{"id":229,"date":"2019-03-27T04:54:08","date_gmt":"2019-03-27T04:54:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/antp11.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=229"},"modified":"2019-03-27T05:11:48","modified_gmt":"2019-03-27T05:11:48","slug":"concept-of-ecologically-sustainable-development","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/chapter\/concept-of-ecologically-sustainable-development\/","title":{"rendered":"Concept of Ecologically Sustainable Development"},"content":{"raw":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Ow-ppdf1TTU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Contents:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Learning Outcomes<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Introduction<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The emergence of Sustainable Development<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The goals of Sustainable Development<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Summary<\/span>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 Learning Outcomes:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nAfter studying this module students would be able to understand:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>the concept of Ecologically Sustainable Development.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the importance of Ecologically Sustainable Development in the modern era.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the principles and goals of Ecologically Sustainable Development.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Introduction<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">It has been over half a century now, since sustainable development as a concept held ground in the development process. On the way to achieve rapid economic growth, countries around the world have been exploiting their natural resource reserves at alarming rates. The relationship between development and environment has given birth to the sustainable development concept. The central idea of sustainable development is that global ecosystems and humanity itself can be threatened by neglecting the environment. The concept of sustainable development goes beyond development of the marginalized sections whose identity and survival is at threat because of the destruction to the environment, forest depletion, etc. that were their habitats. Sustainable development encompasses issues of ecological imbalance, health and sanitation, law and human rights, bio degradation, social issues such as communal harmony, gender issues, poverty and population.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Environmental economists are concerned that the long-term neglect of the environmental assets is likely to jeopardize the durability of economic growth (Thampapillai, 2002). Sustainable development therefore \u201cinvolves maximizing the net benefits of economic development, subject to maintaining the services and quality of natural resources over time\u201d (Pearce and Turner, 1990, p. 24). Its concern is about balancing the objectives of economic growth and attending to environmental considerations.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">There are several definitions which have seen the sustainable development either ecologically or economically. The ecologists have associated the sustainability with the preservation of the status and function of ecological systems. And the economists that consider sustainability are interested about the maintenance and improvement of human living standards (Stoddart, 2011). In the words of Robert Solow (1999) \"if sustainability is anything more than a slogan or expression of emotion, it must amount to an injunction to preserve productive capacity for the indefinite future\" (P. 267). According to the classical and most often used definition given by the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (the Brundtland Commission) in 1987, development is sustainable if it \u201cmeets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs\u201d (Dernbach, 1998; Dernbach, 2003; Cerin, 2006;; Stoddart, 2011). Although this standard\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">definition brings the term \u201csustainable development\u201d into common use, it has created ambiguity in application (Redclift 1992; Daly 1996; Payne and Raiborn 2001). Much of the debate around the definition seeks to answer the two questions \u201cWhat should be sustained\u201d and \u201cWhat should be developed\u201d (Kates et al., 2008). They focused on the importance of intergenerational equity which recognizes the long-term scale of sustainability in order to address the needs of future generations (Dernbach, 1998 &amp; Stoddart, 2011). This concept of conserving resources for future generations is one of the major features that distinguish sustainable development policy from traditional environmental policy, which also seeks to internalize the externalities of environmental degradation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Today, sustainable development aims to improve the quality of life in a comprehensive manner, including economic prosperity, social equity and environmental protection. Economic, social, environmental and cultural aspects must be integrated in a harmonious manner to enhance the intergenerational well-being (World Bank, 2003). Thus, the overall goal of sustainable development (SD) is the long-term stability of the economy and environment; this is only achievable through the integration and acknowledgement of economic, environmental, and social concerns throughout the decision making process (Holmberg, 1992 &amp; Reed, 1997). In other words, a given set of economic, environmental, and social indicators would be aggregated into a single indicator that becomes a universal measure of sustainability. These three aspects are:<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Economic: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">An economically sustainable system must be able to produce goods and services on a continuing basis, to maintain manageable levels of government and external debt, and to avoid extreme sectoral imbalances which damage agricultural or industrial production.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Environmental: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">An environmentally sustainable system must maintain a stable resource base, avoiding over-exploitation of renewable resource systems or environmental sink functions, and depleting non-renewable resources only to the extent that investment is made in adequate substitutes. This includes maintenance of biodiversity, atmospheric stability, and other ecosystem functions not ordinarily classed as economic resources.