{"id":294,"date":"2019-03-25T11:15:19","date_gmt":"2019-03-25T11:15:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/antp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=294"},"modified":"2019-03-25T11:23:21","modified_gmt":"2019-03-25T11:23:21","slug":"industrialization-and-tribe","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/chapter\/industrialization-and-tribe\/","title":{"rendered":"Industrialization and Tribe"},"content":{"raw":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ZcDxInbup2c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 CONTENTS OF THIS UNIT:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>INDUSTRIALIZATION<\/li>\r\n \t<li>INDUSTRIALIZATION IN INDIA<\/li>\r\n \t<li>INDUSTRIALIZATION AND TRIBE<\/li>\r\n \t<li>ANTHROPOLOGY, INDUSTRY AND<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> TRIBE IN INDIA<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON TRIBE<\/li>\r\n \t<li>INDUSTRIALIZATION AND AFTER<\/li>\r\n \t<li>SUMMARY<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 1. LEARNING OUTCOME<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The focus of present module is to understand the Industrialization in relation to tribal people of India. The module in the beginning takes note of nature of Industrialization in country in different historical phases. After reading this module we will be able to assess both the positive and negative socio-economic impacts of industrialization upon tribal people. The module will also be able to high light the problems and challenges of tribes who are being marginalized because of industry. The module at the end will reflect upon recent conflict over natural resources which are going to affect the future of industrialization in tribal areas.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2. INDUSTRIALIZATION<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Industrialization is a process of increased emphasis on mechanized production of goods and services through <\/span>industry<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. In an Industrial society <\/span>majority<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of the population work in factories and offices rather than domestic subsistence activities.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The term industry refers to the organized activity and specialized division of <\/span>labour<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> among the participant in <\/span>production<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> process. In this <\/span>sense<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> industry could be used to refer to the archeological stone tool industry or to the present day fishing or agricultural industry as well. However, what we are going to discuss in this module refers to the particular kind of industrial development which started in Europe in <\/span>18th<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> century and was called <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> revolution. It was directed towards large scale production of goods for commercial purpose. The use of science and technology in advancing human skill was <\/span>basic<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> necessity for this kind of industrial revolution. This phenomenon was new and capable of transforming the <\/span>life<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of people <\/span>in<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> a greater scale.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">This attracted attention not only of <\/span>economist<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> but also social thinkers like Marx and Durkheim. They studied the impact of <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> economy on society and culture of industrializing Europe. These thinkers were skeptical of industrial transformation as they believed that it benefits the capitalists and alienate the working class. The industrialization by the mid-20th century becomes inevitable for achieving <\/span>modern<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> life style like <\/span>west<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">For Anthropological purpose, Industrialization implies to the socio-economic changes arising out of <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> mode of economic production. Anthropologists <\/span>inquire<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the impact of <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> economy on traditional subsistence economy and how it transcends the other aspect of culture. The early anthropologists have paid scant attention to the process of Industrialization as an economic activity affecting <\/span>life<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of simple non-industrialized people. The Industrial Anthropology has developed as a field of inquiry in recent time and has directed its focus upon various dimensions of <\/span>social cultural<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> realities within the industrial set up. This field has extended its research <\/span>priorties<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> on studies of work culture in industry, <\/span>labour<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> relation and trade unions, issues of human resources and class dynamics in <\/span>industry<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. The second important aspect is to study the impact of industry on external <\/span>realties<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of society and culture. What kind of changes it brings to the traditional societies and whether these impacts have been positive or negative for the people.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>3. INDUSTRIALIZATION IN INDIA<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">India sub-continent has seen industrial growth from the ancient time. There are strong evidences of knowledge of weaving 1500 BCE. During the medieval period several large scale monuments were\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">built which provide the early glimpses of industrial progress of <\/span>construction<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> industry. The use of wood, stone, branze, bross, silver, copper, iron, dying, printing, ivory carving <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> pottery etc. highlight the industrial nature of <\/span>regional<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> past.