{"id":85,"date":"2019-03-28T05:09:30","date_gmt":"2019-03-28T05:09:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/antp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=85"},"modified":"2019-03-28T05:36:38","modified_gmt":"2019-03-28T05:36:38","slug":"nuptiality-concepts-and-measures","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp12\/chapter\/nuptiality-concepts-and-measures\/","title":{"rendered":"Nuptiality: Concepts and measures"},"content":{"raw":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Hqd-meLrPjg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">LEARNING OBJECTIVES<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The chapter focuses on the key concepts of marriage and Cohabiation <\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">It states the benefits, legality and types of marriage<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>It makes us understand about the various measures involved in nuptiality process.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 TABLE OF CONTENTS\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Introduction to Nuptiality\r\n\r\n2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Marriage and Cohabitation\r\n\r\n3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Benefits of Marriage\r\n\r\n4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Types of Marriage\r\n\r\n5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Legal Aspects of Marriage\r\n\r\n6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sources of Marriage Data\r\n\r\n6.1)Vital Registration System\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">6.2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Life Neighbourhood History Calender<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">6.3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ethnographhic Method<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 General Measures of Nuptiality Process <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">7.1)Crude Marriage Rate<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">7.2) General Marriage Rate<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">7.3) Age Specific Marriage Rate<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">7.4) Order Specific Marriage Rate<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">7.5) First order specific Marriage Rate<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">7.6) Total Marriage Rate<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">7.7) Total First Marriage Rate<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">7.8) Singulate Mean Age at Marriage<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">7.9) Gross Nuptiality Table<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">8)\u00a0 Standardisation of Nuptiality Measures <\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Introduction<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Demography can be defined as <\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The study of populations, with special reference to size and density,<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">fertility, mortality, growth, age distribution, migration, and vital statistics with the integration of all these with social and economic conditions<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">The family is one of the fundamental social institutions in all societies, although its definition varies from place to place and time to time. Marriage is termed as the legal contract between two individuals to form a sexual, productive and reproductive union. This union is well examined by family, society, religious institutions and legal system. It defines the relationship of the two individuals to each other., to any children they might have, to their extended families . The key feautures of marriage include a legal binding, long term contract, sexual exclusivity , shared residence, co residence and joint production. Spouses acquire rights and responsibilities with marriage.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Marriage<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, also called<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> matrimony <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">or<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> wedlock<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, is a socially or ritually recognized union between <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spouse\">spouses <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">that establishes rights and obligations between them, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws. The definition of marriage varies according to different cultures, but it is principally an <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Institution\">institution <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">in which interpersonal relationships, usually <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_sexual_activity\">sexual, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">are acknowledged. In some cultures, marriage is recommended or considered to be compulsory <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premarital_sex\">before<\/a> <a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premarital_sex\">pursuing any sexual activity. <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">When defined broadly, marriage is considered a <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cultural_universal\">cultural universal.<\/a><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Individuals may marry for several reasons, including legal, social, <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libido\">libidinal, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">emotional, financial, <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spirituality\">spiritual, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">and religious purposes. Whom they marry may be influenced by <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Incest_taboo\">socially<\/a> <a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Incest_taboo\">determined rules of incest, <\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alliance_theory\">prescriptive marriage rules, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">parental choice and individual desire. In some areas of the world, <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arranged_marriage\">arranged marriage, <\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Child_marriage\">child marriage, <\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polygamy\">polygamy, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">and sometimes <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forced_marriage\">forced marriage, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">may be practiced as a cultural tradition. Conversely, such practices may be outlawed and penalized in parts of the world out of concerns for women's rights and because of international law. In developed parts of the world, there has been a general trend towards ensuring <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Women%27s_rights\">equal rights <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">within marriage for women and\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">legally recognizing the marriages of <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interfaith_marriage\">interfaith <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">or <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interracial_marriage\">interracial, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">and <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Same-sex_marriage\">same-sex <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">couples. These trends coincide with the broader <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_rights_movement\">human rights movement.<\/a><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Marriage can be recognized by a <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_(polity)\">state, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">an <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Organization\">organization, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">a religious authority, a <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tribe\">tribal group, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">a local <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Community\">community, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">or peers. It is often viewed as a <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Contract\">contract. <\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Civil_marriage\">Civil marriage, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">which does not exist in some countries, is marriage without religious content carried out by a government institution in accordance with the <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marriage_law\">marriage laws <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">of the jurisdiction, and recognised as creating the rights and obligations intrinsic to matrimony. Marriages can be performed in a secular <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Civil_marriage\">civil ceremony <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">or in a religious setting via a <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wedding\">wedding <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">ceremony. The act of marriage usually creates <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Normative\">normative <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">or legal obligations between the individuals involved, and any offspring they may produce. In terms of legal recognition, most sovereign states and other jurisdictions limit marriage to <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heterosexuality\">opposite-sex <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">couples and a diminishing number of these permit <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polygyny\">polygyny, <\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Child_marriage\">child marriages, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">and <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forced_marriage\">forced marriages. <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Over the twentieth century, a growing number of countries and other jurisdictions have lifted bans on and have established legal recognition for <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interracial_marriage\">interracial marriage, <\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interfaith_marriage\">interfaith marriage, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">and most recently, <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Same-sex_marriage\">gender-<\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Same-sex_marriage\">neutral marriage. <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Some cultures allow the dissolution of marriage through <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce\">divorce <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">or <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Annulment\">annulment. <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In some areas, child marriages and polygamy may occur in spite of national laws against the practice.