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Social: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">A socially sustainable system must be able to achieve distributional equity, adequate provision of social services including health and education, gender equity, and political accountability and participation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">The key principle of sustainable development is the integration of environmental, social, and economic concerns into all aspects of decision making. All other principles in the sustainable development framework have integrated decision making at their core (Dernbach, 2003; Stoddart, 2011). It is this deeply fixed concept of integration that distinguishes sustainability from other forms of policy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Institutionally, government organizations are typically organized into sectoral ministries and departments. This works fairly well until the system encounters something very comprehensive and highly integrated in nature, such as sustainable development. In practice, sustainable development requires the integration of economic, environmental, and social objectives across sectors, territories, and generations. Therefore, sustainable development requires the elimination of fragmentation; that is, environmental, social, and economic concerns must be integrated throughout decision making processes in order to move towards development that is truly sustainable (Dernbach, 2003 &amp; Stoddart, 2011).<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-234\" src=\"http:\/\/antp11.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/190\/2019\/03\/Untitled-54.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"557\" height=\"425\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Fig 1: Human Sustainability is interrelated with many social, physical and environmental factors<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>The Emergence of Sustainable Development<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Recognition of deteriorating environmental trends led to the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm which, in turn, led to the creation of UNEP and IIED. Since then, worldwide acceptance of the importance of environmental issues has grown enormously. The World Conservation Strategy (IUCN\/UNEP\/WWF,1980) and, subsequently, the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development \u2013 the Brundtland Commission (WCED, 1987) \u2013 were developed in response to increasingly informed analyses of the links between environment and development. The World Conservation Strategy emphasized the need to \u2018mainstream\u2019 environment and conservation values and concerns into development processes.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-235\" src=\"http:\/\/antp11.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/190\/2019\/03\/Untitled-55.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"571\" height=\"396\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Fig 2: Sustainable Development<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Source: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The report of the Brundtland Commission emphasized the social and economic dimensions of sustainability, revealing links between, for example, poverty and environmental degradation. The follow-up to the World Conservation Strategy, Caring for the Earth: A Strategy for Sustainable Living (IUCN\/UNEP\/WWF,1991) went further, elaborating principles for the practical integration of environmental, social and economic concerns. The Brundtland Commission Report entitled Our Common Future (1987) defined sustainable development as \u201cdevelopment, which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs\u201d. The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, put the concept of sustainable development on national and international policy agendas. Agenda 21 has become the most prominent and influential \u2013 but non-binding instrument in the environment and developmental field and is a guiding document for sustainable development in most regions of the world. It\u2019s most important impact has been to focus attention on the core concept of sustainable development, providing policy-makers with a point of\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">reference for linking environmental, social and economic issues. Agenda 21 remains a powerful document that provides long-term vision for balancing economic and social needs with the capacity of the earth\u2019s resources and ecosystems. Twenty years post Rio, the goals of Agenda 21 have not been fully realized and there is universal agreement that efforts must be redoubled to enhance sustainable development that is equitable as well as ecological. Apart from the Earth Summit, the 1990s also saw a number of UN conferences on a variety of issues concerned with sustainable development and the challenges that need to be overcome to achieve it. The issues were:<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Biodiversity (<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Nairobi, 22 May 1992 [www.biodiv.org]),<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Climate <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), New York, 9 May 1992 [www.unfcc.de\/]),<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Desertification <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">(United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and\/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (CCD), Paris, 17 June 1994 [www.uncod.de\/]),<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Endangered species <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">(Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Washington, 3 March 1973 [www.wcmc.org.uk\/cites\/]),<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Hazardous waste <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">(Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (Basel), Basel, 22 March 1989 [www.unep.ch\/basel\/index\/html]),<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Heritage <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">(Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 23 November 1927 [www.unesco.org\/whc]),<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Migratory species <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">(Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), Bonn, 23 June 1979[www.wcmc.org.uk.cms]),<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Ozone <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">(Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Vienna, 22 March 1985; and Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Montreal, 16 September 1987 [www.unep.org.org\/ozone\/]),<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Sea <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">(United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Montego Bay, 10 December 1982 [www.un.org\/depts\/los\/losconv1.htm]),<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Wetlands <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">(Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention), Ramsar, 2 February 1971 [www.ramsar.org\/]).<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in 2002 at Johannesburg resulted in Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI). JPOI reiterated the importance of achieving internationally agreed development goals embedded in the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and international agreements since 1992, including those contained in the United Nations Millennium Declaration, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Convention on Biodiversity, Convention to Combat Desertification and non-binding targets of the Forestry Principles.