{"id":411,"date":"2018-07-21T07:05:17","date_gmt":"2018-07-21T07:05:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=411"},"modified":"2018-12-27T06:37:01","modified_gmt":"2018-12-27T06:37:01","slug":"types-of-visualization-and-design-principles-of-visualization","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/chapter\/types-of-visualization-and-design-principles-of-visualization\/","title":{"rendered":"Types of Visualization and Design Principles of Visualization"},"content":{"raw":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ymvu8YxeMkw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Visualization is the process of representing abstract business or scientific data as images that can aid in understanding the meaning of the data.In general Visualization is a technique that involving focusing on positive mental images in order to achieve a particular goal. We start with Visualization Types and Design Principles of Visualization in this module. The learning objectives for this module are to explore the following:<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Learning Objectives:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\u2022 To introduce the types of Visualization.\r\n\r\n\u2022 To learn types of visualization in various aspects.\r\n\r\n\u2022 To learn about the design principles of Visualization.\r\n\r\n\u2022 To know about the examples of Visualization design techniques.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Purpose of Visualization<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nWith the help of visualization,\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">It is possible to do certain kind of visualization Self study or analysis and also try to gain understanding of certain principles and interactive exploration.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Make some understanding between Peers and Probing inside the problem domain and Analyzing data and Communicating with peers using visualization tool.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">It also helps as a tool for Presenting something to a General Public and also for communicating with general audience using this presentation tools.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.1 Visualization Principles<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThe principles of visualization are\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Expressiveness which means to encode all the facts in the result set and to\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">encode only the facts in the result set.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Effectiveness: which depends on the capability of the perceiver and to encode the more important information more effectively.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.2 The Visualization Pipeline<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThe visualization pipeline consists of the following attributes namely\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Data (simulated or observed)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Filter<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Map to geometry<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Viewing Attributes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Object Attributes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Render<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Display<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Record<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Loop to appropriate step...<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.3 Advantages of Visualization<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nSome of the advantages of visualization are\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Amplifies cognition.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Increases resources<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reduces search<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Enhanced recognition of patterns<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Perceptual inference<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Perceptual monitoring<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Manipulatable medium<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.1.1 Visualization \u2013 Twin Subjects<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nVisualization is mainly classified into two types.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nScientific Visualization: -\u00a0\u00a0 Visualization of physical data.\r\n\r\nInformation Visualization: -\u00a0 Visualization of abstract data.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nThe below table 1.1 shows the difference between Scientific Visualization and Information Visualization\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-414 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-299.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"653\" height=\"373\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Table 1.1 Difference between Scientific Visualization and Information Visualization<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.1.2 Information Types<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The data to be visualized can be classified based on the information it depicts as follows:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Multi-dimensional: databases<\/li>\r\n \t<li>1D:\u00a0 timelines<\/li>\r\n \t<li>2D:\u00a0 maps<\/li>\r\n \t<li>3D:\u00a0 volumes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Hierarchies\/Trees: directories<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Networks\/Graphs:\u00a0 web, communications<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Document collections: digital libraries<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.1.2.1 1-D Data<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Linear data: textual document, source code, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>User problems: count, find, replace, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Encoding: fonts, color, size, layout, scrolling, selection capabilities, etc<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Product example: text editor, browser, etc.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">1.1.2.2 2-D Data<\/strong>\r\n<div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Planar or map data: geographical maps, floor plans, newspaper layouts, etc<\/li>\r\n \t<li>User problems: find adjacent items, search containment, find paths, filtering, details-on-demand, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Encoding: size, color, layout, arrangement, multiple layers, etc<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Product example: CAD<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.1.2.3 3-D Data<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Real-world objects: building, human body<\/li>\r\n \t<li>User problems: adjacency in 3-D, inside\/outside relationship, position, orientation<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Encoding: overviews, landmarks, transparency, color, perspective, stereo display<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Product example: CAD<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.1.2.4 Temporal Data<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Time series data: medical records, project management, historical presentation<\/li>\r\n \t<li>User problems: finding all events before, after or during some time period or moment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Encoding: time lines<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.1.2.5 Multi-dimensional Data<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Relational and statistical databases tuples.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>User problem: finding patterns, clusters, correlations, gaps, outliers.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Challenges:<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Simultaneously display many dimensions of large subsets of data. Create displays that best encode the data pattern for a particular task. Rapidly select a subset of tuples or dimensions.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.1.2.6 Tree Type Data<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Exponential data: hierarchies, tree structures.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\">User problems: find the structural properties, Height of the tree, Number of children and find nodes with same attributes<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Encoding: Node-link diagrams: allowing the encoding of linkage between entities.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\">Treemap: child rectangles inside parent rectangles<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Product example: windows explorer, internet traffic<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.1.2.7 Network Data<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Graph data: multiple paths, cycles, lattices<\/li>\r\n \t<li>User problems: Shortest path, Topology problems<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Encoding: Node-link diagram, Matrix<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">1.1.3 Basic Visualization Tasks<\/strong>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">The basic visualization tasks are classified as follows:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">Overview of a collection of data.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">Zoom in\/on objects of interest.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">Filter out uninterested items.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">Details-on-demand: view details.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">Relate: View relationship.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">History: Undo, Redo, Refinement.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">Extract a subset of the data.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.1.3.1 User Tasks<\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Easy stuff: It can be performed over the excel data sheet.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022 Min, max, average, % of a data.