{"id":101,"date":"2019-04-11T09:21:05","date_gmt":"2019-04-11T09:21:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=front-matter&#038;p=101"},"modified":"2019-04-11T09:36:00","modified_gmt":"2019-04-11T09:36:00","slug":"types-of-lipids-iv","status":"publish","type":"front-matter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/front-matter\/types-of-lipids-iv\/","title":{"rendered":"Types of Lipids IV"},"content":{"raw":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/k6UNSG6lFtI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Objectives<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>v To know about the sterols<\/li>\r\n \t<li>v What are their significance<\/li>\r\n \t<li>v How they act in a system<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ol start=\"2\">\r\n \t<li><strong>Concept Map<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-72\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-34.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"682\" height=\"532\" \/>\r\n<ol start=\"3\">\r\n \t<li><strong> Description<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong><em>3.1 Types of Lipids IV<\/em><\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong><em>Complex Lipids<\/em><\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong><em>Sterols<\/em><\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<em>Cholesterol <\/em>(Greek:<em> chole<\/em>-bile)\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Is the main sterol (C27 alcohol) in the tissues of vertebrates rich in adrenals (10% w\/w), gall stones, liver (0.2% w\/w) and nervous tissues (2% w\/w). Brain is principally cholesterol rich covering on-fourth of total free cholesterol avaialble in the vertebrate cadaver. Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring (sterane) is a carbon structure of cholesterol and it is the first sterol isolated by FP Poulletier de La Salle (1758) from gall stones. In 1815, ME Chevreul isolated <em>Cholesterine<\/em> (Greek: <em>khole<\/em>-bile, <em>stereos<\/em>-solid) from the unsaponifiable fraction of animal fats. F Reinitzer (1888) proposed the accurate formula (C27H46O) but exact steric depiction of cholesterol structural came after the work of HO Wieland who won Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1927) for his work on the establishment of the bile acids and related substances and AOR Windaus who got the Nobel Prize in 1928 for establishing the connection of sterols with vitamins. RK Callow and FG Young (1936) have voted that steroids chemically allied to cholesterol. In 1913, D Steinberg proposed the central role of cholesterol in atherogenesis.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-102\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-59.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" \/>\r\n\r\nCholesterol\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In animal cell membrane, the concentration of cholesterol is usually high ranging from 30 to 50% (molar percentage of total lipids) in erythrocytes and as elevated as 80% in the membranes of ocular lens. Accordingly, cholesterol has numerous task in membranes varying from the control of phase behavior, offering mechanical strength, to precursor of hormones and vitamins and in scheming raft arrangement and membrane protein activity. Minor modifications of the side chain led to the replacement of cholesterol by sterols such as campesterol, b-sitosterol at cellular level. In the femoral gland of <em>Acanthodactylus boskianus<\/em> (male lizard) cholesterol is present in abundance and used as a scent blotching pheromone to ascertain dominance. In addition, cholesterol can also silhouette ester connections with secreted polypeptide and signaling molecules encoded by the <em>hedgehog<\/em> gene family that function in some molding actions amid metazoan evolvement. Sponges signify the richest source of peculiar sterols i.e. cholesterol and sterols, but bearing 1-3 extra carbon atoms at C24 with unusual features as quaternary alkyl groups, acetylenes, allenes, cyclopropene and cyclopropane rings. In class Demospongiae, 24-Isopropylcholesterol (with its analogue unsaturated at C22-C23) is abundant and characteristic of Neoproterozoic era (542-1000 million years) sediments and is the primeval\u00a0 proof of fossil record for animals but absent the eumetazoans (bilaterian and cnidarians). In <em>Calyx nicaensis<\/em>, Nicasterol was identified.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-103\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-60.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"333\" height=\"469\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In higher plants, the presence of cholesterol is mostly accepted and detected in vegetal oils in a diminutive percentage (5% of the total sterols) however, a high cholesterol content has been reported in the oil of Camelina (~200 mg per kg). Nevertheless, numerous investigation have divulged the presence of cholesterol in chloroplasts, pollens, higher plant leaves (~72% of the total sterols in that fraction). It is the only sterol of <em>Laurencia paniculata<\/em> and also foremost in most Rhodophyceae algae.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Lanosterol, the common precursor in the synthesis of cholesterol, is also found as a foremost component of the unsaponifiable fraction of wool fat (lanoline, ~15%). <em>Gemmata<\/em> <em>obscuriglobus<\/em>, a bacterium of Planctomycete, is capable to produce lanosterol and its unusual isomer, parkeol. Derivatives of lanosterol have been reported in methanotrophic bacteria. 4- methylcholestan-8 (14), 24-dien-3b-ol, an abundant derivative was first reported in <em>Methylococcus capsulatus <\/em>and afterward in other analogous bacteria.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-104\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-61.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"355\" height=\"254\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-105\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-62.