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Marriage and Cohabiatation<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Many contemporary couple start to live together in the same residence without marrying. In some societies and countries this practice is socially recognised form of partnership due to its stable and permanent affirmative nature. Cohabitation refers to be more of a stage in the courtship process. Among unmarried heterosexual cohabiatation has become very common as majority of marriages are\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">preceeded by this practice. The similarity between marriage and cohabitation is quite apparent as they both are like romantic coresidential unions but it also differs in many ways as it requires no formal , socially recognised, legally enforeceable commitment for the long term. Cohabiting couples are moreover like married couples to commingle their financial resourses, they are less likely to share the leisure time and a social life and are less likely to have children and are also less likely to remain together forever.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Cohabitation is said to be less institutionalised than marriage, specially in countries like United States and other countries. The various requirements for establishing or ending a cohabiting union are minimal with no legal or religious communities to abide them. An uncertainity about the nature of the relationship exists and its future seems to lead to a lower level of commitment leading to a lower level of relationship happiness and lower level of emotional well being especially for cohabiting women with children.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">A dramatic rise in cohabitation can be seen in many socities as it focuses on a long term social change, including rising individualism and secularism. An increase in terms of economy, especially women\u2019s increased labor force participation and liberalization of attitudes towards gender roles have also contributed to the cohabitation patterns. Accounting to these changes, there is also a change in the attitudes and value away from responsibility to others and towards individual goal attainment which away from patriarchal authority and is towards egalitarianism.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Cohabitation can also act as an alternative to be single or to get married. It tends to play different roles in an individuals life. It depends on economic and social circumstances, age of the cohabitations or the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">previous marital status. In US unmarried women cohabiting together avail the maximum amount of contraceptive usage. It is important to know that findings refer to women in specific cohort and it has to be applied in various cultural context.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Benefits of marriage<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">As a result of the features, marriage changes the behaviour of spouses and therby their well being. It is said that married people have better mental and physical health than single people. The social support provided by a spouse, combined with the economic resources produced by the marriage, facilitates both the production and maintenance of health. A key function of marriage is the bearing and raising of children. The institution of marriage directs the resources of the spouses and their extended families towards the couples children , increasing child well being.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Marriage Types<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Marriage demographers in developing countries are also interested in consensual unions referring to cohabiting unions, living together relationships, de facto marriages and also de facto relationships. These unions incorporate cohabitation of heterosexual partners and they tend to vary greatly in the degree of mutual commitment of the cohabiting parties. In some adverse situations one or both the parties is unable to marry because of inability to dissolve the previous marriage. Consensual marriages are not conferred to the precursors of marriage, but it can be taken as an alternative to marriage which is devoid of least marital character of abiding with law.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Many developing countries have also recognised the living apart together relationships were, couples are in intimate relationships but are not co- residential. The reasons for this kind of cohabitation can be\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">many. Stating one among them is the pragmatic approach, where the decision to live apart might be due to different working locations, or couples can\u2019t afford to live together. In some cases, the values of autonomy is recognised were both the couples can not jeopardise their way of thinking but can enjoy the level of intimacy within.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Conjugal unions is referred to the combination of formal marriages indicating to all stable co-residential sexual unions. Strictly, demographers believe in conducting analysis of all conjugal unions.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Legal Aspects of Marriage<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Marriage differs from the other less formal, relationships, primarily in legal status as it is a legally binded contract. The treatment of marriage in the law shapes the institution. Permanance, joint production, coresidence, social recognition of sexual and child bearing union are among the most important characteristics of the institution of marriage. Because the couple legally bind with each other to live and work together for their joint well being of each other. The institution of marriage frosters and builds trust.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Marriage laws<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The laws surrounding marriage in many countries contradict the various international standards of human rights, institutionalise violence against women, <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Child_marriage\">child marriage <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">and forced marriage. Women after marriage requires the permission of a husband for his wife to work in a paid job, sign various legal documents, file criminal charges against someone or sue in civil court etc. These things were legal in many Western countries like <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France\">France, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">where the married women obtained the right to work without their husband's permission in the year 196. A married woman needed her husband's consent, referred\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">to as the <\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">permiso marital<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, for almost all economic activities, including employment, ownership of property, and even traveling away from home. The state of <\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">permiso marital<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> was abolished in 1975.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">An absolute submission of a wife to her husband is accepted as natural in many parts of the world, for instance surveys by UNICEF have shown that the percentage of women aged 15\u201349 who think that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife under certain circumstances is as high as 90% in Afghanistan and Jordan, 87% in Mali, 86% in Guinea and Timor-Leste, 81% in Laos, 80% in Central African Republic.<\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marriage#cite_note-186\">[181] <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Detailed results from Afghanistan show that 78.4% of women agree with a beating if the wife \"goes out without telling him [the husband]\" and 76.2% agree \"if she argues with him\".<\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marriage#cite_note-187\">[182]<\/a><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Throughout history, and still today in many countries, laws have provided for <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mitigating_circumstances\">mitigating<\/a> <a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mitigating_circumstances\">circumstances, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">partial or complete defenses, for men who killed their wives due to adultery, with such acts often being seen as <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crimes_of_passion\">crimes of passion <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">and being covered by legal defenses such as <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Provocation_(legal)\">provocation <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">or defense of <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Honor_killing\">family honor. <\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marriage#cite_note-188\">[183]<\/a><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Right and ability to divorce<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The various international law and conventions recognizes the need for consent for entering a marriage<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u2013 as one cannot be forced to get married against their will ; therefore holding a person in a marriage against their will. It is not considered as a violation of human rights if a person has properly consented before entering into such unions. The ability to divorce continues to be a controversial issue in many countries. The public discourse involves different ideologies such as feminism, social conservatism, religious interpretations.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Sources of Marriage Data.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Vital Registration System<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In many countries the marriage of couples are recognised by several religious and civil marriage ceremonies. These are required to be registered with a governmental agencies and are regularly updated and released in the form of registration data. These data are yielded by administrative proceedings and are further used for analysis of trends and patterns of marriage. These data are concerned marriage events and adopt a particular, legalistic definition of marriage. Census data focus on the status of individuals as married or not married at the time of the census count and rely on the respondents perception of which category they fit into.