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022 These only involve data item or value<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n2. Hard stuff: It can be performed over visualization. It is mainly used to find out following\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022 Patterns, trends, distributions, changes over time<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022 Graphs of outliers, exceptions from the visualization<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022 relationships, correlations, multi-way,<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022 Combined min\/max, tradeoffs,<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022 clusters, groups, comparisons, context,<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022 anomalies, data errors,<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022 Paths, etc.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.4 Classification of Information Visualization Techniques<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Visualization techniques can be classified as follows based on the type of information<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Visualization of Information Structure like Trees, Networks etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Visualization of Multivariate Data like 1D, 2D, 3D, n-D, Temporal etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Visualization of Workspace like Windows, web pages, documents, etc<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Based on how we interact with the data<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Overview: fisheye<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Zooming: e.g. Table Lens<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Interactive filtering: e.g. Magic Lens<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Brushing and linking: e.g. XGobi<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">Details-on-demand: e.g. Spotfire<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.5 Information Visualization Design Issues<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nInformation visualization design issues are discussed below:\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Selection<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What data should we choose to visualize?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Representation<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How should data be represented? Colors? Locations? \u2026<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Presentation<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Too much data, too little display space<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Scale and Dimensionality<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What if you have 93 variables to visualize?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Interaction and Exploration<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How user interacts with the data?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.7 Information Visualization Applications<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Complex Documents like Biography, manuscript, data structure.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Histories\u00a0 like\u00a0 Patient histories, student records, etc<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Classifications like Table of contents, organization charts, etc<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Networks like Telecom connections and usages, highway, etc<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.7.1 Information Visualization Example<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Stephen Eick\u2019s Seesoft Information Visualization<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Stephen Eick\u2019s Seesoft is a tool for finding the source code. In the below fig 1.1, red rows represents most recently changed, and blue are those least recently changed. Seesoft displays data derived from a variety of sources, such as version control systems that track the age, programmer, and purpose of the code<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-415 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"621\" height=\"280\" \/>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Hyperbolic Trees<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In general, Hyperbolic Tree utilizes different layout algorithms to map the hierarchical relationship into a tree. In the below fig 1.2, the relationship between the websites can be represented using 2D and 3D hyperbolic trees.<\/p>\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-416 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-301.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"511\" height=\"254\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Themescape (Cartia)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">ThemeScape automatically reads large numbers of documents, recognizes the informational content, and organizes the collection by topic onto a visual map. ThemeScape helps us to rise individual documents to see the big picture. Here below figure 1.3 explains entire documents list onto a visual map.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-417 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-302.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"476\" height=\"282\" \/>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Dimensions of Exploratory Data Visualization<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Here the fig 1.4 explains about different dimensions of Exploratory Data Visualization. Y-axis represents different data visualization techniques such as geometric, Icon based, pixel oriented, hierarchical, graph based. X-axis represents different interaction techniques such as mapping, projection, filtering, link and brush and zooming.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-418 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-303.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"518\" height=\"309\" \/>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Location Probes: It uses location to view additional data. eg. Film finder.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>View point Controls: It contains the combination of Overview and detail eg.Information mural.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Distortion: It contains the combination of Focus and Context. eg.Perspective Wall.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n1.7.1 <strong>Data Types<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nBased on the data, visualization can be classified into three types.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Univariate\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Bivariate\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Trivariate\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Univariate<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nHere below fig 1.5 shows an example of univarite data in terms of dot plot, bar\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nchart and histogram.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-419 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-304.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"662\" height=\"595\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Figure 1.5 univarite data types<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Bivariate<\/strong>\r\n\r\nHere below fig 1.6 shows an example of bivarite data in terms of Scatterplot.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-420 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-305.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"413\" height=\"281\" \/>\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Figure 1.6 Bivarite data type<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Trivariate<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Here the below fig 1.7 shows an example of trivariate data type. It can be either a 3D scatterplot or 2D scatterplot which consists of attribute size or color etc.<\/p>\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-421 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-306.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"615\" height=\"252\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.7.2 Information Visualization Using 3D Interactive Animation Visual Abstractions<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The reduction of an image to a set of lines, colors, symbols or patterns that results in a stylized representation of the object is visual abstraction. It means some of the information can be visualized on the screen and will be abstracted from the end users. It can be applied in various techniques as follows.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Hierarchical Structure: e.g. Cone Tree\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Linear Structure: e.g. Perspective Wall\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Continuous Data: e.g. Data Sculpture\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0 Spatial Data: e.g. Office Floor plan\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Cone Tree (Compaq Research)<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Cone Tree, which is used for visualizing hierarchical information structures. The hierarchy is presented in 3D to maximize effective use of available screen space and enable visualization of the whole structure. Data represented in this form provides faster navigation and allows more information to be seen at one time. Here the below fig 1.8\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">shows an example of cone tree. Each tree node is the apex of a cone. The children of each node are drawn around the base of its associated cone.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-422 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-307.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"661\" height=\"620\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The above fig 1.9 shows an example of perspective wall. By smoothly moving from side to side, the Perspective Wall gives the user a feeling of \"object constancy.\" Information is provided in a continuous flow from beginning to end.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Spatial data<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Here the below fig 1.10 shows an example of spatial data such as Web Book and\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">WebForager like Card, Robertson, York. 1996.