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The industrial revolution in Europe resulted in factories and mechanized production. The process of imperialism and colonization lead the foundation of commercial and later on industrial towns in various colonies like India. <\/span>However<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> a process of deindustrialization started in <\/span>Indian<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> subcontinent. The British industrial boom adversely affected the cotton and silk factories of India. From the 19th century onwards the British encouraged setting of factories in India. The most important among them was tea plantation in Assam. The establishments of cotton textile mills in Mumbai in 1854 and Jute Mills in Kolkata in 1855 were major industrial foundations. The mineral extraction based industries started to evolve during the beginning of <\/span>20the<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> century. During the world war periods heavy chemical, ordinance and aircraft production started to meet the immediate requirements of war. Steel, sugar and cement industries were also established before independence.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The major advancement in <\/span>industrialization<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of <\/span>country<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> was possible only after independence in 1947. The government of India took <\/span>mixed<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> economy as its policy for <\/span>five year<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> planning model to embark upon the road of economic progress. Both public and private sector were involved in setting up industries to increase production. <\/span>However<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> agriculture remained <\/span>major<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> employer in economy till date. It was argued that to remain viable as <\/span>country<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the nation has to increase the contribution of <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> sector in gross domestic <\/span>production<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In 1991, <\/span>Government<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> announced the new industrial policy to bring economic reform and liberalization in the country. The privatization of industries became a trend and foreign companies and investment started to come in the country.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">4. INDUSTRIALIZATION AND TRIBE<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The industrialization has impacted the Indian populace and several studies have been conducted across the discipline to highlight the significance of industry for <\/span>economy<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of <\/span>country<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. <\/span>However<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the country has a section of society, who <\/span>was<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> categorized as Tribe, has traditionally been dependent upon <\/span>pre-agricultural<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> mode of production and very lately <\/span>learnt<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the agricultural activities. These people who have traditionally <\/span>leaved<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> in hilly and forested areas chose to earn their livelihood by practicing subsistence activities like hunting- gathering, fishing, pastoralism, shifting cultivation and sedentary horticulture. They survived on natural product available and relied on very few tools and instruments for economic production.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The land and areas where these tribes used to live were started to be identified as rich in mineral and fuel resources. These resources were <\/span>primary<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> requirement for the newly industrializing nation. The major industries chose to develop near mineral rich areas so that they can have access to these primary resources. This area also witnessed simultaneous growth of township and urban centers around the industry necessary for the living of workforce near the manufacturing site. The places were actively connected by roads and railways to facilitate easy transportation of goods to the market.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">This kind of industrial cum urban development has been central to the understanding of <\/span>impact<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of Industrialization on tribes of India. Most of the researches which were conducted by anthropologists look at the twin processes and its impact. <\/span>However<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> there is separate literature to discuss the emergence of <\/span>non-industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> urban center and its impact on tribes of India. Particularly in <\/span>North<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> East part of <\/span>India<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> there <\/span>is<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> very few industrial-urban centers. The urbanization in that area has been <\/span>largely<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> because of other reasons and has <\/span>subsequent<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> impact on tribal life.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>5. ANTHROPOLOGY, INDUSTRY AND TRIBE IN INDIA<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Anthropologists have taken considerable interest in the study of industrialization as socio-cultural process and its impact upon the tribal population. The industrial anthropology as a specialization emphasizes the first hand fieldwork tradition to grasp the complexity of industrial life.