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Sample surveys is considered among the third source of marriage. If utilising a similar question focussed on the current status, these may define marriage as census does. The survey methods are frequently used by Scholars, policy makers and governmental statistical agencies.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data on key family events, including birth, marriage, divorce has been collected through the registration of these events with religious institutions or governmental agencies. A difference lies between states in the information collected and making these data less than ideal for studying marriage.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Life Neighbhourhood History Calender-<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> The life history calendar was developed in order to assist the various retrospective accounts of life experiences. It uses a combination of chart that combines he record of a number of event histories sample, migration, labor force participation, education, marriage, cohabitation. A single format places calendar year in the columns of the chart and also events in the rows. The cells might contain information on a specific transition, with horizontal line indicating an\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">ongoing state, such as an intact marriage. The respondents memory can be improved by using the life history calendar method. A respondents might use memorable events such as marriage or school education to recall the various timmings of the change or occurance and transition of events. The use of calendar seems to improve the interviewers, ability to collect collect accurate and complete data across various domains diminishing the gap. The Neighborhood History calendar is a further extention to Life History which allows the researcher to collect contextual event history data in the local environment. This method allows the direct collection of measures of the local context and changes in it permits the researcher to distinguish between contexts that have similar characteristics.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Ethnographic Methods<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Survey research, vital statistics and historical data configures the general picture of families and their members. These sources of the data do not uncover much details about daily lives in families, decision making and various interactions between its members. The complexities of family members living and cohabiting together can be studied by ethnographic method, where the sole role of researcher is to stay together with the respondents. Ethnographic method allows the researchers to place families in the cultural, social, economic and community context to uncover and incorporate unusual family characteristics. It listens to the voices of the respondents and to also tell their own stories. The volume of information collected from each family restricts the researcher to a relatively small sample and doesn\u2019t supports the generalisation of ideas. The strengths of ethnographic data includes the richness of information and its vividness of the picture of family life.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">General measures of the Nuptiality Processes<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The most basic measure of the intensity of the process of marriage is Crude Marriage Rate and is previously defined as follows<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Crude marriage Rates<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">CMR= (M\/P) x 1000<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Where, M= Marriage during the year y<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 P= Mid year population in the year y.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Like other Crude rates CMR is listed to have major deficiencies and has to be maintained more cautiously in refining its calculation. Denominator includes individuals who cannot possibly contribute to its numerator- they are too young or assuming the marriage system is monogamous and is already married.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">General marriage Rate<\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">-<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">It is an initial refinement were the denominator is a measure of the true population at risk, or the marriageable population. A meaure excludes persons under the legal minimum age for marriage and those older persons who already are married. It is usually suggested that GMR should be calculated separately for both males and females.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">GMR is initially equated by<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">GMR= (M\/P<\/strong><sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial\">m<\/strong><\/sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">) X 1000<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 Where,\r\n\r\nM= Marriage during year y\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nPm= the mean marriageable population of given sex\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nGeneral Marriage Rate for Men and Women\u2013 specific marriage rates can be calculated for both males and females\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>General Marriage rate for Females<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>GMR<\/strong><sub><strong>f<\/strong><\/sub> <strong>=\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"> <strong>M<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span> \u00a0 \u00a0<strong>*1000<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>P<\/strong><sup><strong>f<\/strong><\/sup><strong>15+<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>General Marriage Rate for Men (GMR<\/strong><strong>m<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>GMR<\/strong><sub><strong>m<\/strong><\/sub> <strong>=<\/strong>\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"> \u00a0 \u00a0<strong>M<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span> \u00a0<strong>*1000<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>P<\/strong><sup><strong>m<\/strong><\/sup><strong>15+<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Note: GMR<\/strong><strong>f<\/strong><strong> \u2260 GMR<\/strong><sub><strong>m<\/strong><\/sub><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Age Specific Marriage Rates<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nUsing the life table type notation, we can commonly use age specific marriage rates.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial\">n<\/strong><\/sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">SASMR<\/strong><sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial\">x<\/strong><\/sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">= (<\/strong><sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial\">n<\/strong><\/sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">M<\/strong><sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial\">x<\/strong><\/sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\/<\/strong><sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial\">n<\/strong><\/sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">P<\/strong><sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial\">x<\/strong><\/sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">)1000<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nwhere x= the lower limit of the age group for which marriage rate is being calculated.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nn= the width of that age group in years\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nnMx= the number of marriages of males or females aged between x and x+n years during\u00a0 year y\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nnPx= the mean male or female population aged between x and x+n years in year y.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nthese rates includes already married persons who are not at a risk of marrying during the end of the year y.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nASMR\u2014Number of marriages per 1,000 women (or men) of age \u201ca\u201d \u0160\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"> <strong>Ma\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><strong> *1000<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Wa<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nWhere Ma = Number of marriages to women of age \u201ca\u201d\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nWa = Mid-year population of women of age \u201ca\u201d\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Order-Specific Marriage Rate (OSMR)<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">OSMR\u2014Number of order \u201ci\u201d marriages per 1,000 persons age 15 and older with marriage order \u201ci-1\u201d \u0160<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"> \u00a0 \u00a0M<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>i<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>*1000<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">P<\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">115<\/strong> <strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">i-1<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Where Mi = Number of marria ges of order \u201ci\u201d\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nP115 i-1 = Mid-year population age 15+ with marriage order \u201ci-1\u201d\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Order-Specific Marriage Rate (OSMR)<\/strong> \u0160\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>OSMR is normally sex-specific .