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"318\" height=\"444\" \/>\r\n\r\nStructure of 4-Methylcholestan-8(14), 24-dien-3b-ol\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Compound with lanostane core (lucidenates, ganoderates) have been successfully isolated from a mushroom (<em>Ganoderma lucidum<\/em>). The presence of these sterols have led to the utilization of mushroom for curing bronchitis, cardiovascular, diabetes, gastritis, hepatitis, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension related pathologies in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-106\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-63.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"288\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In animal tissues, 7-dehydrocholesterol is present in minute amounts which get transformed to cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) on UV exposure. 24-dehydrocholesterol (Desmosterol), an intermediate product amid cholesterol and lanosterol is associated with myelination processes with an elevated echelon noticed in the brain of young animals and no desmosterol in adults. In astrocytes and spermatozoa of mammalian cells, it is an abundant membrane component. In red algae, 22-dehydrocholesterol and desmosterol are present in high concentrations. Desmosterolosis is a severe cognitive impairment and developmental defect in humans where desmosterol fails to get converted to cholesterol. In 1943, Gorgosterol was revealed by Bergmann from coral like animals (intracellular photosynthetic dinoflagellate symbionts belonging to zooxanthellae). The inventive structure abides a cyclopropane ring in the sidechain and unusual C-23 methyl groups refurbishing interest in marine sterols. Dinosterol (4a, 23, 24-trimethyl-5a-cholest-22E-en-3b-ol) is a unswerving biomarker usually found in dinoflagellates.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-107\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-64.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"338\" height=\"434\" \/>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nStructure of Dinosterol\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In diatoms, 23-methyl sterols and their sterane counterpart were too explicitly recognized from the Jurassic era onwards.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<em>Oxysterol<\/em>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In the brain tissues, 24S-Hydroxycholesterol (a type of oxysterol) is primarily synthesized. In 1953, it was noticed in horse brain and named as cerebrosterol. 24S-Hydroxycholesterol has been proposed as a biochemical marker for Alzheimer disease protecting formation of b-amyloid peptide found in plaques. Other aspects of oxysterols have also been reviewed and reported.<\/p>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-108\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-65.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"564\" height=\"255\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In animal kingdom, starfishes have oxysterols illustrated by several hydroxylations with no complement. From the <em>Henricia leviuscula<\/em> (a Far Eastern starfish), the structure of 5a-cholestane-hexaol is revealed and specified underneath.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-109\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-66.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"443\" height=\"333\" \/>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<em>Chlorinated cholesterol<\/em>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">a-chlorohydrins (6-b-chloro-cholestane-(3b, 5a)-diol) and other chlorinated products are generated by myeloperoxidase\u2013H2O2\u2013Cl system after reaction with double bond of cholesterol second ring. Chlorohydrins are relatively firm, and have been found valuable as a lipoproteins markers oxidatively damaged by triggered phagocytes secreting myeloperoxidase. These stuffs were also produced in LDL and membrane of the cell ensuing exposure to myeloperoxidase system or HOCl. The chlorohydrins formation in cells might be unruly to membranes resulting\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">in the lysis of the cell and death. They might also be used as biomarkers for monocyte \/ neutrophil activated oxidative damage.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-110\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-67.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"424\" height=\"320\" \/>\r\n<ol start=\"4\">\r\n \t<li><strong> Summary<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nIn this lecture we learnt about:\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The Types of Sterols<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Their Presence and Importance<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>you can view video on Types of Lipids IV<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/k6UNSG6lFtI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<strong>Weblinks<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cholesterol\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cholesterol<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desmosterol\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desmosterol<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxysterol\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxysterol<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.learnyourlipids.com\/lipids\/\">www.learnyour<strong>lipids<\/strong>.com\/<strong>lipids<\/strong>\/<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.news-medical.net\/health\/Types-of-Lipids.aspx\">www.news-medical.net\/health\/<strong>Types-of-Lipids<\/strong>.aspx<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.austincc.edu\/emeyerth\/lipids.htm\">http:\/\/www.austincc.edu\/emeyerth\/lipids.htm<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.livestrong.com\/article\/125188-three-types-lipids\/\">http:\/\/www.livestrong.com\/article\/125188-three-types-lipids\/<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wnK1Kv3XkZI\">www.