{"id":114,"date":"2019-04-11T09:52:37","date_gmt":"2019-04-11T09:52:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=front-matter&#038;p=114"},"modified":"2019-04-11T09:53:19","modified_gmt":"2019-04-11T09:53:19","slug":"types-of-lipids-v","status":"publish","type":"front-matter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/front-matter\/types-of-lipids-v\/","title":{"rendered":"Types of Lipids V"},"content":{"raw":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/FjLo_SNvDns\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Objectives<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>v To know about the Phytosterols<\/li>\r\n \t<li>v What are the significance of Phytosterols<\/li>\r\n \t<li>v How they act in a system<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol start=\"2\">\r\n \t<li><strong>Concept Map<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-72\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-34.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"682\" height=\"532\" \/>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<strong>3. Description<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong><em>3.1 Types of Lipids V<\/em><\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong><em>Complex Lipids....<\/em><\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong><em>Phytosterols<\/em><\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In 1878, Hesse O isolated the first sterols from <em>Phytostigma venenosum<\/em> (Calabar beans) and coined the term \u2018Phytosterine\u2019. Later in 1906, Windaus and Hault named this substance as \u2018Stigmasterol\u2019. Thomas H proposed the term \u2018Phytosterol\u2019 in 1897 for vegetal derived sterols. Chemically, phytosterols have the identical structure as cholesterol but the side chain is tailored<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">by toting up of 1-2 carbon atoms at C24 with either a or b chirality. All phytosterols have 24 alkyl groups which are distinctive and conserved during ensuing metabolism of steroid in both plants and fungi to bestow hormones that control development and reproduction. Phytosterols has been found more competent than cholesterol in expanding the temperature dimension in which membrane-coupled biological action takes place as plants have to counter elevated temperature disparity than animals.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Mostly, phytosterols have 28-30 carbon units with 1-2 C=C double bonds, usually one in the nucleus of the sterol and occasionally a second in the side chain of alkyl residue. In plants, cycloartenol give rise to phytosterols whereas in fungi (including yeasts), vertebrates they derived from lanosterol through squalene cyclization. Facts also specifies the occurrence of\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">biosynthetic pathway for phytosterol in plant cells through lanosterol and was chosen as the \u2018Lanosterol Pathway\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-115\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-68.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"383\" height=\"244\" \/>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nIn plant species, over and above 250 diverse types of phytosterols have been identified and reported. Some of the envoys are campesterol, b-sitosterol and stigmasterol. b-Sitosterol is used for steroid synthesis; exist in the entire plant lipids.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Stigmasterol, also known as \u2018Wulzen factor\u2019, is needed for the synthesis of Vitamin D3 and progesterone. It is a potential anti-inflammatory compound that inhibits numerous matrix degradation and pro-inflammatorymediators implicated in cartilage degradation induced by osteoarthritis.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In brown algae, the prevailing sterol is fucosterol and cholesterol exists in diminutive amounts. Ergosterol (Mycosterol), is the C28 imperative sterol from ergot and yeast. Ergosterol was\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: justify;font-size: 1em\">discovered by Tanret C followed by Gerard E who observed that fungi also have ergosterol. In yeast, Gerard was the first to identify ergosterol as a cell membrane component limited to fungi, and it could be applicable as an indicator molecule for these microbes in an existing biomass. Upon irradiation, ergosterol gives rise to calciferol (Vitamin D2).<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-116\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-69.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"502\" height=\"347\" \/>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-70.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"505\" \/>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-118\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-71.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"439\" height=\"281\" \/>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-119\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-72.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"466\" height=\"330\" \/>\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Antrosterol (ergosta-7, 9, 22-trien-3b-ol), an isomeric form of ergosterol, from <em>Antrodia<\/em> <em>camphorate <\/em>(a fungus), is efficient in hepatoprotection via its anti-inflammation ability. This compound is used in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of cancer, diarrhoea, drug intoxication and hypertension.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">EuroFIR-BASIS is exclusive online database containing information on the content of the selected phytosterols in plant based foods and different plants.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Phytosterols detailed for an extensive portion of total dietary sterols in vertebrates and generate a broad range of biological actions in humans and animals. They possess efficient cholesterol-\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">lowering and anti-tumor properties, decreases serum \u03b2-carotene concentration, without varying vitamins A, D and E absorption.