<\/li>\r\n \t<li>It can also be age-specific<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nOSMR for Women\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 M<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>i<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> <strong>*1000<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>W<\/strong><strong>15+<\/strong> <strong>i-1<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nOSMR for Men\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u00a0 \u00a0 M\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> <\/strong><strong>*1000<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>P<\/strong><strong>15+<\/strong> <strong>m,i-1<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>First Order-Specific Marriage Rate<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nFirst order-specific marriage rate is used for a nuptiality life table\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 M1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">*1000<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">P<\/strong><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">15+<\/strong> <strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">s<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Where M1\u00a0 = Number of first marriages\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>P<\/strong><strong>15+<\/strong> <strong>s<\/strong> = Mid-year population of never-married (single) persons \u0160\r\n\r\nNote: Is usually calculated sex-specific 1000 P M s 15 1 \u2217 + 19\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Age-Order Specific Marriage Rate (AOSMR)<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nLet Mia\u00a0 = Number of marriages of order \u201ci\u201d to women (or men) of age \u201ca\u201d\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nPi-1a = Mid-year population of women (or men) of age \u201ca\u201d who are at marriage order \u201ci-1\u201d\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Total Marriage Rate (TMR)<\/strong> Total Marriage Rate\u2014Total number of marriages a person will have at the end of his\/her marriageable age if he\/she follows the given schedule of marriage<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-90\" src=\"http:\/\/antp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/192\/2019\/03\/Untitled-21.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"90\" height=\"65\" \/>\r\n\r\n<strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">8)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Total First Marriage Rate (TMFR)<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-91\" src=\"http:\/\/antp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/192\/2019\/03\/Untitled-22.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"111\" height=\"61\" \/>\r\n\r\nTFMR \u2264 1.0 for cohort rate, but period rate can be above 1.0\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>TMR<\/strong><strong>m<\/strong><strong> &gt;TMR<\/strong><strong>f<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nNote: TMR - TFMR = TRMR (Total remarriage rate)\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nSources of Marriage data\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n9)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Singulate Mean Age at Marriage (SMAM)<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Estimate of the mean age at first marriage approximated by indirect method from cross-sectional data on marital status by Mean age at marriage of women marrying before they reach 50 Basic assumptions:<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The change in the proportion single from age \u201cx\u201d to age \u201cx+1\u201d is a measure of the proportion of a birth cohort who married at that age if no woman dies between her 15th and 55th birthday<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The risk of marriage has remained constant (otherwise we estimate the mean for some average cohort)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Let Si, Sj= Proportions of women single at ages i, j, then<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-92\" src=\"http:\/\/antp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/192\/2019\/03\/Untitled-23.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"613\" height=\"183\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Other Measures<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Mean and median ages (of first marriage, of remarriages)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Percent single<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Age of groom by age of bride<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Duration of marriage<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 Standardization<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nMost of the marriage measures can and should be standardized for comparisons\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Can be done by direct or indirect method<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Used for comparative marriage analyses<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 10)\u00a0 <strong>Gross Nuptiality Table<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Assumes no person dies before passing through the marriageable ages<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Same techniques as in life table construction<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Allows one to determine what proportion of a cohort of single persons would be married at various ages assuming that the marriage rates used continues to prevail and there is no mortality<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Takes into account mortality as well as marriage<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Indicates the pace at which a group of single persons is decreased annually by marriage and death.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 Summary<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The family is one of the fundamental social institutions in all societies, although its definition varies from place to place and time to time. Marriage is termed as the legal contract between two individuals to form a sexual, productive and reproductive union.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">Marriage<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">, also called<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\"> matrimony <\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">or<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\"> wedlock<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">, is a socially or ritually recognized union between <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spouse\">spouses <\/a><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">that establishes rights and obligations between them, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Individuals may marry for several reasons, including legal, social, <a style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libido\">libidinal, <\/a><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">emotional, financial, <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spirituality\">spiritual, <\/a><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">and religious purposes. Whom they marry may be influenced by <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Incest_taboo\">socially<\/a> <a style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Incest_taboo\">determined rules of incest, <\/a><a style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alliance_theory\">prescriptive marriage rules, <\/a><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">parental choice and individual desire.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Cohabitation is said to be less institutionalised than marriage, specially in countries like United States and other countries. The various requirements for establishing or ending a cohabiting union are minimal with no legal or religious communities to abide them.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">In many countries the marriage of couples are recognised by several religious and civil marriage ceremonies. Sample surveys is considered among the third source of marriage. If utilising a similar question focussed on the current status, these may define marriage as census does.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The most of the marriage measures taken into consideration are Crude Marriage Rate, General Marriage Rate, Total Marriage Rate, Age Specific Marriage Rate, order Age specific marriage rate and Singulate Mean Age at marriage.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>you can view video on Nuptiality: Concepts and measures<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Hqd-meLrPjg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 Suggested Readings<\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Bongaarts, J. (1978). A framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of fertility. <em>Population and development review<\/em>, 105-132.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Bongaarts, J., &amp; Potter, R. E. (2013). <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Fertility, biology, and behavior: An analysis of the<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">proximate determinants<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Academic Press.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Bulatao, R. A. (Ed.). (1983). Determinants of fertility in developing countries: a summary of knowledge. National Academy.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Carmichael, G. A. (2016). <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Fundamentals of demographic analysis: Concepts, measures and<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">methods<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Springer.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Hinde A (1998). <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Demographic Methods<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. London: Arnold Publishers.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Kleinman, D. S. (1980). <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Human adaptation and population growth: a non-Malthusian<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">perspective<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Rowman &amp; Littlefield.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">National Academy of Sciences (US). Office of the Foreign Secretary. (1971). <em>Rapid population<\/em> <em>growth: consequences and policy implications <\/em>(Vol. 1). National Academy of Sciences.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Nisbet, R. M., &amp; Gurney, W. (2003). <em>Modelling fluctuating populations: reprint of first Edition<\/em> <em>(1982)<\/em>. Blackburn Press.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Preston SH, Heuveline P and Guillot M (2001). <em> Measuring and Modelling<\/em> <em>Population Processes. <\/em>Oxford: Blakwell.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Renshaw, E. (1993). <em>Modelling biological populations in space and time<\/em> (Vol. 11). Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Hqd-meLrPjg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">LEARNING OBJECTIVES<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The chapter focuses on the key concepts of marriage and Cohabiation <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">It states the benefits, legality and types of marriage<\/span><\/li>\n<li>It makes us understand about the various measures involved in nuptiality process.