<strong>youtube<\/strong>.com\/watch?v=wnK1Kv3XkZI<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=U1zP59CeOW8\">www.<strong>youtube<\/strong>.com\/watch?v=U1zP59CeOW8<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=fHpMT7xJR3s\">www.<strong>youtube<\/strong>.com\/watch?v=fHpMT7xJR3s<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=gTbwiHdIkxI\">www.<strong>youtube<\/strong>.com\/watch?v=gTbwiHdIkxI<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=L-gYJaIj5lE\">www.<strong>youtube<\/strong>.com\/watch?v=L-gYJaIj5lE<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=E39t0bvXtzA\">www.<strong>youtube<\/strong>.com\/watch?v=E39t0bvXtzA<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Books<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Biology of Cholesterol and Related Steroids by Myant NB. 2014. Page 856 <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=148328123X\">https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=148328123X<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">2. Cholesterol by Sabine JR. 1977. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=0824765168\">https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=0824765168<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">3. Desmosterol in Human Lactation by Fey MB. 1983. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?id=0e6KNwAACAAJ\">https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?id=0e6KNwAACAAJ<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">4.\u00a0 \u00a0Biochemistry and Function of Sterols by Parish EJ, Nes WD. 1997. Page 194 <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=0849376742\">https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=0849376742<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">5.\u00a0 \u00a0An Investigation of Lanosterol 14[alpha]-demethylase by Zadlo JR. 1991. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?id=3W7nPgAACAAJ\">https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?id=3W7nPgAACAAJ<\/a><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<strong>Journals<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Deuel HJ. Lipid metabolism. Calif Med. 1950 Apr; 72 (4): 197-200.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Vainio, S.; Jansen, M.; Koivusalo, M.; Rog, T.; Karttunen, M.; Vattulainen, I.; Ikonen, E. 2005. Significance of Sterol Structural Specificity: DESMOSTEROL CANNOT REPLACE CHOLESTEROL IN LIPID RAFTS. <em>Journal of Biological Chemistry<\/em> <strong>281<\/strong> (1): 348\u2013355.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Keber, R.; Rozman, D.; Horvat, S. 2012. Sterols in spermatogenesis and sperm maturation. <em>The Journal<\/em> <em>of Lipid Research <\/em><strong>54<\/strong> (1): 20\u201333.Schroepfer, GJ, Jr. 2000. Oxysterols: modulators of cholesterol metabolism and other processes. <em>Physiological reviews<\/em> <strong>80<\/strong> (1): 361\u2013554.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Bj\u00f6rkhem, I. 2002. Do oxysterols control cholesterol homeostasis? <em>The Journal of Clinical Investigation<\/em> <strong>110 <\/strong>(6): 725\u201330.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Ingemar Bj\u00f6rkhem; Ulf Diczfalusy (2002). Oxysterols: Friends, Foes, or Just Fellow Passengers\u00a0<em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology <\/em><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">22<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> (5): 734\u201342.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ol start=\"6\">\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Russell DW. 2000. Oxysterol biosynthetic enzymes. <em>Biochim. Biophys. Acta<\/em> <strong>1529<\/strong> (1\u20133): 126\u201335.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">E. J. Corey, W. E. Russey, P. R. Ortiz de Montellano. 1966. 2,3-Oxidosqualene, an Intermediate in the Biological Synthesis of Sterols from Squalene. <em>Journal of the American Chemical Society<\/em> <strong>88<\/strong> (20): 4750\u20134751.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Wright AD, Goclik E, K\u00f6nig GM. Oxygenated analogues of gorgosterol and ergosterol from the soft coral Capnella lacertiliensis. J Nat Prod. 2003 Feb; 66 (2): 157-60.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/k6UNSG6lFtI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Objectives<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>v To know about the sterols<\/li>\n<li>v What are their significance<\/li>\n<li>v How they act in a system<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>Concept Map<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-72\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-34.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"682\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-34.png 682w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-34-300x234.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-34-65x51.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-34-225x176.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-34-350x273.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 682px) 100vw, 682px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Description<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>3.1 Types of Lipids IV<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Complex Lipids<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Sterols<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Cholesterol <\/em>(Greek:<em> chole<\/em>-bile)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Is the main sterol (C27 alcohol) in the tissues of vertebrates rich in adrenals (10% w\/w), gall stones, liver (0.2% w\/w) and nervous tissues (2% w\/w). Brain is principally cholesterol rich covering on-fourth of total free cholesterol avaialble in the vertebrate cadaver. Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring (sterane) is a carbon structure of cholesterol and it is the first sterol isolated by FP Poulletier de La Salle (1758) from gall stones. In 1815, ME Chevreul isolated <em>Cholesterine<\/em> (Greek: <em>khole<\/em>-bile, <em>stereos<\/em>-solid) from the unsaponifiable fraction of animal fats. F Reinitzer (1888) proposed the accurate formula (C27H46O) but exact steric depiction of cholesterol structural came after the work of HO Wieland who won Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1927) for his work on the establishment of the bile acids and related substances and AOR Windaus who got the Nobel Prize in 1928 for establishing the connection of sterols with vitamins. RK Callow and FG Young (1936) have voted that steroids chemically allied to cholesterol. In 1913, D Steinberg proposed the central role of cholesterol in atherogenesis.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-102\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-59.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-59.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-59-65x36.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-59-225x126.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Cholesterol<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In animal cell membrane, the concentration of cholesterol is usually high ranging from 30 to 50% (molar percentage of total lipids) in erythrocytes and as elevated as 80% in the membranes of ocular lens. Accordingly, cholesterol has numerous task in membranes varying from the control of phase behavior, offering mechanical strength, to precursor of hormones and vitamins and in scheming raft arrangement and membrane protein activity. Minor modifications of the side chain led to the replacement of cholesterol by sterols such as campesterol, b-sitosterol at cellular level. In the femoral gland of <em>Acanthodactylus boskianus<\/em> (male lizard) cholesterol is present in abundance and used as a scent blotching pheromone to ascertain dominance. In addition, cholesterol can also silhouette ester connections with secreted polypeptide and signaling molecules encoded by the <em>hedgehog<\/em> gene family that function in some molding actions amid metazoan evolvement. Sponges signify the richest source of peculiar sterols i.e. cholesterol and sterols, but bearing 1-3 extra carbon atoms at C24 with unusual features as quaternary alkyl groups, acetylenes, allenes, cyclopropene and cyclopropane rings. In class Demospongiae, 24-Isopropylcholesterol (with its analogue unsaturated at C22-C23) is abundant and characteristic of Neoproterozoic era (542-1000 million years) sediments and is the primeval\u00a0 proof of fossil record for animals but absent the eumetazoans (bilaterian and cnidarians). In <em>Calyx nicaensis<\/em>, Nicasterol was identified.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-103\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-60.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"333\" height=\"469\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-60.png 333w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-60-213x300.png 213w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-60-65x92.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-60-225x317.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 333px) 100vw, 333px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In higher plants, the presence of cholesterol is mostly accepted and detected in vegetal oils in a diminutive percentage (5% of the total sterols) however, a high cholesterol content has been reported in the oil of Camelina (~200 mg per kg). Nevertheless, numerous investigation have divulged the presence of cholesterol in chloroplasts, pollens, higher plant leaves (~72% of the total sterols in that fraction). It is the only sterol of <em>Laurencia paniculata<\/em> and also foremost in most Rhodophyceae algae.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Lanosterol, the common precursor in the synthesis of cholesterol, is also found as a foremost component of the unsaponifiable fraction of wool fat (lanoline, ~15%). <em>Gemmata<\/em> <em>obscuriglobus<\/em>, a bacterium of Planctomycete, is capable to produce lanosterol and its unusual isomer, parkeol. Derivatives of lanosterol have been reported in methanotrophic bacteria. 4- methylcholestan-8 (14), 24-dien-3b-ol, an abundant derivative was first reported in <em>Methylococcus capsulatus <\/em>and afterward in other analogous bacteria.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-104\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-61.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"355\" height=\"254\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-61.png 355w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-61-300x215.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-61-65x47.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-61-225x161.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-61-350x250.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 355px) 100vw, 355px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-105\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-62.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"318\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-62.png 318w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-62-215x300.png 215w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-62-65x91.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-62-225x314.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 318px) 100vw, 318px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Structure of 4-Methylcholestan-8(14), 24-dien-3b-ol<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Compound with lanostane core (lucidenates, ganoderates) have been successfully isolated from a mushroom (<em>Ganoderma lucidum<\/em>). The presence of these sterols have led to the utilization of mushroom for curing bronchitis, cardiovascular, diabetes, gastritis, hepatitis, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension related pathologies in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-106\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-63.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-63.png 360w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-63-300x240.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-63-65x52.