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The Constitution of India and relevant amendments that have been incorporated over the years, reinforce the policy and legal basis of sustainable development in India. The Preamble, which lays down the \u2018basic features\u2019 and remains the \u2018soul\u2019 of the Constitution promises to all Indian citizens justice encompassing the social, economic and political, equality of status and opportunity and the dignity of the individual. The pillars of sustainable development are embedded in the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution, which lay down the framework for social justice in India. Article 21 conferring the Right to Life has been subject to the broadest interpretations by the judiciary to encompass right to clean environment, right to livelihood, right to live with dignity and a number of other associated rights. The Directive Principles of State Policy often referred to as the \u2018conscience\u2019 of the Constitution are intended to ensure \u2018distributive justice\u2019 and that political democracy in India is accompanied side by side with social and economic democracy. In addition to the state mandate to ensure social and economic justice, the Directive Principles also enjoins a duty upon the state to protect and improve the environment and safeguard the forests and wildlife. The Executive, Judiciary and the Legislature have given expression to these normative ideals in innovative ways in response to demands from the people, and national and international exigencies. The National Environmental Policy (NEP) of 2006 articulates the spirit of \u2018sustainable development\u2019; it states that only such development is sustainable, which respects ecological constraints and the imperatives of social justice. The NEP highlights the consensus around the sustainable development concept through three foundational aspirations: first, that human beings should enjoy a decent quality of life; second, that human beings should become capable of recognizing the finiteness of the biosphere; and third, that neither the aspiration of a good life, nor the recognition of the limits of the biophysical world should preclude the search for greater justice in the world. The NEP 2006 also asserts that the most viable basis of\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">environmental conservation is to ensure that people gain better livelihood from the act of conservation of natural resources than from environmental degradation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The Goals of Sustainable Development<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-236\" src=\"http:\/\/antp11.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/190\/2019\/03\/Untitled-56.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"505\" height=\"388\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Fig 3: Goals of Sustainable Development<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Source: yaounde.site.unicnetwork.org<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has been one of the leading organizations working to achieve the Millennium Development Goals MDGs. They developed new set of goals for Sustainable development. The new set of goals, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aims to end poverty and hunger by 2030. World leaders, recognizing the connection between people and planet, have set goals for the land, the oceans and the waterways. The world is also better connected now than it was in 2000, and is building a consensus about the future we want- a) End Poverty. b) End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. c) Ensure\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. d) Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. e) Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. f) Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">g)\u00a0\u00a0 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. h) Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. i) Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">j)\u00a0\u00a0 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. k) Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. l) Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development. m) Protect, restore and promote Sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss. n) Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels o) Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Summary<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The aim of sustainable development is to improve the quality of life in a comprehensive manner, including economic prosperity, social equity and environmental protection. Economic, social, environmental and cultural aspects must be integrated in a harmonious manner to enhance the intergenerational well-being. There are three aspects of sustainability i.e. Economic, Environmental and Social. <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">S<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">ustainable development requires the elimination of fragmentation; that is, environmental, social, and economic concerns must be integrated throughout decision making processes in order to move towards development that is truly sustainable. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) new set of goals for Sustainable development i.e. the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aims to end poverty and hunger by 2030.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">World leaders, recognizing the connection between people and planet, have set goals for the land, the oceans and the waterways. The world is also better connected now than it was in 2000, and is building a consensus about the future we want- a) End Poverty. b) End hunger, achieve food security and\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. c) Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. d) Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. e) Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. f) Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. g) Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. h) Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. i) Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation. j) Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. k) Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. l) Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development. m) Protect, restore and promote Sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">n) Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels o) Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>you can view video on Concept of Ecologically Sustainable Development<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Ow-ppdf1TTU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>References<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Brodhag, C., &amp; Taliere, S. (2006). Sustainable development strategies: Tools for policy coherence. <em>Natural Resources Forum<\/em>, 136-145.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Cerin, P. (2006). Discussion on the <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Economics<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, 56(2),\u00a0<\/span>Bringing economic opportunity into line with environmental influence: A Coase theorem and the Porter and van der Linde hypothesis. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Ecological<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> 209-225.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Cooper, P. J., &amp; Vargas, M. (2004). <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Implementing sustainable development: From global<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">policy to local action. <\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Dernbach, J. C. (1998). Sustainable development as a framework for national governance. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Case<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Western Reserve Law Review<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, 49, 1-103.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Dernbach, J. C. (2003). Achieving sustainable development: The Centrality and multiple facets of integrated decisionmaking. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, 10(1), 247-285.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Ehrlich, Paul R. \u201cEcological Economics and the Carrying Capacity of the Earth,\u201d in AnnMari Jansson\u00a0 et\u00a0 al\u00a0 eds.,\u00a0 Investing\u00a0 in\u00a0 Natural\u00a0 Capital:\u00a0 The\u00a0 Ecological\u00a0 Economics\u00a0 Approach\u00a0 to Sustainability.\u00a0 Washington,\u00a0 D.C.:\u00a0 Island\u00a0 Press.\u00a0 Original\u00a0 research\u00a0 in\u00a0 Vitousek,\u00a0 P.M.,\u00a0 P.R. Ehrlich , A.H. Ehrlich, and P.A. Matson, \u201cHuman Appropriation of the Products of Photosynthesis\u201d (1986). BioScience 36 (6): 368-73.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Holling, C.S. (1994). \u201cAn Ecologist View of the Malthusian Conflict,\u201d in Kerstin Lindahl-Kiessling and Hans Landberg eds., Population, Economic Development, and the Environment, p. 84. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Mick Common and Charles Perrings, \u201cTowards an Ecological Economics of Sustainability\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">(1992) Ecological Economics 6 pp. 7-34, summarized in Rajaram Krishnan, Jonathan M. Harris, and Neva R. Goodwin eds. (1995), A Survey of Ecological Economics, p. 108-112. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Oxford University Press, Oxford.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Pigou, A. (1920). <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The Economics of welfare.<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> London, England: Macmillan and Company.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Porter, M. E., &amp; van der Linde, C. (1995). Green and competitive: Ending the stalemate. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Harvard Business Review, <\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">73(5), 120-134.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Porter, M. E., &amp; Van der Linde, C. (1995). Toward a new conception of the environment-competitiveness relationship. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Journal of Economic Perspectives<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, 9(4), 97-118.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Solow, R. (1999). \"An Almost Practical Step Toward Sustainability\". In The RFF Reader in Environmental and Resource Management, Oates W.E. eds, Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C., pp. 263-72.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Stoddart, H. (2011). <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">A Pocket guide to sustainable development governance.<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Stakeholder Forum.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. (1992). <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Rio Declaration on<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Environment and Development. <\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Rio de Janiero, Brazil: United Nations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">United Nations General Assembly. (1987). <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Report of the world commission on environment and<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">development: Our common future. <\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Oslo, Norway: United Nations General Assembly, Development and International Co-operation: Environment.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">WCED (1987) Our Common Future. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development,<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">World Bank (1997). Expanding the Measure of Wealth: Indicators of Environmentally Sustainable Development. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 Suggested Readings<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Aggarwal A, Paul V, and Das S. 2009. Forest Resources Degradation, Livelihoods and climate Change in Green India: Looking Back to Change Track. New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Borne, G., &amp; Borne. 2010. Sustainable development. In D. Mulvaney (Ed.), Green politics: an A-to-Z guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Carley, Michael, and Christie, Ian, 1993. Managing SustainableDevelopment. London: Earth scan, 1992; Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Douglas, Jim; Markku Simula.2010.The Future of the World's Forests: Ideas vs Ideologies. Springer New York<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Ekins P. 2001. Economic Growth and Environmental Sustainability: The Prospects for Green Growth. New York: Routledge.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Gadgil, M and Guha, R. 1993. This Fissured Land: An Ecological History of India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Jamison, A. (2001) Ecological Transformations: Sustainable Development, Public Participation, and the Making of Green Knowledge, London: Cambridge<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Middleton, Nick. 2003.The Global Casino: An Introduction to Environmental Issues. 3d ed. Hodder Arnold London<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Peet, R. and Watts, M. (eds) (1996) Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, and Social Movements, London: Routledge<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Redclift,\u00a0 M. (1992)\u00a0 \u2018Sustainable Development and\u00a0 Popular\u00a0 Participation:\u00a0 A\u00a0 Framework\u00a0 for Analysis\u2019,\u00a0 in Ghai,\u00a0 D. and Vivian,\u00a0 J.\u00a0 M. (eds)\u00a0 Grassroots \u00a0Environmental\u00a0 Action:\u00a0 People\u2019s<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Participation in Sustainable Development, London: Routledge<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Shrivastava, A. Kothari (2012), Churning the Earth: The Making of Global India, Delhi: Viking\/Penguin.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">World Bank. 2006. India: Unlocking opportunities for forest dependent people, agriculture and rural development sector unit South Asia region, World Bank.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Ow-ppdf1TTU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Contents:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Learning Outcomes<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Introduction<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The emergence of Sustainable Development<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The goals of Sustainable Development<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Summary<\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 Learning Outcomes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>After studying this module students would be able to understand:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the concept of Ecologically Sustainable Development.