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Martin Oraon wrote one of the earliest paperstitled \u201cA tribal People in industrial setting in India\u201d in the book <em>Structure and Change in Indian Society (1958)<\/em> edited by Milton Singer to highlight the impact of industrial setup in Jamshedpur and its impact upon Santal people. In this study he deals with economic issues like labour recruitment and cultural issues like religion and marriage affected by industry. He later on published a book length inquiry <em>The Santal: A tribal in Search of Great<\/em> <em>Tradition (1965) <\/em>to discuss his findings in detail. This anthropological study also covers a historical depth of 60 years since establishment of TISCO in 1907 and gives detailed account of assimilation process impacting the tribal life. A M Kurup (1961, 63) in his studies of Parasia Coal Mines of Madhya Pradesh reflected on the changing economy of tribal because of Industrializationin the area. In two papers (1961, 63) he discussed the socio-cultural condition of Gond people of Madhya Pradesh working in coal mines. The papers also reflect upon the loss of moral values and tradition culture in industrial labourers. T R Sharma (1960, 1962) in his papers dealt with the labour issues like absentessim in factory of tribal workers. This study is interesting because it has studied the workers motivation and alienation. The study has identified that establishment of TISCO has uprooted 18 villages of Bhumij, Hos Santals and Hindus. However these people have been accommodated in newly established Bastees of mix population. These Bastees have attracted migrant workers tribal and non-<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">tribal from <\/span>neighbouring<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> district and states as well. The study highlights the disintegration of cultural life, forest ecology <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> agricultural economy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">A K Das and H N Banerjee made a study <\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Impact of Industrialisation on the life of the Tribals of West<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Bengal <\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">(1962) in the areas of Bengal where heavy industries like Chittaranjan Locomotive, Hindustan Cable Factory <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Durgapur steel plant have displaced Santal and other communities. A K Das and H N Banerjee in a further studies <\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Impact of Tea Industry on the life of the Tribals of West Bengal<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> (1964) Tribal they have discussed their findings under economic social and psychological impacts of the tea industry on the tribal <\/span>labourers<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> in four medium sized tea estates of North Bengal Region. These early studies set the trend for future work in industrial anthropology. Prof. L P Vidhyarthi pioneered the study of Industrial complexes in middile India at anthropology department of Ranchi University and many of his students took initiative to study and restudy the industrial Growth in Tribal dominated Chota Nagpur Region. This region was one of the areas which showed industrial potential as early as 1856 when the British started coal mining in Jharia, Bokaro, Karnpura and Dhanbad region. Several <\/span>PhD<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> were produced in Ranchi University Anthropology department which dealt with the impact of industrialization on tribal and village people of those days Bihar. The study of Heavy Electric Corporation in Ranchi (Vidhyarthi, 1970; P K Roy, 1974; G N Chaudhury, 1978) Patrartu Industrial Complex( R Singh, 1966), Bokaro steel city (Jayant Sarkar 1970; AC Mishra, 1981), Jamsedpur Steel City, Jharia Coalfield ( G R sharma,1971)were prominent among them. Vidhyarthi in his study of HEC industrial complex described the situation in terms of \u201cchanging <\/span>style<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of life\u201d from rural to urban, homogenous to hetrogenous. He identifies that initially when <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> project took up the tribal have to face several <\/span>difficulty<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of displacement but after <\/span>establishment<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of <\/span>firm<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> they have discovered economic opportunity and hope for urban industrial life. Reufel a German Research Scholar studied the impact of Rourkela on tribals for his doctoral thesis at <\/span>University<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of Bonn was associated with the department during this period.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">P K Das Gupta (1964) studied the nature of displacement by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works. He identified that 330 santhal families were displaced from 6 villages and resettled with <\/span>very<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> small patch of land for making huts. Agricultural Lands were not provided. Many of displaced tribal settled themselves back into the industrial area and started living in <\/span>labour<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> jhuggees to find work with contractors. They were not employed by the CLW directly. Choudhury N C &amp; P K Das Gupta (1970) conducted a preliminary survey of iron ore mines like noamundi, Barajmda, and Gua of Singhbhum Region of Jharkhand. It was found that the major <\/span>labour<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> forces in mines were Ho tribals of the region. Both men and women work in mines and they formed a small work unit of husband wife or brother sister to carry out difficult and unsafe work in mines. The tribals adopted dual economy of industrial work in mines and of agricultural work in <\/span>field<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> to support their families. P K Das Gupta published <\/span>a book <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u201cImpact of<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Industrialization on Tribal life of South Bihar<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> 1978) from AnSI. The book discussed\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">the role of Chaibasa Cement Work, Jhinkpanion the Ho Tribal ofSinghbhum area of present day Jharkhand. The majority of <\/span>labour<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> force composed of Ho people. He has called his village of inquiry \u201cIndustrial Village\u201d from where the <\/span>labourer<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> has migrated to \u201cIndustrial town\u201d. The migration from egalitarian tribe village to multi caste town put them in the lower stratum of society. He has observed that villagers have taken up the opportunity to go beyond subsistence production and engage in vegetable gardening for <\/span>town<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> market. Many of the daily commuters divide their time between field and factory. He also highlighted the lack of educated Ho members who can take top jobs in the factory and are confined to the unskilled and semiskilled work. Naskar and Das Gupta studied the Bison Horn Maria of Bailadila mine in Bastar region of Chattishgarh and found similar impacts on tribal <\/span>labourers<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> in mines. Das Gupta and Ali took a very interesting study of migrant laboureres from Chotta Nagpur and Madhya Pradesh in the tea plantation industry of North Bengal. The work force constituted mixed ethnic identity and the traditional identity was maintained through rules of commensality and adherence to own dialects.