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-63-225x180.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-63-350x280.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In animal tissues, 7-dehydrocholesterol is present in minute amounts which get transformed to cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) on UV exposure. 24-dehydrocholesterol (Desmosterol), an intermediate product amid cholesterol and lanosterol is associated with myelination processes with an elevated echelon noticed in the brain of young animals and no desmosterol in adults. In astrocytes and spermatozoa of mammalian cells, it is an abundant membrane component. In red algae, 22-dehydrocholesterol and desmosterol are present in high concentrations. Desmosterolosis is a severe cognitive impairment and developmental defect in humans where desmosterol fails to get converted to cholesterol. In 1943, Gorgosterol was revealed by Bergmann from coral like animals (intracellular photosynthetic dinoflagellate symbionts belonging to zooxanthellae). The inventive structure abides a cyclopropane ring in the sidechain and unusual C-23 methyl groups refurbishing interest in marine sterols. Dinosterol (4a, 23, 24-trimethyl-5a-cholest-22E-en-3b-ol) is a unswerving biomarker usually found in dinoflagellates.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-107\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-64.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"338\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-64.png 338w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-64-234x300.png 234w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-64-65x83.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-64-225x289.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 338px) 100vw, 338px\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>Structure of Dinosterol<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In diatoms, 23-methyl sterols and their sterane counterpart were too explicitly recognized from the Jurassic era onwards.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>Oxysterol<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In the brain tissues, 24S-Hydroxycholesterol (a type of oxysterol) is primarily synthesized. In 1953, it was noticed in horse brain and named as cerebrosterol. 24S-Hydroxycholesterol has been proposed as a biochemical marker for Alzheimer disease protecting formation of b-amyloid peptide found in plaques. Other aspects of oxysterols have also been reviewed and reported.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-108\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-65.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"564\" height=\"255\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-65.png 564w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-65-300x136.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-65-65x29.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-65-225x102.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-65-350x158.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 564px) 100vw, 564px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In animal kingdom, starfishes have oxysterols illustrated by several hydroxylations with no complement. From the <em>Henricia leviuscula<\/em> (a Far Eastern starfish), the structure of 5a-cholestane-hexaol is revealed and specified underneath.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-109\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-66.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"443\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-66.png 443w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-66-300x226.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-66-65x49.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-66-225x169.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-66-350x263.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 443px) 100vw, 443px\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p><em>Chlorinated cholesterol<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">a-chlorohydrins (6-b-chloro-cholestane-(3b, 5a)-diol) and other chlorinated products are generated by myeloperoxidase\u2013H2O2\u2013Cl system after reaction with double bond of cholesterol second ring. Chlorohydrins are relatively firm, and have been found valuable as a lipoproteins markers oxidatively damaged by triggered phagocytes secreting myeloperoxidase. These stuffs were also produced in LDL and membrane of the cell ensuing exposure to myeloperoxidase system or HOCl. The chlorohydrins formation in cells might be unruly to membranes resulting\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">in the lysis of the cell and death. They might also be used as biomarkers for monocyte \/ neutrophil activated oxidative damage.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-110\" src=\"http:\/\/biocp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-67.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"424\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-67.png 424w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-67-300x226.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-67-65x49.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-67-225x170.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/216\/2019\/04\/Untitled-67-350x264.