<\/li>\n<li>the importance of Ecologically Sustainable Development in the modern era.<\/li>\n<li>the principles and goals of Ecologically Sustainable Development.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">It has been over half a century now, since sustainable development as a concept held ground in the development process. On the way to achieve rapid economic growth, countries around the world have been exploiting their natural resource reserves at alarming rates. The relationship between development and environment has given birth to the sustainable development concept. The central idea of sustainable development is that global ecosystems and humanity itself can be threatened by neglecting the environment. The concept of sustainable development goes beyond development of the marginalized sections whose identity and survival is at threat because of the destruction to the environment, forest depletion, etc. that were their habitats. Sustainable development encompasses issues of ecological imbalance, health and sanitation, law and human rights, bio degradation, social issues such as communal harmony, gender issues, poverty and population.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Environmental economists are concerned that the long-term neglect of the environmental assets is likely to jeopardize the durability of economic growth (Thampapillai, 2002). Sustainable development therefore \u201cinvolves maximizing the net benefits of economic development, subject to maintaining the services and quality of natural resources over time\u201d (Pearce and Turner, 1990, p. 24). Its concern is about balancing the objectives of economic growth and attending to environmental considerations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">There are several definitions which have seen the sustainable development either ecologically or economically. The ecologists have associated the sustainability with the preservation of the status and function of ecological systems. And the economists that consider sustainability are interested about the maintenance and improvement of human living standards (Stoddart, 2011). In the words of Robert Solow (1999) &#8220;if sustainability is anything more than a slogan or expression of emotion, it must amount to an injunction to preserve productive capacity for the indefinite future&#8221; (P. 267). According to the classical and most often used definition given by the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (the Brundtland Commission) in 1987, development is sustainable if it \u201cmeets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs\u201d (Dernbach, 1998; Dernbach, 2003; Cerin, 2006;; Stoddart, 2011). Although this standard\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">definition brings the term \u201csustainable development\u201d into common use, it has created ambiguity in application (Redclift 1992; Daly 1996; Payne and Raiborn 2001). Much of the debate around the definition seeks to answer the two questions \u201cWhat should be sustained\u201d and \u201cWhat should be developed\u201d (Kates et al., 2008). They focused on the importance of intergenerational equity which recognizes the long-term scale of sustainability in order to address the needs of future generations (Dernbach, 1998 &amp; Stoddart, 2011). This concept of conserving resources for future generations is one of the major features that distinguish sustainable development policy from traditional environmental policy, which also seeks to internalize the externalities of environmental degradation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Today, sustainable development aims to improve the quality of life in a comprehensive manner, including economic prosperity, social equity and environmental protection. Economic, social, environmental and cultural aspects must be integrated in a harmonious manner to enhance the intergenerational well-being (World Bank, 2003). Thus, the overall goal of sustainable development (SD) is the long-term stability of the economy and environment; this is only achievable through the integration and acknowledgement of economic, environmental, and social concerns throughout the decision making process (Holmberg, 1992 &amp; Reed, 1997). In other words, a given set of economic, environmental, and social indicators would be aggregated into a single indicator that becomes a universal measure of sustainability. These three aspects are:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Economic: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">An economically sustainable system must be able to produce goods and services on a continuing basis, to maintain manageable levels of government and external debt, and to avoid extreme sectoral imbalances which damage agricultural or industrial production.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Environmental: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">An environmentally sustainable system must maintain a stable resource base, avoiding over-exploitation of renewable resource systems or environmental sink functions, and depleting non-renewable resources only to the extent that investment is made in adequate substitutes. This includes maintenance of biodiversity, atmospheric stability, and other ecosystem functions not ordinarily classed as economic resources.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Social: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">A socially sustainable system must be able to achieve distributional equity, adequate provision of social services including health and education, gender equity, and political accountability and participation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">The key principle of sustainable development is the integration of environmental, social, and economic concerns into all aspects of decision making. All other principles in the sustainable development framework have integrated decision making at their core (Dernbach, 2003; Stoddart, 2011). It is this deeply fixed concept of integration that distinguishes sustainability from other forms of policy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Institutionally, government organizations are typically organized into sectoral ministries and departments. This works fairly well until the system encounters something very comprehensive and highly integrated in nature, such as sustainable development. In practice, sustainable development requires the integration of economic, environmental, and social objectives across sectors, territories, and generations. Therefore, sustainable development requires the elimination of fragmentation; that is, environmental, social, and economic concerns must be integrated throughout decision making processes in order to move towards development that is truly sustainable (Dernbach, 2003 &amp; Stoddart, 2011).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-234\" src=\"http:\/\/antp11.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/190\/2019\/03\/Untitled-54.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"557\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/190\/2019\/03\/Untitled-54.png 557w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/190\/2019\/03\/Untitled-54-300x229.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/190\/2019\/03\/Untitled-54-65x50.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/190\/2019\/03\/Untitled-54-225x172.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/190\/2019\/03\/Untitled-54-350x267.