of context.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p75 ft37 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\u201cVarious people have said that ambiguity is a problem for communication,\u201d says Ted Gibson, an MIT professor of cognitive science and senior author of a paper describing the research to appear in the journal Cognition. &#8220;But the fact that context disambiguates has important ramifications for the\u00a0re-use\u00a0of potentially ambiguous forms. Ambiguity is no longer a problem \u2014 it&#8217;s something that you can take advantage of, because you can reuse easy [words] in different contexts over and over again.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p76 ft38 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>What do you \u2018mean\u2019?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p77 ft37 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">For a somewhat ironic example of ambiguity, consider the word \u201cmean.\u201d It can mean, of course, to indicate or signify, but it can also refer to an intention or purpose (\u201cI meant to go to the store\u201d); something offensive or nasty; or the mathematical average of a set of numbers. Adding an\u2018s\u2019 introduces even more potential definitions: an instrument or method (\u201ca means to an end\u201d), or financial resources (\u201cto live within one\u2019s means\u201d).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p75 ft39 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">But virtually no speaker of English gets confused when he or she hears the word \u201cmean.\u201d That\u2019s because the different senses of the word occur in such different contexts as to allow listeners to infer its meaning nearly automatically.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p73 ft40 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Given the disambiguating power of context, the researchers hypothesized that languages might harness ambiguity to reuse words \u2014 most likely, the easiest words for language processing systems. Building on observation and previous studies, they posited that words with fewer syllables, high frequency and the simplest pronunciations should have the most meanings.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p78 ft41 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">To test this prediction, Piantadosi, Tily and Gibson carried out corpus studies of English, Dutch and German. (In linguistics, a corpus is a large body of samples of language as it is\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">used naturally, which can be used to search for word frequencies or patterns.) By comparing certain properties of words to their numbers of meanings, the researchers confirmed their suspicion that shorter, more frequent words, as well as those that conform to the language\u2019s typical sound patterns, are most likely to be ambiguous \u2014 trends that were statistically significant in all three languages.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"page_10\">\n<p class=\"p80 ft42\" style=\"text-align: justify\">To understand why ambiguity makes a language more efficient rather than less so, think about the competing desires of the speaker and the listener. The speaker is interested in conveying as much as possible with the fewest possible words, while the listener is aiming to get a complete and specific understanding of what the speaker is trying to say. But as the researchers write, it is \u201ccognitively cheaper\u201d to have the listener infer certain things from the context than to have the speaker spend time on longer and more complicated utterances. The result is a system that skews toward ambiguity, reusing the \u201ceasiest\u201d words. Once context is considered, it\u2019s clear that \u201cambiguity is actually something you would want in the communication system,\u201d Piantadosi says.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p77 ft43\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\u201cYou would expect that since languages are constantly changing, they would evolve to get rid of ambiguity,\u201d Wasow says. \u201cBut if you look at natural languages, they are massively ambiguous: Words have multiple meanings; there are multiple ways to parse strings of words. Thus Ambiguity is advantageous while communicating, in one sense.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p77 ft43\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Now let\u2019s see how ambiguity plays a significant role in Literature.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p82 ft38 hanging-indent\"><strong><span class=\"ft0\">Function\u00a0<\/span>&amp;Significance of Ambiguity in Literature<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p83 ft8\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Ambiguity in literature serves the purpose of lending a deeper meaning to a literary work. By introducing ambiguity in their works, writers give liberty to the readers to use their imagination to explore meanings. This active participation of the readers involves them in the\u00a0prose\u00a0or poetry they read.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p84 ft45\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Ambiguity can be a powerful tool in literature when an author uses it intentionally. Ambiguous situations can force the reader to decide what happens in a story for him- or herself. This decision about which interpretation to choose thus reflects on the reader\u2019s own psychology.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"page_11\">\n<p class=\"p17 ft46\" style=\"text-align: justify\">If a reader is an optimistic person, for example, she or he might decide that things ended well, or if the reader has recently gone through a bad breakup he or she might decide that a betrayal was intentional rather than accidental. Authors sometimes write ambiguous endings in their books precisely to create situations that ask the reader to bring their own experience to bear to decide what happened.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p19 ft47\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Many philosophers have explored the nature of ambiguity, and have concluded that it is an inevitable part of human existence. Psychologists have also researched how people deal with and tolerate ambiguity; being able to tolerate ambiguity seems to be an important element for creativity and being\u00a0open-minded.\u00a0Thus, while ambiguity can occur at the sentence level in literature, the ambiguity presented in characters\u2019 motivations and in plot lines can be important to help readers develop their own tolerance for it and thus their psychological well- being.