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 424px) 100vw, 424px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong> Summary<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In this lecture we learnt about:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Types of Sterols<\/li>\n<li>Their Presence and Importance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>you can view video on Types of Lipids IV<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/k6UNSG6lFtI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div>\n<p><strong>Weblinks<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cholesterol\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cholesterol<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desmosterol\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desmosterol<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxysterol\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxysterol<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.learnyourlipids.com\/lipids\/\">www.learnyour<strong>lipids<\/strong>.com\/<strong>lipids<\/strong>\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.news-medical.net\/health\/Types-of-Lipids.aspx\">www.news-medical.net\/health\/<strong>Types-of-Lipids<\/strong>.aspx<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.austincc.edu\/emeyerth\/lipids.htm\">http:\/\/www.austincc.edu\/emeyerth\/lipids.htm<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.livestrong.com\/article\/125188-three-types-lipids\/\">http:\/\/www.livestrong.com\/article\/125188-three-types-lipids\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wnK1Kv3XkZI\">www.<strong>youtube<\/strong>.com\/watch?v=wnK1Kv3XkZI<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=U1zP59CeOW8\">www.<strong>youtube<\/strong>.com\/watch?v=U1zP59CeOW8<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=fHpMT7xJR3s\">www.<strong>youtube<\/strong>.com\/watch?v=fHpMT7xJR3s<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=gTbwiHdIkxI\">www.<strong>youtube<\/strong>.com\/watch?v=gTbwiHdIkxI<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=L-gYJaIj5lE\">www.<strong>youtube<\/strong>.com\/watch?v=L-gYJaIj5lE<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=E39t0bvXtzA\">www.<strong>youtube<\/strong>.com\/watch?v=E39t0bvXtzA<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Books<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Biology of Cholesterol and Related Steroids by Myant NB. 2014. Page 856 <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=148328123X\">https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=148328123X<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">2. Cholesterol by Sabine JR. 1977. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=0824765168\">https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=0824765168<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">3. Desmosterol in Human Lactation by Fey MB. 1983. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?id=0e6KNwAACAAJ\">https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?id=0e6KNwAACAAJ<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">4.\u00a0 \u00a0Biochemistry and Function of Sterols by Parish EJ, Nes WD. 1997. Page 194 <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=0849376742\">https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?isbn=0849376742<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">5.\u00a0 \u00a0An Investigation of Lanosterol 14[alpha]-demethylase by Zadlo JR. 1991. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?id=3W7nPgAACAAJ\">https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books?id=3W7nPgAACAAJ<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Journals<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Deuel HJ. Lipid metabolism. Calif Med. 1950 Apr; 72 (4): 197-200.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Vainio, S.; Jansen, M.; Koivusalo, M.; Rog, T.; Karttunen, M.; Vattulainen, I.; Ikonen, E. 2005. Significance of Sterol Structural Specificity: DESMOSTEROL CANNOT REPLACE CHOLESTEROL IN LIPID RAFTS. <em>Journal of Biological Chemistry<\/em> <strong>281<\/strong> (1): 348\u2013355.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Keber, R.; Rozman, D.; Horvat, S. 2012. Sterols in spermatogenesis and sperm maturation. <em>The Journal<\/em> <em>of Lipid Research <\/em><strong>54<\/strong> (1): 20\u201333.Schroepfer, GJ, Jr. 2000. Oxysterols: modulators of cholesterol metabolism and other processes. <em>Physiological reviews<\/em> <strong>80<\/strong> (1): 361\u2013554.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Bj\u00f6rkhem, I. 2002. Do oxysterols control cholesterol homeostasis? <em>The Journal of Clinical Investigation<\/em> <strong>110 <\/strong>(6): 725\u201330.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Ingemar Bj\u00f6rkhem; Ulf Diczfalusy (2002). Oxysterols: Friends, Foes, or Just Fellow Passengers\u00a0<em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology <\/em><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">22<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> (5): 734\u201342.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Russell DW. 2000. Oxysterol biosynthetic enzymes. <em>Biochim. Biophys. Acta<\/em> <strong>1529<\/strong> (1\u20133): 126\u201335.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">E. J. Corey, W. E. Russey, P. R. Ortiz de Montellano. 1966. 2,3-Oxidosqualene, an Intermediate in the Biological Synthesis of Sterols from Squalene. <em>Journal of the American Chemical Society<\/em> <strong>88<\/strong> (20): 4750\u20134751.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Wright AD, Goclik E, K\u00f6nig GM. Oxygenated analogues of gorgosterol and ergosterol from the soft coral Capnella lacertiliensis. J Nat Prod. 2003 Feb; 66 (2): 157-60.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["dr-suaib-luqman"],"pb_section_license":""},"front-matter-type":[],"contributor":[58],"license":[],"class_list":["post-101","front-matter","type-front-matter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-dr-suaib-luqman"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/101","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/front-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/101\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":113,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/101\/revisions\/113"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/101\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=101"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"front-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter-type?post=101"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=101"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/biocp05\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=101"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}