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-423 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-308.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"499\" height=\"261\" \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>Qualitative vs. Quantitative<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Here the below fig 1.11 shows an example of qualitative and quantitative in terms of contour and line diagrams.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-424 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-309.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"602\" height=\"395\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Static vs. Time-Varying Data<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Static<\/strong>: It represents an particular instance of time Particular Point of View, etc.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Time-Varying Animation: <\/strong>It can be evolved along the time line and it may be a Dynamic Data or Point of View. The below fig 1.12 shows an example of static and time varying data.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-425 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-310.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"544\" height=\"212\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.8 Scientific Visualization<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Scientific visualization is a new and rapid growth in computer technology, particular in graphics workstation hardware and computer graphics software. Visualization tools hold great promise for scientific research and education. When computer graphics is applied to scientific data for purposes of gaining insight, testing hypothesis, and general elucidation<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.8.1Damage Structure \u2013 Animation<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The below fig 1.13 shows an example of damage structure animation. Here the damages can be shown using visualization.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-426 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-311.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"670\" height=\"250\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.8.2 Contour Surface &amp; Volume Visualization<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Volume visualization is a field of computer graphics with multiple applications in the representation and analysis of 3D scalar data. contour plot to explore the potential relationship between three variables. Contour plots display the 3-dimensional relationship in two dimensions. A contour plot is like a topographical map in which x-, y-, and z-values are plotted instead of longitude, latitude, and elevation. The below fig 1.14 shows an example of Contour Surface &amp; Volume Visualization<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-427 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-312.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"613\" height=\"254\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.8.2 Composite Representation<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nHere the below fig 1.15 shows the composite representation of contour surfaces.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-428 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-313.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"449\" height=\"240\" \/>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.9 Stereo Visualization<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Red-Blue Glasses contains red and blue color glasses mainly for viewing more special effects for the end users.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Shutter Glasses have a frequency of 60 Hz and it can be synchronized with projected images\u00b7<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Polarized Glasses can be either a Linear (Horizontal\/Vertical) or a Circular (CW\/CCW) or a synchronized with projected images<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.9.1<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Red-Blue Stereo Visualization<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">It chromatically encodes the image for each eye. The possible color codes are red\/blue, red\/cyan, red\/green, blue\/yellow, green\/magenta. The below fig 1.16 shows an example of Red-Blue Stereo Visualization<\/p>\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-429 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-314.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"356\" height=\"264\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a02. Design Aspects<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>2.1 The Aspects of Design<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Problem solving is the understanding of what is needed to solve a problem, which includes design, making choices and revisions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Visual Communication is the art of seeing by using pictures and words to convey information about different ideas and concepts.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Function and information refer to the purpose and value of design as well as the message conveyed with respect to a selected audience<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>2.2 The Principles of Design<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Balance <\/strong>is the optical illusion of equal spacing of objects.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Formal balance <\/strong>is symmetrical. When elements on a page can be centered and\/or evenly divided both horizontally and vertically it has symmetry. Symmetrical balance is generally for more formal, orderly layouts. These layouts often convey a sense of tranquility, familiarity, elegance or serious thought.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">Informal balance <\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">is asymmetrical. It involves placement of elements in a manner that allows elements of varying visual weight to balance one another around an imaginary point. For example, it is possible to\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">balance a heavy weight with a cluster of lighter weights on equal sides of the imaginary line.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\"><strong>R<\/strong><\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">hythm <\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">is a reoccurring movement or pattern, which can produce a feeling of motion in the design. Size, shape, color, spacing, angles and texture of the materials are all factors in placing rhythm in a design and can help lead the eye in some direction. Different types of rhythm will produce different effects in the design.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Repetition<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">: repeating similar elements in a consistent manner.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Variation: <\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">change in form, size or location.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">Proportion <\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">is the relative size of one object in comparison to another. The human body is a considered an ideal proportion based on the size relationships between the body and the head. A caricature is funny because the head is out of proportion.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>2.3 The Methods of Design<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>2.3.1 Emphasis <\/strong>is the method used to draw attention to a part of the design by making it the focal point or the main idea. The below fig 2.1 shows an example of an emphasis. There are common techniques that are used to add emphasis in a design:<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022\u00a0 Use contrasting elements, (big, small, thick, thin, negative, positive).<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022\u00a0 Use color for the most important element.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022\u00a0 Reverse an element out of the background.<\/p>\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-430 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-315.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"420\" height=\"275\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>2.3.2 Contrast <\/strong>achieves emphasis by setting the point of emphasis apart from the rest of its background. The <strong>use of a neutral background<\/strong> isolates the point of emphasis. Contrast of <strong>color, texture, or shape<\/strong> will call atten<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>2.3.3 Unity <\/strong>is the completeness and harmony of a design. Unity is achieved when all the elements belong together. Several methods of organization are used to produce unity in the design:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Grouping<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Using a grid (subdivision of space)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>Repetition <\/em>\u2013 means repeating certain elements throughout the entire design. Using repetition can pull the design together (using a theme of squares then using different sizes and shapes of squares and rectangles). Example: using a repeated background on a PowerPoint presentation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: justify;font-size: 1em\">2.3.4 Line <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: justify;font-size: 1em\">has length, position and direction and is either visible or invisible. A line (curve) is basically any distance between two points. The below fig 2.2 shows an example of lines. Lines can take on a variety of shapes and functions:<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 Connectors and separators\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 Outlines\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 Graphs and grids\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-431 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-316.