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">Anthropological Survey of India also gave its attention to Industrialization and few studies were published in relation to <\/span>industrialization<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> of tribals in Bengal. Sukumar Banerjee in his study Impact of Industrialization on the tribal population of Jharia-Raniganj Coal field Areas has given <\/span>detailed<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> account of Santal community affected and incorporated by collieries. The data discuss the division of <\/span>labour<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> inside <\/span>factory<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> and contribution made by Santhals in <\/span>different<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> kind of work. He classified the tribal workers as daily commuters, original inhabitants and migrants depending upon their mobility. B K Roy Burman conducted a study on Rourkela Steel plant of Orissa. He conducted a survey of <\/span>tribal<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> economy and assessed the deployment of tribals in <\/span>industrial<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> sector. He described the challenges of resettlement of tribal that were displaced because of <\/span>steel<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> plant. ARN Srivastava in his book <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1em\">Tribal<\/em> <em style=\"font-size: 1em\">Encounter with Industry: A case Study from Central India <\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">(1990), has studied Bailadila Mining Complex in Chhattisgarh for understanding the impact of mining in areas. The study was conducted under a project of <\/span>ministry<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> of home affairs to assess the impact of mines on <\/span>tribal<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> economy. The report detailed the census and household economy data and the impact it bears because of industrial growth in the region. Gerard Heuze a French scholar who did his fieldwork in 1986-87 in the Dhanbad colleries published <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1em\">Workers of another World: Miners the Countryside and Coalfields in Dhanbad<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> (1989\/96). This book is dedicated ethnographic work which attempts to highlight the life of mine workers in and out of mine in Marxist wane. It problematizes the <\/span>labour<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> as <\/span>important<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> aspect of mining ethnography and revolves around workers struggle within the mine establishments.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Regional perspective<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">If we look from the regional perspective there is <\/span>uneven<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> spread of Industrialization in different parts of India. <\/span>The Central<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> India is dominated by extraction based industries because of early exploration of\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">minerals in this area. The major industrial development took place in this tribal dominated region. The demographic features of the region changed because of migration of caste communities from neighboring areas and different parts of <\/span>country<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. In North East India plantation industry started as early as 1835 in Assam region by east India company. This resulted into <\/span>migration<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of tribe from central India into the region for plantation <\/span>labour<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. The industry was <\/span>labour<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> intensive and generates demployment for more than 11 lakh people. After independence steadily many <\/span>industry<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> like plywood aluminum, tea, rubber, fertilizer, etc. have also come up. The Garo hills of Meghalaya have seen <\/span>growth<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of <\/span>mineral<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> industry, hydel power projects, and handicraft and handloom industry in recent years. Very few studies of industrialization have been conducted in the context of tribals of South India. The states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Karnataka have seen industrialization in its various pockets. <\/span>However<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> their impacts on tribal communities have not been assessed properly. In western <\/span>India<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Rajasthan have seen recent industrial growth. Special economic Zones have been created in these states to facilitate industrialization. The tribal groups have suffered problems but anthropologists have paid scant attention to enquire the impact on <\/span>tribal<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> population in these areas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>6. IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON TRIBE<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The studies in industrialization have largely discussed the hope for positive changes in tribal life. These studies mostly focused upon the industrial benefits of mining projects on tribal communities, who needed to be developed to be fully integrated in main stream India. The studies highlighted the problems of displaced but the intent was to look at the changing dynamics of tribal economy which will ultimately bring the prosperity in the tribal areas. However the anthropological studies also highlighted the disorganization of tribal life and negative impacts of industrialization. We can highlight the following impacts of industrialization from these studies:<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Economic changes: <\/strong>The tribal economy has largely been affected by industrial growth in the form of them being pulled to unskilled labour work to industries. Some scholars have emphasized the compulsion on part of tribals to take these jobs for getting money. The monetized economy has change the consumption pattern and materialistic possessions of tribal communities. The dependence on agriculture has decreased to considerable extent. There is tendency towards the cultivation of vegetables and collection of forest produce for selling at the markets nearby industrial towns<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Socio-cultural impacts: <\/strong>The family value has changed. The religious rituals have also been compromised. Some of the industrial workers living in town have become attracted to Christianity. Tribal women have also suffered lots of problems because of industrial growth.