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Introduction to Nuptiality<\/p>\n<p>2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Marriage and Cohabitation<\/p>\n<p>3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Benefits of Marriage<\/p>\n<p>4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Types of Marriage<\/p>\n<p>5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Legal Aspects of Marriage<\/p>\n<p>6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sources of Marriage Data<\/p>\n<p>6.1)Vital Registration System<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">6.2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Life Neighbourhood History Calender<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">6.3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ethnographhic Method<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 General Measures of Nuptiality Process <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">7.1)Crude Marriage Rate<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">7.2) General Marriage Rate<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">7.3) Age Specific Marriage Rate<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">7.4) Order Specific Marriage Rate<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">7.5) First order specific Marriage Rate<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">7.6) Total Marriage Rate<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">7.7) Total First Marriage Rate<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">7.8) Singulate Mean Age at Marriage<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">7.9) Gross Nuptiality Table<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">8)\u00a0 Standardisation of Nuptiality Measures <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Introduction<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Demography can be defined as <\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The study of populations, with special reference to size and density,<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">fertility, mortality, growth, age distribution, migration, and vital statistics with the integration of all these with social and economic conditions<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">The family is one of the fundamental social institutions in all societies, although its definition varies from place to place and time to time. Marriage is termed as the legal contract between two individuals to form a sexual, productive and reproductive union. This union is well examined by family, society, religious institutions and legal system. It defines the relationship of the two individuals to each other., to any children they might have, to their extended families . The key feautures of marriage include a legal binding, long term contract, sexual exclusivity , shared residence, co residence and joint production. Spouses acquire rights and responsibilities with marriage.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Marriage<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, also called<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> matrimony <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">or<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> wedlock<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, is a socially or ritually recognized union between <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spouse\">spouses <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">that establishes rights and obligations between them, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws. The definition of marriage varies according to different cultures, but it is principally an <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Institution\">institution <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">in which interpersonal relationships, usually <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_sexual_activity\">sexual, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">are acknowledged. In some cultures, marriage is recommended or considered to be compulsory <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premarital_sex\">before<\/a> <a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premarital_sex\">pursuing any sexual activity. <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">When defined broadly, marriage is considered a <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cultural_universal\">cultural universal.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Individuals may marry for several reasons, including legal, social, <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libido\">libidinal, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">emotional, financial, <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spirituality\">spiritual, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">and religious purposes. Whom they marry may be influenced by <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Incest_taboo\">socially<\/a> <a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Incest_taboo\">determined rules of incest, <\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alliance_theory\">prescriptive marriage rules, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">parental choice and individual desire. In some areas of the world, <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arranged_marriage\">arranged marriage, <\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Child_marriage\">child marriage, <\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polygamy\">polygamy, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">and sometimes <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forced_marriage\">forced marriage, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">may be practiced as a cultural tradition. Conversely, such practices may be outlawed and penalized in parts of the world out of concerns for women&#8217;s rights and because of international law. In developed parts of the world, there has been a general trend towards ensuring <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Women%27s_rights\">equal rights <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">within marriage for women and\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">legally recognizing the marriages of <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interfaith_marriage\">interfaith <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">or <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interracial_marriage\">interracial, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">and <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Same-sex_marriage\">same-sex <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">couples. These trends coincide with the broader <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_rights_movement\">human rights movement.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Marriage can be recognized by a <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_(polity)\">state, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">an <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Organization\">organization, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">a religious authority, a <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tribe\">tribal group, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">a local <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Community\">community, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">or peers. It is often viewed as a <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Contract\">contract. <\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Civil_marriage\">Civil marriage, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">which does not exist in some countries, is marriage without religious content carried out by a government institution in accordance with the <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marriage_law\">marriage laws <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">of the jurisdiction, and recognised as creating the rights and obligations intrinsic to matrimony. Marriages can be performed in a secular <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Civil_marriage\">civil ceremony <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">or in a religious setting via a <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wedding\">wedding <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">ceremony. The act of marriage usually creates <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Normative\">normative <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">or legal obligations between the individuals involved, and any offspring they may produce. In terms of legal recognition, most sovereign states and other jurisdictions limit marriage to <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heterosexuality\">opposite-sex <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">couples and a diminishing number of these permit <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polygyny\">polygyny, <\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Child_marriage\">child marriages, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">and <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forced_marriage\">forced marriages. <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Over the twentieth century, a growing number of countries and other jurisdictions have lifted bans on and have established legal recognition for <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interracial_marriage\">interracial marriage, <\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interfaith_marriage\">interfaith marriage, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">and most recently, <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Same-sex_marriage\">gender-<\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Same-sex_marriage\">neutral marriage. <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Some cultures allow the dissolution of marriage through <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce\">divorce <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">or <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Annulment\">annulment. <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In some areas, child marriages and polygamy may occur in spite of national laws against the practice.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Marriage and Cohabiatation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Many contemporary couple start to live together in the same residence without marrying. In some societies and countries this practice is socially recognised form of partnership due to its stable and permanent affirmative nature. Cohabitation refers to be more of a stage in the courtship process. Among unmarried heterosexual cohabiatation has become very common as majority of marriages are\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">preceeded by this practice. The similarity between marriage and cohabitation is quite apparent as they both are like romantic coresidential unions but it also differs in many ways as it requires no formal , socially recognised, legally enforeceable commitment for the long term. Cohabiting couples are moreover like married couples to commingle their financial resourses, they are less likely to share the leisure time and a social life and are less likely to have children and are also less likely to remain together forever.