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"331\" height=\"219\" \/>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<strong>Figure 2.2 Examples of lines<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0<strong>2.3.5 Shape <\/strong>is any form that occupies and defines negative and positive space. Shape is anything that has width, shape or depth. The below fig 2.3 shows an example of shapes. There are three types of shapes:<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\u2022 Geometric (triangles, squares, circles)\r\n\r\n\u2022 Natural (animals, plants, human)\r\n\r\n\u2022 Abstract (simplified versions of natural shapes)\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-432 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-317.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"423\" height=\"265\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>2.3.6 Color <\/strong>is the hue of pigment or light and is produced by the subtraction or addition of primary and secondary colors produced from light. Color is the primary tool for symbolism in communication. The below fig 2.4 shows an example of various colors. There are different uses of color:<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\u2022 Attract the eye\r\n\r\n\u2022 Produce visual stimuli\r\n\r\n\u2022 Organization.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Provoke emotional response\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u2022 The visible spectrum is only one small part of the electromagnetic spectrum.<\/span>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u2022 Our eyes have cells, contained on the retina, that chemically respond to different wavelengths of visible light, namely red, green, and blue.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0<strong>2.3.7 Texture <\/strong>is the look or feel or any object or surface. The appearance is either visual (illusionary) or tactile (physical to touch). Patterns are good examples of visual texture.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-433 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-318.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"374\" height=\"283\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0<strong>2.3.8 Space <\/strong>is the negative or positive area that an object or objects occupy in an area. The below fig 2.5 shows an example of space. Using simple principles can control the relative position of every element:<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\u2022 White space\r\n\r\n\u2022 Overlapping elements Value\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-434 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-319.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"405\" height=\"249\" \/>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u20222<strong>.3.9 Size <\/strong>is how big or small objects are in relation to the space they occupy. The primary roles size plays in design:<\/p>\r\n\u2022 Function (the age of the audience \u2013 older people would need type set larger to aid help in reading)\r\n\r\n\u2022 Attractiveness (add interest by cropping or scaling the elements)\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022 Organization (make the important element the largest and the least important the smallest). The below fig 2.6 shows an example of various sizes.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-435 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-320.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"412\" height=\"264\" \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>2.4 White Space Tips<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Don't Trap White Space: <\/strong>Don't trap white space between two design elements. This interrupts the flow of the design. Increase font size graphic size, or reposition elements to avoid<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Keep Text Cells Small: <\/strong>Don\u2019t have text stretch across the entire length of the design.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Avoid Rivers: <\/strong>Rivers appear if type is justified. A river is word spaces that appear near each other on subsequent lines of text. Edit the text instead of changing the word spacing. Rivers may also be a symptom that line length is too long or short.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>2.4.1 White Space<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>GOOD<\/strong>: The Tennis Group business card which shown in the below in fig 2.7 makes good use of white space.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>BAD<\/strong>: Card is too busy, has trapped white space between the information on the left and the logo. Your eye doesn't really know where to look first.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-436 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-321.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"470\" height=\"246\" \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>2.5 Summary<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nTo summarize, we have examined the following in this module:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Types of Visualizations-Scientific and Information Visualization<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Information Visualization Types-1D, 2D, 3D, Trees, Network<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Information Visualization examples- Film Finder, Location Probe,<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Perspective wall, Themescape<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Design Principles-Unity, Shape, Emphasis, proportion, Texture, Colour, Balance<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>you can view video on Types of Visualization and Design Principles of Visualization<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ymvu8YxeMkw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n<strong>References<\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">C. Upson , T. Faulhaber Jr., D. Kamins , D. Laidlaw , D. Schlegel , J. Vroom , R. Gurwitz and A. van Dam , \"The Application Visualization System: A computational environment for scientific visualization\" , <em>IEEE Computer<\/em><em>Graphics and Applications <\/em>, vol. 9 , no. 4 , pp.30 -42 , 1989<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">S. Kochhar , M. Friedell and M. LaPolla , \"Cooperative, computer-aided design of scientific visualizations\" , <em>Proceedings IEEE Visualization<\/em> <em>\\'91 <\/em>, pp.306 -313 , 1991<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">E-Study Guide for: White Space is Not Your Enemy: A Beginner's Guide to\u00a0communicating visually through graphic, web, multimedia Design 1St edition.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">G.G. Robertson, J.D Mickinlay and S.K.Card \u201cCone Trees: Animated 3D Visualizations of Hierarchical Information\u201d pp.415-494, 1991.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","rendered":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ymvu8YxeMkw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Visualization is the process of representing abstract business or scientific data as images that can aid in understanding the meaning of the data.In general Visualization is a technique that involving focusing on positive mental images in order to achieve a particular goal. We start with Visualization Types and Design Principles of Visualization in this module. The learning objectives for this module are to explore the following:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Learning Objectives:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 To introduce the types of Visualization.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 To learn types of visualization in various aspects.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 To learn about the design principles of Visualization.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 To know about the examples of Visualization design techniques.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Purpose of Visualization<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>With the help of visualization,<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">It is possible to do certain kind of visualization Self study or analysis and also try to gain understanding of certain principles and interactive exploration.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Make some understanding between Peers and Probing inside the problem domain and Analyzing data and Communicating with peers using visualization tool.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">It also helps as a tool for Presenting something to a General Public and also for communicating with general audience using this presentation tools.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.1 Visualization Principles<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The principles of visualization are<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Expressiveness which means to encode all the facts in the result set and to\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">encode only the facts in the result set.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Effectiveness: which depends on the capability of the perceiver and to encode the more important information more effectively.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.2 The Visualization Pipeline<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The visualization pipeline consists of the following attributes namely<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Data (simulated or observed)<\/li>\n<li>Filter<\/li>\n<li>Map to geometry<\/li>\n<li>Viewing Attributes<\/li>\n<li>Object Attributes<\/li>\n<li>Render<\/li>\n<li>Display<\/li>\n<li>Record<\/li>\n<li>Loop to appropriate step&#8230;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.3 Advantages of Visualization<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Some of the advantages of visualization are<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Amplifies cognition.<\/li>\n<li>Increases resources<\/li>\n<li>Reduces search<\/li>\n<li>Enhanced recognition of patterns<\/li>\n<li>Perceptual inference<\/li>\n<li>Perceptual monitoring<\/li>\n<li>Manipulatable medium<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.1.1 Visualization \u2013 Twin Subjects<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Visualization is mainly classified into two types.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Scientific Visualization: &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0 Visualization of physical data.<\/p>\n<p>Information Visualization: &#8211;\u00a0 Visualization of abstract data.