4 Concept of Management With Special Reference to Education III

Structure

1.0     Objectives

1.1   Introduction

1.2     Difference between education management and management in industry

1.2.1    Inputs in industry

1.2.2    Inputs in education system

1.2.3    Process in industry

1.2.4   Process in education

1.2.5   Output in industry

1.2.6   Output in education

1.3   Summary

1.0 Objectives

After going through the content the learner will be able to

• Identify the inputs in industry and education
• Differentiate between the input process and output in industry and education
• Explain the challenges related to the output in education

1.1 Introduction

The concept of management has initiated in the business sectors. The industrial world was interested in understanding the amount of investment in industry and the profit earned. In first and second part we tried to understand how the concept of management has evolved, levels of management along with the need and significance of education management. In this part we will discuss difference between management in education and management in industry.

1.2 Difference between education management and management in industry

Any industry involved in the production sector focuses on the material required, operations carried in order to get product .Education plays important role in the development of human but the product of industry and education different in many ways. The difference can be talked in terms of input, process and output in education and industry.

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Camlin private ltd. company manufactures the stationary material like pencils, chalks, colour pencils, water colours and other products for schools. The company is known for its quality product. Its research and development department control the quality of product and therefore the brand is very trustworthy. Recently there were complaints from many schools and parents that the pencils are breaking. The company manager took a note of it and a team is formed who started analysing the operations of production. After the inspection it is observed that the wood which is used for making pencils is not the usual because of the price hike. The raw material was changed but it affects the quality of the product that is pencils. It was decided that till the company search for new option the earlier wood can be purchased which means there would be less profit margin for the company or else the company can increase the price of pencils to small extent.

Can you compare the material product like pencil with the product of education that is student?

•  Identify the inputs in industry and in education?
• Explain the processes or operations in the manufacturing units and the school?

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1.2.1  Inputs in industry

Inputs are finance, machinery required for production and human beings. Machineries are of different types. Over a period of time due to technological development machinery has been advanced. These machines function efficiently. Infrastructure includes building and other facilities for human beings working in that industry. In industry building will be as per the production requirement. Industry require people for working in different sections. In manufacturing units there are different departments such as purchase department, marketing department, sales department etc. People working in different departments are interlinked because the work of each department is dependent on other. For example, if purchase department does not procure raw material then production unit cannot work. If production section fails to produce required quantity of goods in stipulated time period then marketing and sales department’s work suffers. These are the components within the industry but besides these economic policies of the government directly influence industry. There are policies of the organisation also influence products.

1.2.2  Inputs in education system

Here finance and infrastructure are considered as input. The infrastructure in education system consists of physical facilities which include building and other facilities available for students and teachers. In infrastructure we also have certain resources such as teaching aids, science laboratory, library and so on. We also have human resources like teachers of different subjects having different abilities and skills. The teachers also have different types of experiences. Teachers come from different cultures. Students have different potentialities and represent different cultures. They have different levels of knowledge, skills and attitudes. In education system the output at the first level becomes input at the second level. In industrial set up purchase department buys the raw material of certain specification which is processed. In education we have human beings i.e. students and teachers having different competencies. Students admitted in pre-primary schools are coming from their home therefore their knowledge, skills and abilities become input for teaching-learning. After completing pre-primary the same students enter in first standard. It means the output of pre-primary level becomes input for primary level. At primary level students again acquire knowledge, skills and develop values and attitudes. After completing education at primary level they become input for secondary education. Likewise in the education system the outcome of one stage becomes raw material for next stage.

When we are considering the raw material as an input, the finance may be same but the characteristics of human being involved plays very important role in determining the quality of product in education. In an industry there are mechanical engineers with different abilities and they have to work with same machines. Their skills or expertise will be appreciated on the basis of their problem solving ability. Their skills and abilities may not affect the product. For example, if the industry is manufacturing chalk or dusters then the product is not going to change even if engineers are changed. But if teacher of one class is changed then it may influence the performance of the students. Therefore the inputs in education are extremely important as compared to industry. The knowledge, skills and attitudes of teachers and students have direct influence on the output.

1.2.3  Process in industry

In industry processes are mechanical because the raw material have specifications and processes are related to machine. If the production has too many level then the complexity increases but again it is taken care by the machines and the experts dealing with the machines. In industry processes are related with production and hence associated with machine. Whereas in education the processes are between human beings hence complex as well as unpredictable.