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">In brown algae like <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1em\">Sargassum ringgoldianum<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> and <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1em\">Lessonia nigrescens<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> (Phaeophyta), Saringosterol (a derivative of fucosterol) has been revealed to restrain the <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1em\">Mycobacterium<\/em> <em style=\"font-size: 1em\">tuberculosis <\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">growth comparable to that of rifampicin but without considerable toxicity against mammalian cells.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-73.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"212\" \/>\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In 2004, the European Commission endorsed the toting up of phytosterols and phytostanols in food products with conditions of appropriate cataloging. Phytosterols similar to cholesterol undergo oxidative processes and the resultant oxyphytosterols have been revealed to display beneficial biological properties.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<em>Phytostanols<\/em>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;font-size: 1em\">Are fully saturated sub-group of phytosterols with no double bonds, produced by hydrogenation. They are found in very minute amounts in legumes, nuts and seeds but in high amounts in few cereal species. To advance their solubility, they combine with the esters of fatty acid to generate esters of plant stanol. Sitostanol is the utmost commonly found stanol and stanols frequently crop up in dinoflagellates, the chief source of 5a (H)-stanols in marine sediments.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-121\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-74.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"377\" height=\"287\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In animals, fully saturated sterols of bacterial origin are conjointly established. 5b (H)-stanol and coprostanol, constitutes more or less 60% of the overall sterols in human faeces.<\/p>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-122\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-75.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"492\" height=\"539\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Phytosterols are of wide occurrence and its persistence in sediment has been reported in aged geological samples<em>.<\/em> The analysis, diversity and health-promoting uses of phytosterols and phytostanols have already been revealed and reviewed.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Stigmastanol, dihydrocholesterol and coprostanol are recurrently exist in sediments and occasionally utilized as biomarkers primarily for the existence of life in petroleum and sedimentary organic matter. The majority of steroids exist in sediments are C27-C29 steranes which are pivotal intermediates in the exchange of steroids (oxygenated) into steranes (saturated). In addition, a wide variety of sterenes (monounsaturated) have been detected in immature sediments. Marine demosponges created 24-Isopropylcholestane (hydrocarbon remnants of C30 sterols) accounted the charisma of Metazoa presence in the geological documentation during the Neo-proterozoic era (542-1,000 million years ago). This sterol symbolizes a powerful biomarker for early animal diversification and endows with the primeval facts for animals in the fossil record.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>Sterol Esters<\/em><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Sterols are often endowed esterified to fatty acids. In the tissues of animal (adrenals, liver, plasma), cholesterol is esterified by an array of fatty acids and recurrently by essential fatty acids, accordingly forming esters of cholesterol. Esters of sterol are vital but exceedingly erratic part of yeast cell with values varies from remnants to 50% of the total lipids.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In animals, the cholesterol esterification inside intestinal cells (acyl CoA cholesterol acyltransferase, ACAT) allocates the free cholesterol to be accumulated as a neutral lipid in cytosolic droplets and in the stuffing of cholesterol into lipoprotein particles for the export by means of the liver cells via plasma. The human meibomian glands secretions (sebaceous glands at the edge of eyelids) are predominantly rich in esters of cholesterol (~30% of the lipid puddle), exemplified by a monounsaturated or saturated fatty acid moiety with C18-34 carbon chain. Cholesteryl arachidonate and cholesteryl linoleate present in nasal fluid have been revealed to bequeath to the intrinsic antibacterial activity. Cholesteryl nitrolinoleate, a nitrated lipid perceived in human lipoproteins and blood plasma is a prospective marker of the chain breaking antioxidant role of nitric oxide radical during lipid peroxidation. Nitrated linoleic acid, a potent signaling molecule and a down regulator of inflammatory response revealed to be fundamentally enhanced after macrophage activation, signifying that nitration of lipid happens as part of the retort to inflammatory stimuli.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u03b2-sitosteryl esters, stigmasteryl and ergosteryl are present in plant cell membranes and seed oils. Cycloartenol and esters of stigmasterol have been isolated from Bryophytes (Hepaticeae). In addition, cholesterol also forms ester linkages with secreted polypeptide and signaling molecules preset by the <em>hedgehog<\/em> gene family during the growth and development of metazoan. The details about sterol esters, their synthesis, storage and degradation have been well studied and reviewed.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol start=\"4\">\r\n \t<li><strong> Summary<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nIn this lecture we learnt about:\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The Phytosterols and Sterol Esters<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Their Importance &amp; Biological Significance<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>you can view video on Types of Lipids V <\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/FjLo_SNvDns\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<strong>Weblinks<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phytosterol\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phytosterol<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15166807\">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15166807<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.quickanddirtytips.com\/health-fitness\/...