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>The below table 1.1 shows the difference between Scientific Visualization and Information Visualization<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-414 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-299.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"653\" height=\"373\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-299.png 653w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-299-300x171.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-299-65x37.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-299-225x129.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-299-350x200.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 653px) 100vw, 653px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Table 1.1 Difference between Scientific Visualization and Information Visualization<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.1.2 Information Types<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The data to be visualized can be classified based on the information it depicts as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Multi-dimensional: databases<\/li>\n<li>1D:\u00a0 timelines<\/li>\n<li>2D:\u00a0 maps<\/li>\n<li>3D:\u00a0 volumes<\/li>\n<li>Hierarchies\/Trees: directories<\/li>\n<li>Networks\/Graphs:\u00a0 web, communications<\/li>\n<li>Document collections: digital libraries<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.1.2.1 1-D Data<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Linear data: textual document, source code, etc.<\/li>\n<li>User problems: count, find, replace, etc.<\/li>\n<li>Encoding: fonts, color, size, layout, scrolling, selection capabilities, etc<\/li>\n<li>Product example: text editor, browser, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">1.1.2.2 2-D Data<\/strong><\/p>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li>Planar or map data: geographical maps, floor plans, newspaper layouts, etc<\/li>\n<li>User problems: find adjacent items, search containment, find paths, filtering, details-on-demand, etc.<\/li>\n<li>Encoding: size, color, layout, arrangement, multiple layers, etc<\/li>\n<li>Product example: CAD<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.1.2.3 3-D Data<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Real-world objects: building, human body<\/li>\n<li>User problems: adjacency in 3-D, inside\/outside relationship, position, orientation<\/li>\n<li>Encoding: overviews, landmarks, transparency, color, perspective, stereo display<\/li>\n<li>Product example: CAD<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.1.2.4 Temporal Data<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Time series data: medical records, project management, historical presentation<\/li>\n<li>User problems: finding all events before, after or during some time period or moment.<\/li>\n<li>Encoding: time lines<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.1.2.5 Multi-dimensional Data<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Relational and statistical databases tuples.<\/li>\n<li>User problem: finding patterns, clusters, correlations, gaps, outliers.<\/li>\n<li>Challenges:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Simultaneously display many dimensions of large subsets of data. Create displays that best encode the data pattern for a particular task. Rapidly select a subset of tuples or dimensions.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.1.2.6 Tree Type Data<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Exponential data: hierarchies, tree structures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\">User problems: find the structural properties, Height of the tree, Number of children and find nodes with same attributes<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Encoding: Node-link diagrams: allowing the encoding of linkage between entities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\">Treemap: child rectangles inside parent rectangles<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Product example: windows explorer, internet traffic<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.1.2.7 Network Data<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Graph data: multiple paths, cycles, lattices<\/li>\n<li>User problems: Shortest path, Topology problems<\/li>\n<li>Encoding: Node-link diagram, Matrix<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">1.1.3 Basic Visualization Tasks<\/strong><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">The basic visualization tasks are classified as follows:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">Overview of a collection of data.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">Zoom in\/on objects of interest.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">Filter out uninterested items.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">Details-on-demand: view details.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">Relate: View relationship.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">History: Undo, Redo, Refinement.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">Extract a subset of the data.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.1.3.1 User Tasks<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Easy stuff: It can be performed over the excel data sheet.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022 Min, max, average, % of a data.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022 These only involve data item or value<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>2. Hard stuff: It can be performed over visualization. It is mainly used to find out following<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022 Patterns, trends, distributions, changes over time<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022 Graphs of outliers, exceptions from the visualization<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022 relationships, correlations, multi-way,<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022 Combined min\/max, tradeoffs,<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022 clusters, groups, comparisons, context,<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022 anomalies, data errors,<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022 Paths, etc.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.4 Classification of Information Visualization Techniques<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Visualization techniques can be classified as follows based on the type of information<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Visualization of Information Structure like Trees, Networks etc.<\/li>\n<li>Visualization of Multivariate Data like 1D, 2D, 3D, n-D, Temporal etc.<\/li>\n<li>Visualization of Workspace like Windows, web pages, documents, etc<\/li>\n<li>Based on how we interact with the data<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Overview: fisheye<\/li>\n<li>Zooming: e.g. Table Lens<\/li>\n<li>Interactive filtering: e.g. Magic Lens<\/li>\n<li>Brushing and linking: e.g. XGobi<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">Details-on-demand: e.g. Spotfire<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.5 Information Visualization Design Issues<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Information visualization design issues are discussed below:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Selection<\/li>\n<li>What data should we choose to visualize?<\/li>\n<li>Representation<\/li>\n<li>How should data be represented? Colors? Locations? \u2026<\/li>\n<li>Presentation<\/li>\n<li>Too much data, too little display space<\/li>\n<li>Scale and Dimensionality<\/li>\n<li>What if you have 93 variables to visualize?<\/li>\n<li>Interaction and Exploration<\/li>\n<li>How user interacts with the data?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.7 Information Visualization Applications<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Complex Documents like Biography, manuscript, data structure.<\/li>\n<li>Histories\u00a0 like\u00a0 Patient histories, student records, etc<\/li>\n<li>Classifications like Table of contents, organization charts, etc<\/li>\n<li>Networks like Telecom connections and usages, highway, etc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.7.1 Information Visualization Example<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Stephen Eick\u2019s Seesoft Information Visualization<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Stephen Eick\u2019s Seesoft is a tool for finding the source code. In the below fig 1.1, red rows represents most recently changed, and blue are those least recently changed. Seesoft displays data derived from a variety of sources, such as version control systems that track the age, programmer, and purpose of the code<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-415 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"621\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-300.png 621w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-300-300x135.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-300-65x29.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-300-225x101.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-300-350x158.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 621px) 100vw, 621px\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hyperbolic Trees<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In general, Hyperbolic Tree utilizes different layout algorithms to map the hierarchical relationship into a tree. In the below fig 1.2, the relationship between the websites can be represented using 2D and 3D hyperbolic trees.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-416 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-301.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"511\" height=\"254\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-301.png 511w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-301-300x149.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-301-65x32.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-301-225x112.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-301-350x174.