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Cohabitation is said to be less institutionalised than marriage, specially in countries like United States and other countries. The various requirements for establishing or ending a cohabiting union are minimal with no legal or religious communities to abide them. An uncertainity about the nature of the relationship exists and its future seems to lead to a lower level of commitment leading to a lower level of relationship happiness and lower level of emotional well being especially for cohabiting women with children.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">A dramatic rise in cohabitation can be seen in many socities as it focuses on a long term social change, including rising individualism and secularism. An increase in terms of economy, especially women\u2019s increased labor force participation and liberalization of attitudes towards gender roles have also contributed to the cohabitation patterns. Accounting to these changes, there is also a change in the attitudes and value away from responsibility to others and towards individual goal attainment which away from patriarchal authority and is towards egalitarianism.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Cohabitation can also act as an alternative to be single or to get married. It tends to play different roles in an individuals life. It depends on economic and social circumstances, age of the cohabitations or the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">previous marital status. In US unmarried women cohabiting together avail the maximum amount of contraceptive usage. It is important to know that findings refer to women in specific cohort and it has to be applied in various cultural context.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Benefits of marriage<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">As a result of the features, marriage changes the behaviour of spouses and therby their well being. It is said that married people have better mental and physical health than single people. The social support provided by a spouse, combined with the economic resources produced by the marriage, facilitates both the production and maintenance of health. A key function of marriage is the bearing and raising of children. The institution of marriage directs the resources of the spouses and their extended families towards the couples children , increasing child well being.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Marriage Types<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Marriage demographers in developing countries are also interested in consensual unions referring to cohabiting unions, living together relationships, de facto marriages and also de facto relationships. These unions incorporate cohabitation of heterosexual partners and they tend to vary greatly in the degree of mutual commitment of the cohabiting parties. In some adverse situations one or both the parties is unable to marry because of inability to dissolve the previous marriage. Consensual marriages are not conferred to the precursors of marriage, but it can be taken as an alternative to marriage which is devoid of least marital character of abiding with law.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Many developing countries have also recognised the living apart together relationships were, couples are in intimate relationships but are not co- residential. The reasons for this kind of cohabitation can be\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">many. Stating one among them is the pragmatic approach, where the decision to live apart might be due to different working locations, or couples can\u2019t afford to live together. In some cases, the values of autonomy is recognised were both the couples can not jeopardise their way of thinking but can enjoy the level of intimacy within.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Conjugal unions is referred to the combination of formal marriages indicating to all stable co-residential sexual unions. Strictly, demographers believe in conducting analysis of all conjugal unions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Legal Aspects of Marriage<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Marriage differs from the other less formal, relationships, primarily in legal status as it is a legally binded contract. The treatment of marriage in the law shapes the institution. Permanance, joint production, coresidence, social recognition of sexual and child bearing union are among the most important characteristics of the institution of marriage. Because the couple legally bind with each other to live and work together for their joint well being of each other. The institution of marriage frosters and builds trust.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Marriage laws<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The laws surrounding marriage in many countries contradict the various international standards of human rights, institutionalise violence against women, <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Child_marriage\">child marriage <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">and forced marriage. Women after marriage requires the permission of a husband for his wife to work in a paid job, sign various legal documents, file criminal charges against someone or sue in civil court etc. These things were legal in many Western countries like <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France\">France, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">where the married women obtained the right to work without their husband&#8217;s permission in the year 196. A married woman needed her husband&#8217;s consent, referred\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">to as the <\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">permiso marital<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, for almost all economic activities, including employment, ownership of property, and even traveling away from home. The state of <\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">permiso marital<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> was abolished in 1975.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">An absolute submission of a wife to her husband is accepted as natural in many parts of the world, for instance surveys by UNICEF have shown that the percentage of women aged 15\u201349 who think that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife under certain circumstances is as high as 90% in Afghanistan and Jordan, 87% in Mali, 86% in Guinea and Timor-Leste, 81% in Laos, 80% in Central African Republic.<\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marriage#cite_note-186\">[181] <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Detailed results from Afghanistan show that 78.4% of women agree with a beating if the wife &#8220;goes out without telling him [the husband]&#8221; and 76.2% agree &#8220;if she argues with him&#8221;.<\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marriage#cite_note-187\">[182]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Throughout history, and still today in many countries, laws have provided for <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mitigating_circumstances\">mitigating<\/a> <a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mitigating_circumstances\">circumstances, <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">partial or complete defenses, for men who killed their wives due to adultery, with such acts often being seen as <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crimes_of_passion\">crimes of passion <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">and being covered by legal defenses such as <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Provocation_(legal)\">provocation <\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">or defense of <\/span><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Honor_killing\">family honor. <\/a><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marriage#cite_note-188\">[183]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Right and ability to divorce<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The various international law and conventions recognizes the need for consent for entering a marriage<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u2013 as one cannot be forced to get married against their will ; therefore holding a person in a marriage against their will. It is not considered as a violation of human rights if a person has properly consented before entering into such unions. The ability to divorce continues to be a controversial issue in many countries. The public discourse involves different ideologies such as feminism, social conservatism, religious interpretations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Sources of Marriage Data.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Vital Registration System<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In many countries the marriage of couples are recognised by several religious and civil marriage ceremonies. These are required to be registered with a governmental agencies and are regularly updated and released in the form of registration data. These data are yielded by administrative proceedings and are further used for analysis of trends and patterns of marriage. These data are concerned marriage events and adopt a particular, legalistic definition of marriage. Census data focus on the status of individuals as married or not married at the time of the census count and rely on the respondents perception of which category they fit into.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Sample surveys is considered among the third source of marriage. If utilising a similar question focussed on the current status, these may define marriage as census does. The survey methods are frequently used by Scholars, policy makers and governmental statistical agencies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Data on key family events, including birth, marriage, divorce has been collected through the registration of these events with religious institutions or governmental agencies. A difference lies between states in the information collected and making these data less than ideal for studying marriage.