\/what-are-phytosterols\">www.quickanddirtytips.com\/health-fitness\/...\/what-are-<strong>phytosterols<\/strong><\/a><em>?<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12169300\">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12169300<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/wiki\/index.php?title=Phytosterol...phytostanols\">https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/<strong>wiki<\/strong>\/index.php?title=Phytosterol...<strong>phytostanols<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sterol_ester\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sterol_ester<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ihealthtube.com\/aspx\/viewvideo.aspx?v=19c3b2f10313e55b\">www.ihealth<strong>tube<\/strong>.com\/aspx\/viewvideo.aspx?v=19c3b2f10313e55b<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9Zxjikakke8\">www.<strong>youtube<\/strong>.com\/watch?v=9Zxjikakke8<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=n5OvXcOlo_o\">www.<strong>youtube<\/strong>.com\/watch?v=n5OvXcOlo_o<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KC5kIrka3-4\">www.<strong>youtube<\/strong>.com\/watch?v=KC5kIrka3-4<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=iAMH2gVXTs0\">www.<strong>youtube<\/strong>.com\/watch?v=iAMH2gVXTs0<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Books<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">1. Akhisa, T.; Kokke, W. 1991. Naturally occurring sterols and related compounds from plants. In Patterson, G. W.; Nes, W. D. <em>Physiology and Biochemistry of Sterols<\/em>. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists' Society. pp. 172\u2013228.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>2.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>Phytosterols as Functional Food Components and Nutraceuticals by Paresh C. Dutta. 2003. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=0824758773\"><em>https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=0824758773<\/em><\/a><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">3. Phytosterol Antioxidant Activity and Effects on Shelf Life of Fluid Milk and Yoghurt Quality by Emefa Monu. 2007. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=0494261595\">https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=0494261595<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Handbook of Analysis of Active Compounds in Functional Foods by Leo M.L. Nollet, Fidel\u200e Toldra. 2012. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=1439815909\"><em>https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=1439815909<\/em><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">5.The Food with Added Phytosterols Or Phytostanols (Labelling) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2014 by Great Britain. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=0348108974\">https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=0348108974<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Journals<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Woyengo, T A; Ramprasath, V R; Jones, P J H. 2009. Anticancer effects of phytosterols. <em>European Journal of Clinical Nutrition <\/em><strong>63<\/strong> (7): 813-20.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Ostlund, Richard E. 2002. Phytosterols Inhumannutrition. <em>Annual Review of Nutrition<\/em> <strong>22<\/strong>: 533\u2013 49.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Ostlund RE Jr. Phytosterols and cholesterol metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2004 Feb; 15 (1): 37-41.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Moreau RA1, Whitaker BD, Hicks KB. Phytosterols, phytostanols, and their conjugates in foods: structural diversity, quantitative analysis, and health-promoting uses. Prog Lipid Res. 2002 Nov; 41 (6): 457-500.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Lampe, M.A.; A.L. Burlingame, J. Whitney, M.L. Williams, B.E. Brown, E. Roitman, and M. Elias. 1983. Human stratum corneum lipids: characterization and regional variations. <em>J. Lipid<\/em> <em>Res. <\/em><strong>24<\/strong>: 120\u2013130.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Katan, MB; Grundy, SM, Jones, P, Law, M, Miettinen, T, Paoletti, R, Stresa Workshop, Participants. 2003. Efficacy and safety of plant stanols and sterols in the management of blood cholesterol levels. <em>Mayo Clinic proceedings. Mayo Clinic<\/em> <strong>78<\/strong> (8): 965\u201378.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/FjLo_SNvDns\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Objectives<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>v To know about the Phytosterols<\/li>\n<li>v What are the significance of Phytosterols<\/li>\n<li>v How they act in a system<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>Concept Map<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-72\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-34.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"682\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-34.png 682w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-34-300x234.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-34-65x51.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-34-225x176.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-34-350x273.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 682px) 100vw, 682px\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p><strong>3. Description<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>3.1 Types of Lipids V<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Complex Lipids&#8230;.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Phytosterols<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In 1878, Hesse O isolated the first sterols from <em>Phytostigma venenosum<\/em> (Calabar beans) and coined the term \u2018Phytosterine\u2019. Later in 1906, Windaus and Hault named this substance as \u2018Stigmasterol\u2019. Thomas H proposed the term \u2018Phytosterol\u2019 in 1897 for vegetal derived sterols. Chemically, phytosterols have the identical structure as cholesterol but the side chain is tailored<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">by toting up of 1-2 carbon atoms at C24 with either a or b chirality. All phytosterols have 24 alkyl groups which are distinctive and conserved during ensuing metabolism of steroid in both plants and fungi to bestow hormones that control development and reproduction. Phytosterols has been found more competent than cholesterol in expanding the temperature dimension in which membrane-coupled biological action takes place as plants have to counter elevated temperature disparity than animals.