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 511px) 100vw, 511px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Themescape (Cartia)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">ThemeScape automatically reads large numbers of documents, recognizes the informational content, and organizes the collection by topic onto a visual map. ThemeScape helps us to rise individual documents to see the big picture. Here below figure 1.3 explains entire documents list onto a visual map.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-417 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-302.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"476\" height=\"282\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-302.png 476w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-302-300x178.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-302-65x39.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-302-225x133.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-302-350x207.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dimensions of Exploratory Data Visualization<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Here the fig 1.4 explains about different dimensions of Exploratory Data Visualization. Y-axis represents different data visualization techniques such as geometric, Icon based, pixel oriented, hierarchical, graph based. X-axis represents different interaction techniques such as mapping, projection, filtering, link and brush and zooming.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-418 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-303.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"518\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-303.png 518w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-303-300x179.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-303-65x39.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-303-225x134.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-303-350x209.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 518px) 100vw, 518px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Location Probes: It uses location to view additional data. eg. Film finder.<\/li>\n<li>View point Controls: It contains the combination of Overview and detail eg.Information mural.<\/li>\n<li>Distortion: It contains the combination of Focus and Context. eg.Perspective Wall.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1.7.1 <strong>Data Types<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Based on the data, visualization can be classified into three types.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0 Univariate<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0 Bivariate<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0 Trivariate<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Univariate<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Here below fig 1.5 shows an example of univarite data in terms of dot plot, bar<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>chart and histogram.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-419 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-304.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"662\" height=\"595\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-304.png 662w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-304-300x270.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-304-65x58.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-304-225x202.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-304-350x315.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 662px) 100vw, 662px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Figure 1.5 univarite data types<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bivariate<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Here below fig 1.6 shows an example of bivarite data in terms of Scatterplot.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-420 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-305.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"413\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-305.png 413w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-305-300x204.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-305-65x44.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-305-225x153.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-305-350x238.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 413px) 100vw, 413px\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Figure 1.6 Bivarite data type<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Trivariate<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Here the below fig 1.7 shows an example of trivariate data type. It can be either a 3D scatterplot or 2D scatterplot which consists of attribute size or color etc.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-421 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-306.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"615\" height=\"252\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-306.png 615w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-306-300x123.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-306-65x27.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-306-225x92.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-306-350x143.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.7.2 Information Visualization Using 3D Interactive Animation Visual Abstractions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The reduction of an image to a set of lines, colors, symbols or patterns that results in a stylized representation of the object is visual abstraction. It means some of the information can be visualized on the screen and will be abstracted from the end users. It can be applied in various techniques as follows.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0 Hierarchical Structure: e.g. Cone Tree<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0 Linear Structure: e.g. Perspective Wall<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0 Continuous Data: e.g. Data Sculpture<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0 Spatial Data: e.g. Office Floor plan<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cone Tree (Compaq Research)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Cone Tree, which is used for visualizing hierarchical information structures. The hierarchy is presented in 3D to maximize effective use of available screen space and enable visualization of the whole structure. Data represented in this form provides faster navigation and allows more information to be seen at one time. Here the below fig 1.8\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">shows an example of cone tree. Each tree node is the apex of a cone. The children of each node are drawn around the base of its associated cone.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-422 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-307.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"661\" height=\"620\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-307.png 661w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-307-300x281.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-307-65x61.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-307-225x211.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-307-350x328.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 661px) 100vw, 661px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The above fig 1.9 shows an example of perspective wall. By smoothly moving from side to side, the Perspective Wall gives the user a feeling of &#8220;object constancy.&#8221; Information is provided in a continuous flow from beginning to end.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Spatial data<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Here the below fig 1.10 shows an example of spatial data such as Web Book and\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">WebForager like Card, Robertson, York. 1996.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-423 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-308.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"499\" height=\"261\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-308.png 499w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-308-300x157.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-308-65x34.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-308-225x118.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-308-350x183.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 499px) 100vw, 499px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Qualitative vs. Quantitative<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Here the below fig 1.11 shows an example of qualitative and quantitative in terms of contour and line diagrams.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-424 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-309.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"602\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-309.png 602w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-309-300x197.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-309-65x43.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-309-225x148.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-309-350x230.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<div>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Static vs. Time-Varying Data<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Static<\/strong>: It represents an particular instance of time Particular Point of View, etc.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Time-Varying Animation: <\/strong>It can be evolved along the time line and it may be a Dynamic Data or Point of View. The below fig 1.12 shows an example of static and time varying data.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-425 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-310.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"544\" height=\"212\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-310.png 544w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-310-300x117.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-310-65x25.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-310-225x88.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-310-350x136.