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 557px) 100vw, 557px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Fig 1: Human Sustainability is interrelated with many social, physical and environmental factors<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Emergence of Sustainable Development<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Recognition of deteriorating environmental trends led to the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm which, in turn, led to the creation of UNEP and IIED. Since then, worldwide acceptance of the importance of environmental issues has grown enormously. The World Conservation Strategy (IUCN\/UNEP\/WWF,1980) and, subsequently, the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development \u2013 the Brundtland Commission (WCED, 1987) \u2013 were developed in response to increasingly informed analyses of the links between environment and development. The World Conservation Strategy emphasized the need to \u2018mainstream\u2019 environment and conservation values and concerns into development processes.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-235\" src=\"http:\/\/antp11.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/190\/2019\/03\/Untitled-55.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"571\" height=\"396\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/190\/2019\/03\/Untitled-55.png 571w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/190\/2019\/03\/Untitled-55-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/190\/2019\/03\/Untitled-55-65x45.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/190\/2019\/03\/Untitled-55-225x156.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/190\/2019\/03\/Untitled-55-350x243.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 571px) 100vw, 571px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Fig 2: Sustainable Development<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Source: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The report of the Brundtland Commission emphasized the social and economic dimensions of sustainability, revealing links between, for example, poverty and environmental degradation. The follow-up to the World Conservation Strategy, Caring for the Earth: A Strategy for Sustainable Living (IUCN\/UNEP\/WWF,1991) went further, elaborating principles for the practical integration of environmental, social and economic concerns. The Brundtland Commission Report entitled Our Common Future (1987) defined sustainable development as \u201cdevelopment, which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs\u201d. The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, put the concept of sustainable development on national and international policy agendas. Agenda 21 has become the most prominent and influential \u2013 but non-binding instrument in the environment and developmental field and is a guiding document for sustainable development in most regions of the world. It\u2019s most important impact has been to focus attention on the core concept of sustainable development, providing policy-makers with a point of\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">reference for linking environmental, social and economic issues. Agenda 21 remains a powerful document that provides long-term vision for balancing economic and social needs with the capacity of the earth\u2019s resources and ecosystems. Twenty years post Rio, the goals of Agenda 21 have not been fully realized and there is universal agreement that efforts must be redoubled to enhance sustainable development that is equitable as well as ecological. Apart from the Earth Summit, the 1990s also saw a number of UN conferences on a variety of issues concerned with sustainable development and the challenges that need to be overcome to achieve it. The issues were:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Biodiversity (<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Nairobi, 22 May 1992 [www.biodiv.org]),<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Climate <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), New York, 9 May 1992 [www.unfcc.de\/]),<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Desertification <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">(United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and\/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (CCD), Paris, 17 June 1994 [www.uncod.de\/]),<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Endangered species <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">(Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Washington, 3 March 1973 [www.wcmc.org.uk\/cites\/]),<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Hazardous waste <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">(Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (Basel), Basel, 22 March 1989 [www.unep.ch\/basel\/index\/html]),<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Heritage <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">(Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 23 November 1927 [www.unesco.org\/whc]),<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Migratory species <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">(Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), Bonn, 23 June 1979[www.wcmc.org.uk.cms]),<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Ozone <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">(Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Vienna, 22 March 1985; and Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Montreal, 16 September 1987 [www.unep.org.org\/ozone\/]),<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Sea <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">(United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Montego Bay, 10 December 1982 [www.un.org\/depts\/los\/losconv1.htm]),<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Wetlands <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">(Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention), Ramsar, 2 February 1971 [www.ramsar.org\/]).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in 2002 at Johannesburg resulted in Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI). JPOI reiterated the importance of achieving internationally agreed development goals embedded in the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and international agreements since 1992, including those contained in the United Nations Millennium Declaration, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Convention on Biodiversity, Convention to Combat Desertification and non-binding targets of the Forestry Principles.