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p20 ft8\" style=\"text-align: justify\">In literature, authors purposely make use of ambiguity to make their writing complex, interesting, and even true to life. After all, talking about literature is much more fun when there&#8217;s room for different interpretations.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p86 ft48\" style=\"text-align: justify\">In literature and rhetoric, ambiguity can be a useful tool. Groucho Marx&#8217;s classic joke depends on a grammatical ambiguity for its humour, for example: &#8220;Last night I shot an elephant in my pyjamas. How he got in my pyjamas, I&#8217;ll never know&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p86 ft49 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Songs and poetry often rely on ambiguous words for artistic effect, as in the song title &#8220;Don&#8217;t It Make My Brown Eyes Blue&#8221; (where &#8220;blue&#8221; can refer to the color, or to sadness).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p87 ft49 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">In narrative, ambiguity can be introduced in several ways: motive, plot, character. F. Scott Fitzgerald uses the latter type of ambiguity with notable effect in his novel\u00a0<span class=\"ft50\">The Great Gatsby<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p88 ft38 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Examples of Ambiguity in Literature<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p89 ft38 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Example #1:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p90 ft8 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\u201cHer right arm lay on the cushioned parapet before her. She raised her hand, and made a slight, quick movement toward the right. No one but her lover saw her. Every eye but his was fixed on the man in the arena.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"page_12\">\n<p class=\"p92 ft8\" style=\"text-align: justify\">He turned, and with a firm and rapid step he walked across the empty space. Every heart stopped beating, every breath was held, and every eye was fixed immovably upon that man. Without the slightest hesitation, he went to the door on the right, and opened it.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"p93 ft51 no-indent\"><strong>(\u201cThe Lady, or the Tiger?\u201d by Frank R. Stockton)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p90 ft45\" style=\"text-align: justify\">This is a famous example of ambiguity in literature; Stockton\u2019s short story ends at this point when a man has either chosen a door behind which waits a tiger or a beautiful woman. His lover, the princess, has indicated which door he should choose, but it\u2019s up to the reader to decide if she wants him alive and married to another woman, or is jealous enough to prefer his death.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p94 ft52 no-indent\"><strong>Example#2:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p95 ft46\" style=\"text-align: justify\">I wear a red yes and how he kissed me under the Moorish Wall and I thought well as well him as another and then I asked him with my eyes to ask again yes and then he asked me would I yes to say yes\u2026 (<span class=\"ft52\">Ulysses\u00a0<\/span>by James Joyce)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p77 ft46\" style=\"text-align: justify\">This excerpt is one of many examples of ambiguity in James Joyce\u2019s classic\u00a0<span class=\"ft53\">Ulysses.\u00a0<\/span>Molly Bloom is thinking many different thoughts and remembering different events here and ultimately agrees to Leopold\u2019s marriage proposal. However, in her\u00a0<span class=\"ft8\">stream of consciousness\u00a0<\/span>there is some ambiguity about the person and\/or people the different masculine pronouns refer to. They may refer to Leopold, or to other previous lovers.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p96 ft54 no-indent\"><strong>Example#3:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p26 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">We find ambiguity in the first line of\u00a0<span class=\"ft20\">Keats\u2019s \u201cOde to a Grecian Urn\u201d:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p26 ft2 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\u201cThou still unravish\u2019d bride of quietness,\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"p97 ft17 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">The use of word \u201cstill\u201d is ambiguous in nature. \u201cStill\u201d here may mean \u201can unmoving object\u201d or it may be interpreted as \u201cyet unchanged\u201d.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p31 ft0 no-indent\"><strong>Example#4:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p63 ft17\" style=\"text-align: justify\">The short story &#8220;<span class=\"ft28\">Hills Like White Elephants<\/span>&#8221; by\u00a0<span class=\"ft28\">Ernest Hemingway\u00a0<\/span>is notoriously ambiguous. What exactly is the couple talking about? What will happen to them? The fact\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">that we don&#8217;t know everything about the characters pulls us into the story and drives us to dig deeper, push harder, and get more out of the whole shebang.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"page_13\">\n<p class=\"p100 ft17\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Other notoriously ambiguous books and stories?\u00a0<span class=\"ft28\">Henry James<\/span>&#8216;s &#8220;<span class=\"ft28\">The Beast in the Jungle<\/span>&#8221; and the\u00a0<span class=\"ft28\">ending\u00a0<\/span>of\u00a0<span class=\"ft28\">Kate Chopin<\/span>&#8216;s\u00a0<span class=\"ft55\">The Awakening<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p101 ft0 no-indent\"><strong>Ambiguity and Linguistics:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p102 ft17\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Ambiguity, as I mentioned earlier serves a greater importance in Linguistics, especially in one of the four major wings, Semantics.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p103 ft8\" style=\"text-align: justify\">In Linguistics, When we analyze a poem or a discourse we generally look for literary devices which add up to the quality of the discourse&#8230;such as Irony, Pun, Ambiguity etc&#8230; Moreover, IC [Immediate Constituent] analysis is specially used to disambiguate sentences, so that we could get a better understanding of the discourse\/ text.