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 544px) 100vw, 544px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.8 Scientific Visualization<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Scientific visualization is a new and rapid growth in computer technology, particular in graphics workstation hardware and computer graphics software. Visualization tools hold great promise for scientific research and education. When computer graphics is applied to scientific data for purposes of gaining insight, testing hypothesis, and general elucidation<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.8.1Damage Structure \u2013 Animation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The below fig 1.13 shows an example of damage structure animation. Here the damages can be shown using visualization.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-426 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-311.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"670\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-311.png 670w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-311-300x112.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-311-65x24.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-311-225x84.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-311-350x131.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 670px) 100vw, 670px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.8.2 Contour Surface &amp; Volume Visualization<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Volume visualization is a field of computer graphics with multiple applications in the representation and analysis of 3D scalar data. contour plot to explore the potential relationship between three variables. Contour plots display the 3-dimensional relationship in two dimensions. A contour plot is like a topographical map in which x-, y-, and z-values are plotted instead of longitude, latitude, and elevation. The below fig 1.14 shows an example of Contour Surface &amp; Volume Visualization<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-427 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-312.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"613\" height=\"254\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-312.png 613w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-312-300x124.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-312-65x27.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-312-225x93.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-312-350x145.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 613px) 100vw, 613px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.8.2 Composite Representation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Here the below fig 1.15 shows the composite representation of contour surfaces.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-428 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-313.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"449\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-313.png 449w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-313-300x160.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-313-65x35.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-313-225x120.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-313-350x187.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 449px) 100vw, 449px\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.9 Stereo Visualization<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Red-Blue Glasses contains red and blue color glasses mainly for viewing more special effects for the end users.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Shutter Glasses have a frequency of 60 Hz and it can be synchronized with projected images\u00b7<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Polarized Glasses can be either a Linear (Horizontal\/Vertical) or a Circular (CW\/CCW) or a synchronized with projected images<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.9.1<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Red-Blue Stereo Visualization<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">It chromatically encodes the image for each eye. The possible color codes are red\/blue, red\/cyan, red\/green, blue\/yellow, green\/magenta. The below fig 1.16 shows an example of Red-Blue Stereo Visualization<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-429 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-314.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"356\" height=\"264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-314.png 356w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-314-300x222.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-314-65x48.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-314-225x167.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-314-350x260.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 356px) 100vw, 356px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a02. Design Aspects<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>2.1 The Aspects of Design<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Problem solving is the understanding of what is needed to solve a problem, which includes design, making choices and revisions.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Visual Communication is the art of seeing by using pictures and words to convey information about different ideas and concepts.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Function and information refer to the purpose and value of design as well as the message conveyed with respect to a selected audience<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.2 The Principles of Design<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Balance <\/strong>is the optical illusion of equal spacing of objects.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Formal balance <\/strong>is symmetrical. When elements on a page can be centered and\/or evenly divided both horizontally and vertically it has symmetry. Symmetrical balance is generally for more formal, orderly layouts. These layouts often convey a sense of tranquility, familiarity, elegance or serious thought.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">Informal balance <\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">is asymmetrical. It involves placement of elements in a manner that allows elements of varying visual weight to balance one another around an imaginary point. For example, it is possible to\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">balance a heavy weight with a cluster of lighter weights on equal sides of the imaginary line.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\"><strong>R<\/strong><\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">hythm <\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">is a reoccurring movement or pattern, which can produce a feeling of motion in the design. Size, shape, color, spacing, angles and texture of the materials are all factors in placing rhythm in a design and can help lead the eye in some direction. Different types of rhythm will produce different effects in the design.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Repetition<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">: repeating similar elements in a consistent manner.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Variation: <\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">change in form, size or location.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">Proportion <\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">is the relative size of one object in comparison to another. The human body is a considered an ideal proportion based on the size relationships between the body and the head. A caricature is funny because the head is out of proportion.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.3 The Methods of Design<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>2.3.1 Emphasis <\/strong>is the method used to draw attention to a part of the design by making it the focal point or the main idea. The below fig 2.1 shows an example of an emphasis. There are common techniques that are used to add emphasis in a design:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022\u00a0 Use contrasting elements, (big, small, thick, thin, negative, positive).<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022\u00a0 Use color for the most important element.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u2022\u00a0 Reverse an element out of the background.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-430 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-315.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"420\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-315.png 420w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-315-300x196.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-315-65x43.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-315-225x147.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-315-350x229.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>2.3.2 Contrast <\/strong>achieves emphasis by setting the point of emphasis apart from the rest of its background. The <strong>use of a neutral background<\/strong> isolates the point of emphasis. Contrast of <strong>color, texture, or shape<\/strong> will call atten<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>2.3.3 Unity <\/strong>is the completeness and harmony of a design. Unity is achieved when all the elements belong together. Several methods of organization are used to produce unity in the design:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Grouping<\/li>\n<li>Using a grid (subdivision of space)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>Repetition <\/em>\u2013 means repeating certain elements throughout the entire design. Using repetition can pull the design together (using a theme of squares then using different sizes and shapes of squares and rectangles). Example: using a repeated background on a PowerPoint presentation.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: justify;font-size: 1em\">2.3.4 Line <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: justify;font-size: 1em\">has length, position and direction and is either visible or invisible. A line (curve) is basically any distance between two points. The below fig 2.2 shows an example of lines. Lines can take on a variety of shapes and functions:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 Connectors and separators<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 Outlines<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 Graphs and grids<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-431 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-316.