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Migration from Rural to Urban-Industrial Centre: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The migration of tribal from <\/span>rural<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> area to urban-industrial <\/span>centre<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> was <\/span>important change<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. The advent of industry brought township with it. Many tribals kept living in the industrial land in jhuggees even after being evacuated. The life in jhuggees was pitiable though tribal were forced to live nearby settlements to work in <\/span>industry<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Some tribals also migrated from one industrial site to <\/span>other<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> along with their contractors and a situation of bounded industrial <\/span>labourer<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> existed.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Exploitation as labour class in industry: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The tribal mostly got <\/span>job<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> as labourere and have been paid <\/span>less<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> wages by contractors. The sense of alienation prevailed in <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> set up and tribals felt demotivated to work for <\/span>industry<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. The exploitation of <\/span>labourers<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> by contractors has been reported in several studies.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Displacement from land: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The industrialization has been one of the primary reasons for the displacement of the tribals from their land. The loss of land means loss of livelihood. <\/span>Tribal<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> economy has largely been dependent upon land based activities. There is no accurate data that how many tribal has been displaced because of industrial growth but studies mentioned above have highlighted the dispossession of land and poor rehabilitation and resettlement policies towards tribal. Most of the studies have given primary attention to the problem of displacements but voices against industrialization have never been documented. The studies have mostly outlined the lacunae in resettlement policies and remedies have been suggested for smooth displacement strategy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>7. INDUSTRIALIZATION AND AFTER<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The industrialization as process has changed itself in its form. The industrialization is entering into the era of globalization. The industries which were largely public sector undertakings are now mostly privatized. The liberalization of economy has opened the gate for foreign based corporations to operate in country. The government has affirmative policy of reservation in jobs, but private sector undertakings are not incorporating 7.5%reservation policy in recruitment of tribals. The nature of industrial work is very much transformed and service based industries are on the rise in different part of country. The IT and BPO sector are on the growth and many of manufacturing industries in India are struggling to sustain its economic viability. The sociologist Denial Bell has called the new service based industrial society as Post \u2013Industrial society. The post \u2013industrial situation is posing other kind of dilemma for tribal people of India. The educated tribal are getting jobs in these industries at the cost of migration from homeland to urban spaces like Delhi, Bangalore and Mumbai. Present movement of tribals to urban industrial centre is different from industries reaching to tribal areas.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Then there are scholars who have highlighted the negative impact of industrial growth on local environments. The agenda of industrial waste and industrial pollution is echoing from every industrial center. The world is facing unprecedented challenges of industry-induced environmental change. The industrial production processes are spilling hazardous gas, sewage, and several non-decomposable wastes polluting <\/span>air<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, water <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> food. The industrial waste management practices and promises are unsustainable and unreliable. The anthropologist Kim Fortune who studied Bhopal Gas Disaster calls this phase <\/span>as<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> late industrialism. She advocates for <\/span>different<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> ethnographic approach to deal with emergent complexities of late industrialism. Tribal people who were always at the receiving end of industrial challenges with very little benefit accruing to them are now disillusioned by promises of industrial growth. The tribals empowered by <\/span>global<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> network of civil society and indigenous consciousness are challenging any new industrial projects in their area. This has become possible because of increased awareness of industrial damage caused to local economy and ecology. The civil society has played <\/span>prominent<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> role in providing forums to the tribals to raise their concern against industries. The Government has made it mandatory to conduct Environmental Impact Assessment and Social Impact Assessment before acquiring land for <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> project. The corporates have also taken several initiatives to amend policies and practices for sustainable industrial growth. The GoI has reformed laws to protect the interest of tribals in land and forest. However to increase the job opportunity and economic progress the GoI has also identified SEZ for creating <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> hub. This would be interesting to find out how many SEZ directly impacts the tribal population. The most important thing to understand is that most of the industrialization in India has been designed under the aspiration of larger political