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p104 ft58\"><span class=\"ft57\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XNOpclZ2P0Y<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p105 ft58\"><span class=\"ft57\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PATIKE2c8kE<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p106 ft17\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Watch these video lectures to learn in detail about IC analysis and the rules of IC analysis and how it works in disambiguating ambiguous sentences.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p36 ft0 no-indent\"><strong>Conclusion\/ Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p106 ft8\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Thus Ambiguity is a vast area in Linguistics, which has many types according to many critics and schools. But all those could be exhausted in the three discussed above. Those are:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p107 ft2 no-indent\">Lexical, Syntactic and Semantic Ambiguity.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p108 ft17 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><span class=\"ft28\">Lexical:\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Any ambiguity resulting from the ambiguity of a\u00a0<span class=\"ft31\">word\u00a0<\/span>which has multiple parts of speech.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p109 ft13 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft33\">Syntactic:\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft34\">Structural or syntactic Ambiguity\u00a0<\/span>refers to the situation in which a sentence may have different meanings because; the words of a sentence are related to each other in various ways, even though each word is clear and unconnected.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"page_14\">\n<p class=\"p111 ft7 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft59\"><strong>Semantic:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>Semantics is nothing but \u201cMeaning\u201d. If a word or phrase is Ambiguous in its meaning then we call it as Semantic Ambiguity. That is even after the syntax and the meanings of the individual words have been resolved, there are two ways of reading the sentence.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p112 ft17 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">And as it was discussed above, Ambiguity is much helpful in Language and literature, which in literature is used by the author with an intention to grasp the readers towards the text.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p113 ft13 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Also look at the videos above to learn much about IC analysis and its role in Linguistics. Thus, everything in the creation has both positive and negative side. So does Ambiguity. It depends on the context in which it is used.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>you can view video on Ambiguity<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/-9n7KjcQQkc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"p31 ft0 no-indent\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p114 ft34 no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft30\">Crystal, David.\u00a0<\/span>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language<span class=\"ft13\">. USA: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Print.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p115 ft2\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft19\">Empson, William.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft27\">Seven types of Ambiguity<\/span>. USA: New Directions, 1930. Print.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p116 ft13\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft30\">Winkler, Sussane.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft34\">Ambiguity: Language and Communication<\/span>. Berlin\/Munich\/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH &amp; Co KG., 2015. Print.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p117 ft2\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft19\">Yule, George.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ft27\">The Study of Language<\/span>.UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Print.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p33 ft2\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft19\">https:\/\/www.enotes.com\/topics\/seven-types-ambiguity<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p11 ft2\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft19\">https:\/\/literarydevices.net\/ambiguity\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p33 ft2\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft19\">https:\/\/www.spellingcity.com\/homophones-and-homonyms.html<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p33 ft2\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft19\">http:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2012\/ambiguity-in-language-0119<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p33 ft2\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ft19\">https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/polysemy-words-and-meanings-1691642<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p96 ft2\" style=\"text-align: justify\">http:\/\/semantics.uchicago.edu\/kennedy\/classes\/s06\/readings\/gillon90.pdf<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"menu_order":28,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["dr-anusha-chandramohan"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[73],"license":[],"class_list":["post-396","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-dr-anusha-chandramohan"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/engp13\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/396","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/engp13\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/engp13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/engp13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/engp13\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/396\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":498,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/engp13\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/396\/revisions\/498"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/engp13\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/engp13\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/396\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/engp13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=396"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/engp13\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=396"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/engp13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=396"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/engp13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=396"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}