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"331\" height=\"219\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-316.png 331w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-316-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-316-65x43.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-316-225x149.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 331px) 100vw, 331px\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p><strong>Figure 2.2 Examples of lines<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0<strong>2.3.5 Shape <\/strong>is any form that occupies and defines negative and positive space. Shape is anything that has width, shape or depth. The below fig 2.3 shows an example of shapes. There are three types of shapes:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Geometric (triangles, squares, circles)<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Natural (animals, plants, human)<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Abstract (simplified versions of natural shapes)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-432 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-317.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"423\" height=\"265\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-317.png 423w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-317-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-317-65x41.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-317-225x141.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-317-350x219.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 423px) 100vw, 423px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>2.3.6 Color <\/strong>is the hue of pigment or light and is produced by the subtraction or addition of primary and secondary colors produced from light. Color is the primary tool for symbolism in communication. The below fig 2.4 shows an example of various colors. There are different uses of color:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Attract the eye<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Produce visual stimuli<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Organization.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Provoke emotional response<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u2022 The visible spectrum is only one small part of the electromagnetic spectrum.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u2022 Our eyes have cells, contained on the retina, that chemically respond to different wavelengths of visible light, namely red, green, and blue.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0<strong>2.3.7 Texture <\/strong>is the look or feel or any object or surface. The appearance is either visual (illusionary) or tactile (physical to touch). Patterns are good examples of visual texture.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-433 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-318.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"374\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-318.png 374w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-318-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-318-65x49.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-318-225x170.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-318-350x265.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 374px) 100vw, 374px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022\u00a0<strong>2.3.8 Space <\/strong>is the negative or positive area that an object or objects occupy in an area. The below fig 2.5 shows an example of space. Using simple principles can control the relative position of every element:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 White space<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Overlapping elements Value<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-434 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-319.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"405\" height=\"249\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-319.png 405w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-319-300x184.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-319-65x40.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-319-225x138.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-319-350x215.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 405px) 100vw, 405px\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u20222<strong>.3.9 Size <\/strong>is how big or small objects are in relation to the space they occupy. The primary roles size plays in design:<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Function (the age of the audience \u2013 older people would need type set larger to aid help in reading)<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Attractiveness (add interest by cropping or scaling the elements)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u2022 Organization (make the important element the largest and the least important the smallest). The below fig 2.6 shows an example of various sizes.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-435 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-320.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"412\" height=\"264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-320.png 412w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-320-300x192.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-320-65x42.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-320-225x144.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-320-350x224.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 412px) 100vw, 412px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>2.4 White Space Tips<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Don&#8217;t Trap White Space: <\/strong>Don&#8217;t trap white space between two design elements. This interrupts the flow of the design. Increase font size graphic size, or reposition elements to avoid<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Keep Text Cells Small: <\/strong>Don\u2019t have text stretch across the entire length of the design.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Avoid Rivers: <\/strong>Rivers appear if type is justified. A river is word spaces that appear near each other on subsequent lines of text. Edit the text instead of changing the word spacing. Rivers may also be a symptom that line length is too long or short.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.4.1 White Space<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>GOOD<\/strong>: The Tennis Group business card which shown in the below in fig 2.7 makes good use of white space.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>BAD<\/strong>: Card is too busy, has trapped white space between the information on the left and the logo. Your eye doesn&#8217;t really know where to look first.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-436 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/csp06.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-321.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"470\" height=\"246\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-321.png 470w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-321-300x157.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-321-65x34.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-321-225x118.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2018\/07\/1-321-350x183.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 470px) 100vw, 470px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>2.5 Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>To summarize, we have examined the following in this module:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Types of Visualizations-Scientific and Information Visualization<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Information Visualization Types-1D, 2D, 3D, Trees, Network<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Information Visualization examples- Film Finder, Location Probe,<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Perspective wall, Themescape<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Design Principles-Unity, Shape, Emphasis, proportion, Texture, Colour, Balance<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>you can view video on Types of Visualization and Design Principles of Visualization<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ymvu8YxeMkw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">C. Upson , T. Faulhaber Jr., D. Kamins , D. Laidlaw , D. Schlegel , J. Vroom , R. Gurwitz and A. van Dam , &#8220;The Application Visualization System: A computational environment for scientific visualization&#8221; , <em>IEEE Computer<\/em><em>Graphics and Applications <\/em>, vol. 9 , no. 4 , pp.30 -42 , 1989<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">S. Kochhar , M. Friedell and M. LaPolla , &#8220;Cooperative, computer-aided design of scientific visualizations&#8221; , <em>Proceedings IEEE Visualization<\/em> <em>\\&#8217;91 <\/em>, pp.306 -313 , 1991<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">E-Study Guide for: White Space is Not Your Enemy: A Beginner&#8217;s Guide to\u00a0communicating visually through graphic, web, multimedia Design 1St edition.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">G.G. Robertson, J.D Mickinlay and S.K.Card \u201cCone Trees: Animated 3D Visualizations of Hierarchical Information\u201d pp.415-494, 1991.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":22,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["dr-t-raghuveera"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[59],"license":[],"class_list":["post-411","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-dr-t-raghuveera"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/411","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/411\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":642,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/411\/revisions\/642"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/411\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=411"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=411"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=411"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/csp06\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=411"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}