economy to benefit the whole country as a nation which will also integrate the tribals in its fold. <\/span>However<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> this policy has largely resulted <\/span>into<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> marginalization of tribals further. The tribal directed industrial planning has never been part of GoI strategy. The issues of tribal rights to the natural resources have become prominent in the tribal belts and people have started to oppose the forced industrialization in the regions. The tribal communities are challenging the industries for better compensation and job opportunities and sometimes even for no industrialization at all. Felix Padel and Samarendra Das wrote <\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Out of this Earth (2011)<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> on issues of <\/span>Bauxite<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> mining project in Odisha is <\/span>best<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> example of <\/span>tribal<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> challenge to further industrialization in the area.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">Thus the nature of tribe industry encounter has changed drastically over the years. The expectation of <\/span>industry led<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> growth has not been fulfilled and there is <\/span>strong<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> protest of any new industrial project in tribal areas. Very few tribal elites have benefitted from industrialization and majority of tribal communities are at the receiving end of <\/span>industrial<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> blow to the local ecology and economy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">SUMMARY<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Industrialization is a process of increased emphasis on mechanized production of goods and services through <\/span>industry<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. For Anthropological purpose, Industrialization implies to the socio-economic changes arising out of <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> mode of economic production. Anthropologists <\/span>inquire<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the impact of <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> economy on traditional subsistence economy and how it transcends the other aspect of culture. The major advancement in <\/span>industrialization<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of <\/span>country<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> was possible only after independence in 1947. The government of India took <\/span>mixed<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> economy as its policy for <\/span>five year<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> planning model to embark upon the road of economic progress. Both public and private sector were involved in setting up industries to increase production. Anthropologists have taken considerable interest in the study of industrialization as <\/span>socio-cultural<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> process and its impact upon the tribal population. The industrial anthropology as a specialization emphasizes the <\/span>first hand<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> fieldwork tradition to grasp the complexity of industrial life.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">If we look from the regional perspective there is <\/span>uneven<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> spread of Industrialization in different parts of India. <\/span>The Central<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> India is dominated by extraction based industries because of early exploration of minerals in this area. The studies in industrialization have largely discussed the hope for positive changes in tribal life. These studies mostly focused upon the industrial benefits of mining projects on tribal communities, who needed to be developed to be fully integrated <\/span>in main stream<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> India. The studies highlighted the problems of displaced but the intent was to look at the changing dynamics of <\/span>tribal<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> economy which will ultimately bring the prosperity in the tribal areas. <\/span>However<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the anthropological studies also highlighted the disorganization of tribal life and negative impacts of industrialization. The industrialization is entering into the era of globalization. The industries which were largely public sector undertakings are now mostly privatized. Then there are scholars who have highlighted the negative impact of industrial growth on local environments. The agenda of industrial waste and industrial pollution is echoing from every industrial center. Very few tribal elites have benefitted from industrialization and majority of tribal communities are at the receiving end of <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> blow to the local ecology and economy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>you can view video on Industrialization and Tribe<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ZcDxInbup2c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>REFERENCES<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>D.N. Thakur D. Thakur 2009 Industrialisation in Tribal Areas Deep and Deep Publications<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Felix Padel, Ajay Dandekar, JeemolUnni 2013 Ecology, Economy: Quest for a Socially Informed Connection Orient Blackswan<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Jonathan Parry 2003. Nehru's dream and the village waiting room: long distance labour migrants to a central Indian steel town. <em>Contributions to Indian Sociology<\/em> 37(1\/2).<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Meher, Rajkishor. \"The Social and Ecological Effects of Industrialisation in a Tribal Region: The Case<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of the Rourkela Steel Plant.\" <\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Contributions to Indian sociology<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> 37, no. 3 (2003): 429-457.