The processes in industry are more interdependent in a sense they have different departments and functioning of one department influences the functioning of other. That means the interaction between departments is very prominent and these interactions has the effect on the output.

1.2.4  Process in education

The processes in education are related more with the human beings. There are some major processes such as teaching-learning, evaluation, development of courses, planning of different activities etc. All these processes are directly associated with the human beings. The interactions between student-student, student-teachers, teacher-teacher, student- principal, principal-teachers influences output. These processes are very complex as compared to industrial processes as these processes involve human abilities that are influencing each other. Besides this, environmental factors also play important role in determining the processes. For example Teacher is well-prepared and has given some activity for the students in the class but if there is no electricity in the class then students will be restless. Due to heat in the class they will not be able to perform. As a result teacher will fail to achieve the learning objectives. The teaching learning process is influenced by the external factors to a large extent like in this case the supply of electricity. In the processes of education human as well as environmental factors play important role and influence each other.

1.2.5  Output in industry

In the industry raw material is processed. These processes are well-defined and mechanical in nature and the output is measured in terms of numbers. For example, A factory producing dusters having target of making 1000 dusters every day. Every morning they will set up the machines and start production. At the end of the day they will produce 1000 duster. The output in industry usually in terms of quantity. It is not only quantity but quality also matters. When we want to buy any product we not only tell shopkeeper the name of the product but we also specify the brand. The brand name gives us assurance about the quality of product. That is why output is considered not only in terms of numbers but also quality. Therefore industries have quality control processes.

The parameters of the quality are well defined and therefore it is easy to evaluate quality of products in the industry. Another important point is that in the industry products are same or uniform in nature. If it is a particular watch then all watches will have same specifications.

1.2.6  Output in education

It is very easy to test the output of industry because we can have quality control but in education even if our inputs are same the output will not be of same quality. That is we have same syllabus, same policy, same teacher but the students have different abilities. They differ in knowledge, skill level and attitudes. The students differ in their quality. So even if the other things remain the same the output will differ. In other words the inputs of human being involved will change the processes. It is also very difficult to measure output in terms of quality and quantity. For example, when we say student securing 35 marks is passed it means the student having 34 marks is failed. It is very difficult to justify how one mark can make the student inferior or superior. We may not be able to justify because it is quite possible that student having 34 marks may have more knowledge but at the time of examination may not be able to perform. The output in education not only considered in terms of knowledge acquired but also on the basis of skills, attitude and values inculcated in students. Again it is very difficult to measure attitude and value acquired.

Therefore the output of education is considered in different ways. It is measured in terms of individual development and societal development. When one consider the development of human resource then it talks about the knowledge, skills and attitude human being. We want a human being not only knowledgeable with skills but he/she should be compassionate. The compassionate human being will be able to make use of his/her knowledge for the betterment of society.

1.3 Summary

Difference between Input, Process and Output continuum in Industry and Education:

The systems approach is emerged through industry when people realized that even after increasing the capital there is no increase in profit. While analyzing the situation it is observed that it is not only finance or infrastructure matters but also the human being in the industry. Later the concept was adopted in the field of education which is responsible for human development. This human development is the major indicator to rate the developmental index of country. Let us discuss the input, processes and output in industry and education.

• Input in industry: Main aim of industry is profit making. Resources are Skilled and unskilled workers, managers, Administrators. The material resources include building, machinery, (latest machinery) and Raw material as well as finances.
• Input in education: Human resources includes Teachers, Students, Principals, Non-Teaching staff etc. Material resources includes building, books, journal, teaching aids, laboratory, technology and Content as well as finances. At primary level students who are fresh but the products of primary level are used as raw material for secondary which in turn becomes raw material for tertiary education, and so on.
• Process in Industry: Industry has processes such as manufacturing, Planning, Organizing and Distribution. It has various departments which are interdependent (Purchase – Product –Marketing & Sales). Processes in production are mechanical so no variation or complexity.
• Process in Education: Primarily involves designing of courses, development of learning material, teaching-learning process, and evaluation etc.
• Output in Industry: In industry the output is determined in terms of Quantity. The finished product can be seen or tested and the quality can be decided. Products are uniform. Criteria of product can be measured as parameters of quality can be easily measured
• Output in Education: Though inputs are same the product varies in a sense that education contributes to the intellectual, moral, physical, emotional, skills, and attitude formation which varies from individual to individual. Measurement of these outputs is difficult because attitudes and values cannot be measured precisely. The development of refined human being not involved development of knowledge and skill but also the love and compassion for human race.