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Life Neighbhourhood History Calender-<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> The life history calendar was developed in order to assist the various retrospective accounts of life experiences. It uses a combination of chart that combines he record of a number of event histories sample, migration, labor force participation, education, marriage, cohabitation. A single format places calendar year in the columns of the chart and also events in the rows. The cells might contain information on a specific transition, with horizontal line indicating an\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">ongoing state, such as an intact marriage. The respondents memory can be improved by using the life history calendar method. A respondents might use memorable events such as marriage or school education to recall the various timmings of the change or occurance and transition of events. The use of calendar seems to improve the interviewers, ability to collect collect accurate and complete data across various domains diminishing the gap. The Neighborhood History calendar is a further extention to Life History which allows the researcher to collect contextual event history data in the local environment. This method allows the direct collection of measures of the local context and changes in it permits the researcher to distinguish between contexts that have similar characteristics.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Ethnographic Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Survey research, vital statistics and historical data configures the general picture of families and their members. These sources of the data do not uncover much details about daily lives in families, decision making and various interactions between its members. The complexities of family members living and cohabiting together can be studied by ethnographic method, where the sole role of researcher is to stay together with the respondents. Ethnographic method allows the researchers to place families in the cultural, social, economic and community context to uncover and incorporate unusual family characteristics. It listens to the voices of the respondents and to also tell their own stories. The volume of information collected from each family restricts the researcher to a relatively small sample and doesn\u2019t supports the generalisation of ideas. The strengths of ethnographic data includes the richness of information and its vividness of the picture of family life.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">General measures of the Nuptiality Processes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The most basic measure of the intensity of the process of marriage is Crude Marriage Rate and is previously defined as follows<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Crude marriage Rates<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">CMR= (M\/P) x 1000<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Where, M= Marriage during the year y<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 P= Mid year population in the year y.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Like other Crude rates CMR is listed to have major deficiencies and has to be maintained more cautiously in refining its calculation. Denominator includes individuals who cannot possibly contribute to its numerator- they are too young or assuming the marriage system is monogamous and is already married.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">General marriage Rate<\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">&#8211;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">It is an initial refinement were the denominator is a measure of the true population at risk, or the marriageable population. A meaure excludes persons under the legal minimum age for marriage and those older persons who already are married. It is usually suggested that GMR should be calculated separately for both males and females.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">GMR is initially equated by<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">GMR= (M\/P<\/strong><sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial\">m<\/strong><\/sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">) X 1000<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 Where,<\/p>\n<p>M= Marriage during year y<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Pm= the mean marriageable population of given sex<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>General Marriage Rate for Men and Women\u2013 specific marriage rates can be calculated for both males and females<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>General Marriage rate for Females<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>GMR<\/strong><sub><strong>f<\/strong><\/sub> <strong>=\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"> <strong>M<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span> \u00a0 \u00a0<strong>*1000<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>P<\/strong><sup><strong>f<\/strong><\/sup><strong>15+<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>General Marriage Rate for Men (GMR<\/strong><strong>m<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>GMR<\/strong><sub><strong>m<\/strong><\/sub> <strong>=<\/strong>\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"> \u00a0 \u00a0<strong>M<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span> \u00a0<strong>*1000<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>P<\/strong><sup><strong>m<\/strong><\/sup><strong>15+<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Note: GMR<\/strong><strong>f<\/strong><strong> \u2260 GMR<\/strong><sub><strong>m<\/strong><\/sub><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Age Specific Marriage Rates<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Using the life table type notation, we can commonly use age specific marriage rates.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial\">n<\/strong><\/sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">SASMR<\/strong><sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial\">x<\/strong><\/sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">= (<\/strong><sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial\">n<\/strong><\/sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">M<\/strong><sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial\">x<\/strong><\/sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\/<\/strong><sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial\">n<\/strong><\/sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">P<\/strong><sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial\">x<\/strong><\/sub><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">)1000<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>where x= the lower limit of the age group for which marriage rate is being calculated.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>n= the width of that age group in years<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>nMx= the number of marriages of males or females aged between x and x+n years during\u00a0 year y<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>nPx= the mean male or female population aged between x and x+n years in year y.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>these rates includes already married persons who are not at a risk of marrying during the end of the year y.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>ASMR\u2014Number of marriages per 1,000 women (or men) of age \u201ca\u201d \u0160<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"> <strong>Ma\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><strong> *1000<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Wa<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Where Ma = Number of marriages to women of age \u201ca\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Wa = Mid-year population of women of age \u201ca\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Order-Specific Marriage Rate (OSMR)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">OSMR\u2014Number of order \u201ci\u201d marriages per 1,000 persons age 15 and older with marriage order \u201ci-1\u201d \u0160<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"> \u00a0 \u00a0M<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>i<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>*1000<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">P<\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">115<\/strong> <strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">i-1<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Where Mi = Number of marria ges of order \u201ci\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>P115 i-1 = Mid-year population age 15+ with marriage order \u201ci-1\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Order-Specific Marriage Rate (OSMR)<\/strong> \u0160<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>OSMR is normally sex-specific .<\/li>\n<li>It can also be age-specific<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>OSMR for Women<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 M<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>i<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> <strong>*1000<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>W<\/strong><strong>15+<\/strong> <strong>i-1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>OSMR for Men<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u00a0 \u00a0 M\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> <\/strong><strong>*1000<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>P<\/strong><strong>15+<\/strong> <strong>m,i-1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>First Order-Specific Marriage Rate<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>First order-specific marriage rate is used for a nuptiality life table<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 M1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">*1000<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">P<\/strong><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">15+<\/strong> <strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">s<\/strong><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Where M1\u00a0 = Number of first marriages<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>P<\/strong><strong>15+<\/strong> <strong>s<\/strong> = Mid-year population of never-married (single) persons \u0160<\/p>\n<p>Note: Is usually calculated sex-specific 1000 P M s 15 1 \u2217 + 19<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Age-Order Specific Marriage Rate (AOSMR)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Let Mia\u00a0 = Number of marriages of order \u201ci\u201d to women (or men) of age \u201ca\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Pi-1a = Mid-year population of women (or men) of age \u201ca\u201d who are at marriage order \u201ci-1\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Total Marriage Rate (TMR)<\/strong> Total Marriage Rate\u2014Total number of marriages a person will have at the end of his\/her marriageable age if he\/she follows the given schedule of marriage<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-90\" src=\"http:\/\/antp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/192\/2019\/03\/Untitled-21.