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The Constitution of India and relevant amendments that have been incorporated over the years, reinforce the policy and legal basis of sustainable development in India. The Preamble, which lays down the \u2018basic features\u2019 and remains the \u2018soul\u2019 of the Constitution promises to all Indian citizens justice encompassing the social, economic and political, equality of status and opportunity and the dignity of the individual. The pillars of sustainable development are embedded in the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution, which lay down the framework for social justice in India. Article 21 conferring the Right to Life has been subject to the broadest interpretations by the judiciary to encompass right to clean environment, right to livelihood, right to live with dignity and a number of other associated rights. The Directive Principles of State Policy often referred to as the \u2018conscience\u2019 of the Constitution are intended to ensure \u2018distributive justice\u2019 and that political democracy in India is accompanied side by side with social and economic democracy. In addition to the state mandate to ensure social and economic justice, the Directive Principles also enjoins a duty upon the state to protect and improve the environment and safeguard the forests and wildlife. The Executive, Judiciary and the Legislature have given expression to these normative ideals in innovative ways in response to demands from the people, and national and international exigencies. The National Environmental Policy (NEP) of 2006 articulates the spirit of \u2018sustainable development\u2019; it states that only such development is sustainable, which respects ecological constraints and the imperatives of social justice. The NEP highlights the consensus around the sustainable development concept through three foundational aspirations: first, that human beings should enjoy a decent quality of life; second, that human beings should become capable of recognizing the finiteness of the biosphere; and third, that neither the aspiration of a good life, nor the recognition of the limits of the biophysical world should preclude the search for greater justice in the world. The NEP 2006 also asserts that the most viable basis of\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">environmental conservation is to ensure that people gain better livelihood from the act of conservation of natural resources than from environmental degradation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The Goals of Sustainable Development<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-236\" src=\"http:\/\/antp11.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/190\/2019\/03\/Untitled-56.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"505\" height=\"388\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/190\/2019\/03\/Untitled-56.png 505w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/190\/2019\/03\/Untitled-56-300x230.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/190\/2019\/03\/Untitled-56-65x50.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/190\/2019\/03\/Untitled-56-225x173.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/190\/2019\/03\/Untitled-56-350x269.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 505px) 100vw, 505px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Fig 3: Goals of Sustainable Development<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Source: yaounde.site.unicnetwork.org<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has been one of the leading organizations working to achieve the Millennium Development Goals MDGs. They developed new set of goals for Sustainable development. The new set of goals, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aims to end poverty and hunger by 2030. World leaders, recognizing the connection between people and planet, have set goals for the land, the oceans and the waterways. The world is also better connected now than it was in 2000, and is building a consensus about the future we want- a) End Poverty. b) End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. c) Ensure\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. d) Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. e) Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. f) Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">g)\u00a0\u00a0 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. h) Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. i) Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">j)\u00a0\u00a0 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. k) Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. l) Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development. m) Protect, restore and promote Sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss. n) Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels o) Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The aim of sustainable development is to improve the quality of life in a comprehensive manner, including economic prosperity, social equity and environmental protection. Economic, social, environmental and cultural aspects must be integrated in a harmonious manner to enhance the intergenerational well-being. There are three aspects of sustainability i.e. Economic, Environmental and Social. <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">S<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">ustainable development requires the elimination of fragmentation; that is, environmental, social, and economic concerns must be integrated throughout decision making processes in order to move towards development that is truly sustainable. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) new set of goals for Sustainable development i.e. the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aims to end poverty and hunger by 2030.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">World leaders, recognizing the connection between people and planet, have set goals for the land, the oceans and the waterways. The world is also better connected now than it was in 2000, and is building a consensus about the future we want- a) End Poverty. b) End hunger, achieve food security and\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. c) Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. d) Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. e) Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. f) Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. g) Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. h) Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. i) Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation. j) Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. k) Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. l) Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development. m) Protect, restore and promote Sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">n) Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels o) Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>you can view video on Concept of Ecologically Sustainable Development<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Ow-ppdf1TTU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Brodhag, C., &amp; Taliere, S. (2006). Sustainable development strategies: Tools for policy coherence. <em>Natural Resources Forum<\/em>, 136-145.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Cerin, P. (2006). Discussion on the <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Economics<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, 56(2),\u00a0<\/span>Bringing economic opportunity into line with environmental influence: A Coase theorem and the Porter and van der Linde hypothesis. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Ecological<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> 209-225.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Cooper, P. J., &amp; Vargas, M. (2004). <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Implementing sustainable development: From global<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">policy to local action. <\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Dernbach, J. C. (1998). Sustainable development as a framework for national governance. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Case<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Western Reserve Law Review<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, 49, 1-103.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Dernbach, J. C. (2003). Achieving sustainable development: The Centrality and multiple facets of integrated decisionmaking. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, 10(1), 247-285.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Ehrlich, Paul R. \u201cEcological Economics and the Carrying Capacity of the Earth,\u201d in AnnMari Jansson\u00a0 et\u00a0 al\u00a0 eds.,\u00a0 Investing\u00a0 in\u00a0 Natural\u00a0 Capital:\u00a0 The\u00a0 Ecological\u00a0 Economics\u00a0 Approach\u00a0 to Sustainability.\u00a0 Washington,\u00a0 D.C.:\u00a0 Island\u00a0 Press.\u00a0 Original\u00a0 research\u00a0 in\u00a0 Vitousek,\u00a0 P.M.,\u00a0 P.R. Ehrlich , A.H. Ehrlich, and P.A. Matson, \u201cHuman Appropriation of the Products of Photosynthesis\u201d (1986). BioScience 36 (6): 368-73.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Holling, C.S. (1994). \u201cAn Ecologist View of the Malthusian Conflict,\u201d in Kerstin Lindahl-Kiessling and Hans Landberg eds., Population, Economic Development, and the Environment, p. 84. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Mick Common and Charles Perrings, \u201cTowards an Ecological Economics of Sustainability\u201d<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">(1992) Ecological Economics 6 pp. 7-34, summarized in Rajaram Krishnan, Jonathan M. Harris, and Neva R. Goodwin eds. (1995), A Survey of Ecological Economics, p. 108-112. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Oxford University Press, Oxford.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Pigou, A. (1920). <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The Economics of welfare.<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> London, England: Macmillan and Company.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Porter, M. E., &amp; van der Linde, C. (1995). Green and competitive: Ending the stalemate. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Harvard Business Review, <\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">73(5), 120-134.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Porter, M. E., &amp; Van der Linde, C. (1995). Toward a new conception of the environment-competitiveness relationship. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Journal of Economic Perspectives<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, 9(4), 97-118.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Solow, R. (1999). &#8220;An Almost Practical Step Toward Sustainability&#8221;. In The RFF Reader in Environmental and Resource Management, Oates W.E. eds, Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C., pp. 263-72.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Stoddart, H. (2011). <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">A Pocket guide to sustainable development governance.<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Stakeholder Forum.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. (1992). <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Rio Declaration on<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Environment and Development. <\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Rio de Janiero, Brazil: United Nations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">United Nations General Assembly. (1987). <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Report of the world commission on environment and<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">development: Our common future. <\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Oslo, Norway: United Nations General Assembly, Development and International Co-operation: Environment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">WCED (1987) Our Common Future. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development,<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">World Bank (1997). Expanding the Measure of Wealth: Indicators of Environmentally Sustainable Development. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 Suggested Readings<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Aggarwal A, Paul V, and Das S. 2009. Forest Resources Degradation, Livelihoods and climate Change in Green India: Looking Back to Change Track. New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Borne, G., &amp; Borne. 2010. Sustainable development. In D. Mulvaney (Ed.), Green politics: an A-to-Z guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Carley, Michael, and Christie, Ian, 1993. Managing SustainableDevelopment. London: Earth scan, 1992; Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Douglas, Jim; Markku Simula.2010.The Future of the World&#8217;s Forests: Ideas vs Ideologies. Springer New York<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Ekins P. 2001. Economic Growth and Environmental Sustainability: The Prospects for Green Growth. New York: Routledge.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Gadgil, M and Guha, R. 1993. This Fissured Land: An Ecological History of India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Jamison, A. (2001) Ecological Transformations: Sustainable Development, Public Participation, and the Making of Green Knowledge, London: Cambridge<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Middleton, Nick. 2003.The Global Casino: An Introduction to Environmental Issues. 3d ed. Hodder Arnold London<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Peet, R. and Watts, M. (eds) (1996) Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, and Social Movements, London: Routledge<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Redclift,\u00a0 M. (1992)\u00a0 \u2018Sustainable Development and\u00a0 Popular\u00a0 Participation:\u00a0 A\u00a0 Framework\u00a0 for Analysis\u2019,\u00a0 in Ghai,\u00a0 D. and Vivian,\u00a0 J.\u00a0 M. (eds)\u00a0 Grassroots \u00a0Environmental\u00a0 Action:\u00a0 People\u2019s<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Participation in Sustainable Development, London: Routledge<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Shrivastava, A. Kothari (2012), Churning the Earth: The Making of Global India, Delhi: Viking\/Penguin.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">World Bank. 2006. India: Unlocking opportunities for forest dependent people, agriculture and rural development sector unit South Asia region, World Bank.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":23,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["ms-tanushree-shaw"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[67],"license":[],"class_list":["post-229","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-ms-tanushree-shaw"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/229","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/229\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":239,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/229\/revisions\/239"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/229\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=229"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=229"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=229"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=229"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}