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Mostly, phytosterols have 28-30 carbon units with 1-2 C=C double bonds, usually one in the nucleus of the sterol and occasionally a second in the side chain of alkyl residue. In plants, cycloartenol give rise to phytosterols whereas in fungi (including yeasts), vertebrates they derived from lanosterol through squalene cyclization. Facts also specifies the occurrence of\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">biosynthetic pathway for phytosterol in plant cells through lanosterol and was chosen as the \u2018Lanosterol Pathway\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-115\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-68.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"383\" height=\"244\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-68.png 383w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-68-300x191.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-68-65x41.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-68-225x143.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-68-350x223.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 383px) 100vw, 383px\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>In plant species, over and above 250 diverse types of phytosterols have been identified and reported. Some of the envoys are campesterol, b-sitosterol and stigmasterol. b-Sitosterol is used for steroid synthesis; exist in the entire plant lipids.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Stigmasterol, also known as \u2018Wulzen factor\u2019, is needed for the synthesis of Vitamin D3 and progesterone. It is a potential anti-inflammatory compound that inhibits numerous matrix degradation and pro-inflammatorymediators implicated in cartilage degradation induced by osteoarthritis.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In brown algae, the prevailing sterol is fucosterol and cholesterol exists in diminutive amounts. Ergosterol (Mycosterol), is the C28 imperative sterol from ergot and yeast. Ergosterol was\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: justify;font-size: 1em\">discovered by Tanret C followed by Gerard E who observed that fungi also have ergosterol. In yeast, Gerard was the first to identify ergosterol as a cell membrane component limited to fungi, and it could be applicable as an indicator molecule for these microbes in an existing biomass. Upon irradiation, ergosterol gives rise to calciferol (Vitamin D2).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-116\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-69.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"502\" height=\"347\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-69.png 502w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-69-300x207.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-69-65x45.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-69-225x156.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-69-350x242.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 502px) 100vw, 502px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-70.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"505\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-70.png 480w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-70-285x300.png 285w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-70-65x68.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-70-225x237.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-70-350x368.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-118\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-71.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"439\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-71.png 439w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-71-300x192.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-71-65x42.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-71-225x144.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-71-350x224.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 439px) 100vw, 439px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-119\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-72.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"466\" height=\"330\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-72.png 466w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-72-300x212.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-72-65x46.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-72-225x159.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-72-350x248.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 466px) 100vw, 466px\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Antrosterol (ergosta-7, 9, 22-trien-3b-ol), an isomeric form of ergosterol, from <em>Antrodia<\/em> <em>camphorate <\/em>(a fungus), is efficient in hepatoprotection via its anti-inflammation ability. This compound is used in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of cancer, diarrhoea, drug intoxication and hypertension.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">EuroFIR-BASIS is exclusive online database containing information on the content of the selected phytosterols in plant based foods and different plants.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Phytosterols detailed for an extensive portion of total dietary sterols in vertebrates and generate a broad range of biological actions in humans and animals. They possess efficient cholesterol-\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">lowering and anti-tumor properties, decreases serum \u03b2-carotene concentration, without varying vitamins A, D and E absorption.