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">R. S. Joshi 1984 Impact of Industrialization on Tribal in K S Singh ed. Economies of the Tribe and Their Transformation, Concept Publishing House Delhi<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">P. K. Dasgupta 1991 Industrialization and Tribal Transformation in BaidyanathSaraswati Tribal Thought and Culture: Essays in Honour of Surajit Chandra Sinha Concept Publishing Company Delhi<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">K. Haldar 1993 Industrialization and Tribes of Chotanagpur: Problems and Remedial Measures in Buddhadeb Chaudhuri Tribal transformation in India. Vol.2. Socio-economic and ecological development Inter-India Publication Delhi<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 WEB RESOURCES<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>http:\/\/tribal.nic.in\/Content\/Ebooks.aspx<\/li>\r\n \t<li>http:\/\/www.makeinindia.com\/<\/li>\r\n \t<li>http:\/\/www.ficci.com\/<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ZcDxInbup2c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 CONTENTS OF THIS UNIT:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>INDUSTRIALIZATION<\/li>\n<li>INDUSTRIALIZATION IN INDIA<\/li>\n<li>INDUSTRIALIZATION AND TRIBE<\/li>\n<li>ANTHROPOLOGY, INDUSTRY AND<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> TRIBE IN INDIA<\/span><\/li>\n<li>IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON TRIBE<\/li>\n<li>INDUSTRIALIZATION AND AFTER<\/li>\n<li>SUMMARY<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 1. LEARNING OUTCOME<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The focus of present module is to understand the Industrialization in relation to tribal people of India. The module in the beginning takes note of nature of Industrialization in country in different historical phases. After reading this module we will be able to assess both the positive and negative socio-economic impacts of industrialization upon tribal people. The module will also be able to high light the problems and challenges of tribes who are being marginalized because of industry. The module at the end will reflect upon recent conflict over natural resources which are going to affect the future of industrialization in tribal areas.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2. INDUSTRIALIZATION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Industrialization is a process of increased emphasis on mechanized production of goods and services through <\/span>industry<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. In an Industrial society <\/span>majority<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of the population work in factories and offices rather than domestic subsistence activities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The term industry refers to the organized activity and specialized division of <\/span>labour<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> among the participant in <\/span>production<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> process. In this <\/span>sense<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> industry could be used to refer to the archeological stone tool industry or to the present day fishing or agricultural industry as well. However, what we are going to discuss in this module refers to the particular kind of industrial development which started in Europe in <\/span>18th<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> century and was called <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> revolution. It was directed towards large scale production of goods for commercial purpose. The use of science and technology in advancing human skill was <\/span>basic<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> necessity for this kind of industrial revolution. This phenomenon was new and capable of transforming the <\/span>life<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of people <\/span>in<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> a greater scale.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">This attracted attention not only of <\/span>economist<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> but also social thinkers like Marx and Durkheim. They studied the impact of <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> economy on society and culture of industrializing Europe. These thinkers were skeptical of industrial transformation as they believed that it benefits the capitalists and alienate the working class. The industrialization by the mid-20th century becomes inevitable for achieving <\/span>modern<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> life style like <\/span>west<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">For Anthropological purpose, Industrialization implies to the socio-economic changes arising out of <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> mode of economic production. Anthropologists <\/span>inquire<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the impact of <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> economy on traditional subsistence economy and how it transcends the other aspect of culture. The early anthropologists have paid scant attention to the process of Industrialization as an economic activity affecting <\/span>life<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of simple non-industrialized people. The Industrial Anthropology has developed as a field of inquiry in recent time and has directed its focus upon various dimensions of <\/span>social cultural<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> realities within the industrial set up. This field has extended its research <\/span>priorties<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> on studies of work culture in industry, <\/span>labour<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> relation and trade unions, issues of human resources and class dynamics in <\/span>industry<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. The second important aspect is to study the impact of industry on external <\/span>realties<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of society and culture. What kind of changes it brings to the traditional societies and whether these impacts have been positive or negative for the people.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. INDUSTRIALIZATION IN INDIA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">India sub-continent has seen industrial growth from the ancient time. There are strong evidences of knowledge of weaving 1500 BCE. During the medieval period several large scale monuments were\u00a0<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">built which provide the early glimpses of industrial progress of <\/span>construction<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> industry. The use of wood, stone, branze, bross, silver, copper, iron, dying, printing, ivory carving <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> pottery etc. highlight the industrial nature of <\/span>regional<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> past.