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"90\" height=\"65\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/192\/2019\/03\/Untitled-21.png 90w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/192\/2019\/03\/Untitled-21-65x47.png 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 90px) 100vw, 90px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">8)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Total First Marriage Rate (TMFR)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-91\" src=\"http:\/\/antp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/192\/2019\/03\/Untitled-22.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"111\" height=\"61\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/192\/2019\/03\/Untitled-22.png 111w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/192\/2019\/03\/Untitled-22-65x36.png 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 111px) 100vw, 111px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>TFMR \u2264 1.0 for cohort rate, but period rate can be above 1.0<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>TMR<\/strong><strong>m<\/strong><strong> &gt;TMR<\/strong><strong>f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Note: TMR &#8211; TFMR = TRMR (Total remarriage rate)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Sources of Marriage data<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>9)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Singulate Mean Age at Marriage (SMAM)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Estimate of the mean age at first marriage approximated by indirect method from cross-sectional data on marital status by Mean age at marriage of women marrying before they reach 50 Basic assumptions:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The change in the proportion single from age \u201cx\u201d to age \u201cx+1\u201d is a measure of the proportion of a birth cohort who married at that age if no woman dies between her 15th and 55th birthday<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The risk of marriage has remained constant (otherwise we estimate the mean for some average cohort)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Let Si, Sj= Proportions of women single at ages i, j, then<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-92\" src=\"http:\/\/antp12.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/192\/2019\/03\/Untitled-23.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"613\" height=\"183\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/192\/2019\/03\/Untitled-23.png 613w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/192\/2019\/03\/Untitled-23-300x90.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/192\/2019\/03\/Untitled-23-65x19.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/192\/2019\/03\/Untitled-23-225x67.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp12\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/192\/2019\/03\/Untitled-23-350x104.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 613px) 100vw, 613px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Other Measures<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mean and median ages (of first marriage, of remarriages)<\/li>\n<li>Percent single<\/li>\n<li>Age of groom by age of bride<\/li>\n<li>Duration of marriage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 Standardization<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Most of the marriage measures can and should be standardized for comparisons<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Can be done by direct or indirect method<\/li>\n<li>Used for comparative marriage analyses<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 10)\u00a0 <strong>Gross Nuptiality Table<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Assumes no person dies before passing through the marriageable ages<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Same techniques as in life table construction<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Allows one to determine what proportion of a cohort of single persons would be married at various ages assuming that the marriage rates used continues to prevail and there is no mortality<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Takes into account mortality as well as marriage<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Indicates the pace at which a group of single persons is decreased annually by marriage and death.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The family is one of the fundamental social institutions in all societies, although its definition varies from place to place and time to time. Marriage is termed as the legal contract between two individuals to form a sexual, productive and reproductive union.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">Marriage<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">, also called<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\"> matrimony <\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">or<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\"> wedlock<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">, is a socially or ritually recognized union between <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spouse\">spouses <\/a><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">that establishes rights and obligations between them, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Individuals may marry for several reasons, including legal, social, <a style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libido\">libidinal, <\/a><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">emotional, financial, <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spirituality\">spiritual, <\/a><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">and religious purposes. Whom they marry may be influenced by <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Incest_taboo\">socially<\/a> <a style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Incest_taboo\">determined rules of incest, <\/a><a style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alliance_theory\">prescriptive marriage rules, <\/a><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">parental choice and individual desire.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Cohabitation is said to be less institutionalised than marriage, specially in countries like United States and other countries. The various requirements for establishing or ending a cohabiting union are minimal with no legal or religious communities to abide them.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">In many countries the marriage of couples are recognised by several religious and civil marriage ceremonies. Sample surveys is considered among the third source of marriage. If utilising a similar question focussed on the current status, these may define marriage as census does.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The most of the marriage measures taken into consideration are Crude Marriage Rate, General Marriage Rate, Total Marriage Rate, Age Specific Marriage Rate, order Age specific marriage rate and Singulate Mean Age at marriage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>you can view video on Nuptiality: Concepts and measures<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Hqd-meLrPjg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 Suggested Readings<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Bongaarts, J. (1978). A framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of fertility. <em>Population and development review<\/em>, 105-132.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Bongaarts, J., &amp; Potter, R. E. (2013). <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Fertility, biology, and behavior: An analysis of the<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">proximate determinants<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Academic Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Bulatao, R. A. (Ed.). (1983). Determinants of fertility in developing countries: a summary of knowledge. National Academy.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Carmichael, G. A. (2016). <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Fundamentals of demographic analysis: Concepts, measures and<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">methods<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Springer.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Hinde A (1998). <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Demographic Methods<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. London: Arnold Publishers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Kleinman, D. S. (1980). <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Human adaptation and population growth: a non-Malthusian<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">perspective<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Rowman &amp; Littlefield.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">National Academy of Sciences (US). Office of the Foreign Secretary. (1971). <em>Rapid population<\/em> <em>growth: consequences and policy implications <\/em>(Vol. 1). National Academy of Sciences.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Nisbet, R. M., &amp; Gurney, W. (2003). <em>Modelling fluctuating populations: reprint of first Edition<\/em> <em>(1982)<\/em>. Blackburn Press.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Preston SH, Heuveline P and Guillot M (2001). <em> Measuring and Modelling<\/em> <em>Population Processes. <\/em>Oxford: Blakwell.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Renshaw, E. (1993). <em>Modelling biological populations in space and time<\/em> (Vol. 11). Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["ms-shalini-singh","prof-gautam-k-kshatriya"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[60,59],"license":[],"class_list":["post-85","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-ms-shalini-singh","contributor-prof-gautam-k-kshatriya"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp12\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/85","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp12\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp12\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp12\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp12\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/85\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":94,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp12\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/85\/revisions\/94"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp12\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp12\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/85\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp12\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=85"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp12\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=85"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp12\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=85"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp12\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=85"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}