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">In brown algae like <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1em\">Sargassum ringgoldianum<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> and <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1em\">Lessonia nigrescens<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> (Phaeophyta), Saringosterol (a derivative of fucosterol) has been revealed to restrain the <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1em\">Mycobacterium<\/em> <em style=\"font-size: 1em\">tuberculosis <\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">growth comparable to that of rifampicin but without considerable toxicity against mammalian cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-73.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"212\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-73.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-73-65x46.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-73-225x159.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In 2004, the European Commission endorsed the toting up of phytosterols and phytostanols in food products with conditions of appropriate cataloging. Phytosterols similar to cholesterol undergo oxidative processes and the resultant oxyphytosterols have been revealed to display beneficial biological properties.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Phytostanols<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;font-size: 1em\">Are fully saturated sub-group of phytosterols with no double bonds, produced by hydrogenation. They are found in very minute amounts in legumes, nuts and seeds but in high amounts in few cereal species. To advance their solubility, they combine with the esters of fatty acid to generate esters of plant stanol. Sitostanol is the utmost commonly found stanol and stanols frequently crop up in dinoflagellates, the chief source of 5a (H)-stanols in marine sediments.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-121\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-74.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"377\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-74.png 377w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-74-300x228.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-74-65x49.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-74-225x171.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-74-350x266.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 377px) 100vw, 377px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In animals, fully saturated sterols of bacterial origin are conjointly established. 5b (H)-stanol and coprostanol, constitutes more or less 60% of the overall sterols in human faeces.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-122\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-75.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"492\" height=\"539\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-75.png 492w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-75-274x300.png 274w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-75-65x71.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-75-225x246.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-75-350x383.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 492px) 100vw, 492px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Phytosterols are of wide occurrence and its persistence in sediment has been reported in aged geological samples<em>.<\/em> The analysis, diversity and health-promoting uses of phytosterols and phytostanols have already been revealed and reviewed.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Stigmastanol, dihydrocholesterol and coprostanol are recurrently exist in sediments and occasionally utilized as biomarkers primarily for the existence of life in petroleum and sedimentary organic matter. The majority of steroids exist in sediments are C27-C29 steranes which are pivotal intermediates in the exchange of steroids (oxygenated) into steranes (saturated). In addition, a wide variety of sterenes (monounsaturated) have been detected in immature sediments. Marine demosponges created 24-Isopropylcholestane (hydrocarbon remnants of C30 sterols) accounted the charisma of Metazoa presence in the geological documentation during the Neo-proterozoic era (542-1,000 million years ago). This sterol symbolizes a powerful biomarker for early animal diversification and endows with the primeval facts for animals in the fossil record.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>Sterol Esters<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Sterols are often endowed esterified to fatty acids. In the tissues of animal (adrenals, liver, plasma), cholesterol is esterified by an array of fatty acids and recurrently by essential fatty acids, accordingly forming esters of cholesterol. Esters of sterol are vital but exceedingly erratic part of yeast cell with values varies from remnants to 50% of the total lipids.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In animals, the cholesterol esterification inside intestinal cells (acyl CoA cholesterol acyltransferase, ACAT) allocates the free cholesterol to be accumulated as a neutral lipid in cytosolic droplets and in the stuffing of cholesterol into lipoprotein particles for the export by means of the liver cells via plasma. The human meibomian glands secretions (sebaceous glands at the edge of eyelids) are predominantly rich in esters of cholesterol (~30% of the lipid puddle), exemplified by a monounsaturated or saturated fatty acid moiety with C18-34 carbon chain. Cholesteryl arachidonate and cholesteryl linoleate present in nasal fluid have been revealed to bequeath to the intrinsic antibacterial activity. Cholesteryl nitrolinoleate, a nitrated lipid perceived in human lipoproteins and blood plasma is a prospective marker of the chain breaking antioxidant role of nitric oxide radical during lipid peroxidation. Nitrated linoleic acid, a potent signaling molecule and a down regulator of inflammatory response revealed to be fundamentally enhanced after macrophage activation, signifying that nitration of lipid happens as part of the retort to inflammatory stimuli.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u03b2-sitosteryl esters, stigmasteryl and ergosteryl are present in plant cell membranes and seed oils. Cycloartenol and esters of stigmasterol have been isolated from Bryophytes (Hepaticeae). In addition, cholesterol also forms ester linkages with secreted polypeptide and signaling molecules preset by the <em>hedgehog<\/em> gene family during the growth and development of metazoan. The details about sterol esters, their synthesis, storage and degradation have been well studied and reviewed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong> Summary<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In this lecture we learnt about:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Phytosterols and Sterol Esters<\/li>\n<li>Their Importance &amp; Biological Significance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>you can view video on Types of Lipids V <\/strong><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/FjLo_SNvDns\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div>\n<p><strong>Weblinks<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phytosterol\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phytosterol<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15166807\">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15166807<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.quickanddirtytips.com\/health-fitness\/...\/what-are-phytosterols\">www.quickanddirtytips.com\/health-fitness\/&#8230;\/what-are-<strong>phytosterols<\/strong><\/a><em>?<\/em><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12169300\">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12169300<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/wiki\/index.php?title=Phytosterol...phytostanols\">https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/<strong>wiki<\/strong>\/index.php?title=Phytosterol&#8230;<strong>phytostanols<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sterol_ester\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sterol_ester<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ihealthtube.com\/aspx\/viewvideo.aspx?v=19c3b2f10313e55b\">www.ihealth<strong>tube<\/strong>.com\/aspx\/viewvideo.aspx?v=19c3b2f10313e55b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9Zxjikakke8\">www.<strong>youtube<\/strong>.com\/watch?v=9Zxjikakke8<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=n5OvXcOlo_o\">www.<strong>youtube<\/strong>.com\/watch?v=n5OvXcOlo_o<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KC5kIrka3-4\">www.<strong>youtube<\/strong>.com\/watch?v=KC5kIrka3-4<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=iAMH2gVXTs0\">www.<strong>youtube<\/strong>.com\/watch?v=iAMH2gVXTs0<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Books<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">1. Akhisa, T.; Kokke, W. 1991. Naturally occurring sterols and related compounds from plants. In Patterson, G. W.; Nes, W. D. <em>Physiology and Biochemistry of Sterols<\/em>. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists&#8217; Society. pp. 172\u2013228.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>2.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>Phytosterols as Functional Food Components and Nutraceuticals by Paresh C. Dutta. 2003. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=0824758773\"><em>https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=0824758773<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">3. Phytosterol Antioxidant Activity and Effects on Shelf Life of Fluid Milk and Yoghurt Quality by Emefa Monu. 2007. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=0494261595\">https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=0494261595<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Handbook of Analysis of Active Compounds in Functional Foods by Leo M.L. Nollet, Fidel\u200e Toldra. 2012. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=1439815909\"><em>https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=1439815909<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">5.The Food with Added Phytosterols Or Phytostanols (Labelling) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2014 by Great Britain. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=0348108974\">https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=0348108974<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Journals<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Woyengo, T A; Ramprasath, V R; Jones, P J H. 2009. Anticancer effects of phytosterols. <em>European Journal of Clinical Nutrition <\/em><strong>63<\/strong> (7): 813-20.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Ostlund, Richard E. 2002. Phytosterols Inhumannutrition. <em>Annual Review of Nutrition<\/em> <strong>22<\/strong>: 533\u2013 49.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Ostlund RE Jr. Phytosterols and cholesterol metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2004 Feb; 15 (1): 37-41.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Moreau RA1, Whitaker BD, Hicks KB. Phytosterols, phytostanols, and their conjugates in foods: structural diversity, quantitative analysis, and health-promoting uses. Prog Lipid Res. 2002 Nov; 41 (6): 457-500.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Lampe, M.A.; A.L. Burlingame, J. Whitney, M.L. Williams, B.E. Brown, E. Roitman, and M. Elias. 1983. Human stratum corneum lipids: characterization and regional variations. <em>J. Lipid<\/em> <em>Res. <\/em><strong>24<\/strong>: 120\u2013130.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Katan, MB; Grundy, SM, Jones, P, Law, M, Miettinen, T, Paoletti, R, Stresa Workshop, Participants. 2003. Efficacy and safety of plant stanols and sterols in the management of blood cholesterol levels. <em>Mayo Clinic proceedings. Mayo Clinic<\/em> <strong>78<\/strong> (8): 965\u201378.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":9,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["dr-suaib-luqman"],"pb_section_license":""},"front-matter-type":[],"contributor":[58],"license":[],"class_list":["post-114","front-matter","type-front-matter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-dr-suaib-luqman"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/114","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/front-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/114\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":124,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/114\/revisions\/124"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/114\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=114"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"front-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter-type?post=114"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=114"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=114"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}