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The industrial revolution in Europe resulted in factories and mechanized production. The process of imperialism and colonization lead the foundation of commercial and later on industrial towns in various colonies like India. <\/span>However<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> a process of deindustrialization started in <\/span>Indian<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> subcontinent. The British industrial boom adversely affected the cotton and silk factories of India. From the 19th century onwards the British encouraged setting of factories in India. The most important among them was tea plantation in Assam. The establishments of cotton textile mills in Mumbai in 1854 and Jute Mills in Kolkata in 1855 were major industrial foundations. The mineral extraction based industries started to evolve during the beginning of <\/span>20the<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> century. During the world war periods heavy chemical, ordinance and aircraft production started to meet the immediate requirements of war. Steel, sugar and cement industries were also established before independence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The major advancement in <\/span>industrialization<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of <\/span>country<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> was possible only after independence in 1947. The government of India took <\/span>mixed<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> economy as its policy for <\/span>five year<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> planning model to embark upon the road of economic progress. Both public and private sector were involved in setting up industries to increase production. <\/span>However<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> agriculture remained <\/span>major<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> employer in economy till date. It was argued that to remain viable as <\/span>country<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the nation has to increase the contribution of <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> sector in gross domestic <\/span>production<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In 1991, <\/span>Government<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> announced the new industrial policy to bring economic reform and liberalization in the country. The privatization of industries became a trend and foreign companies and investment started to come in the country.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">4. INDUSTRIALIZATION AND TRIBE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The industrialization has impacted the Indian populace and several studies have been conducted across the discipline to highlight the significance of industry for <\/span>economy<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of <\/span>country<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. <\/span>However<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the country has a section of society, who <\/span>was<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> categorized as Tribe, has traditionally been dependent upon <\/span>pre-agricultural<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> mode of production and very lately <\/span>learnt<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the agricultural activities. These people who have traditionally <\/span>leaved<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> in hilly and forested areas chose to earn their livelihood by practicing subsistence activities like hunting- gathering, fishing, pastoralism, shifting cultivation and sedentary horticulture. They survived on natural product available and relied on very few tools and instruments for economic production.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The land and areas where these tribes used to live were started to be identified as rich in mineral and fuel resources. These resources were <\/span>primary<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> requirement for the newly industrializing nation. The major industries chose to develop near mineral rich areas so that they can have access to these primary resources. This area also witnessed simultaneous growth of township and urban centers around the industry necessary for the living of workforce near the manufacturing site. The places were actively connected by roads and railways to facilitate easy transportation of goods to the market.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">This kind of industrial cum urban development has been central to the understanding of <\/span>impact<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of Industrialization on tribes of India. Most of the researches which were conducted by anthropologists look at the twin processes and its impact. <\/span>However<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> there is separate literature to discuss the emergence of <\/span>non-industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> urban center and its impact on tribes of India. Particularly in <\/span>North<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> East part of <\/span>India<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> there <\/span>is<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> very few industrial-urban centers. The urbanization in that area has been <\/span>largely<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> because of other reasons and has <\/span>subsequent<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> impact on tribal life.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>5. ANTHROPOLOGY, INDUSTRY AND TRIBE IN INDIA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Anthropologists have taken considerable interest in the study of industrialization as socio-cultural process and its impact upon the tribal population. The industrial anthropology as a specialization emphasizes the first hand fieldwork tradition to grasp the complexity of industrial life.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Martin Oraon wrote one of the earliest paperstitled \u201cA tribal People in industrial setting in India\u201d in the book <em>Structure and Change in Indian Society (1958)<\/em> edited by Milton Singer to highlight the impact of industrial setup in Jamshedpur and its impact upon Santal people. In this study he deals with economic issues like labour recruitment and cultural issues like religion and marriage affected by industry. He later on published a book length inquiry <em>The Santal: A tribal in Search of Great<\/em> <em>Tradition (1965) <\/em>to discuss his findings in detail. This anthropological study also covers a historical depth of 60 years since establishment of TISCO in 1907 and gives detailed account of assimilation process impacting the tribal life. A M Kurup (1961, 63) in his studies of Parasia Coal Mines of Madhya Pradesh reflected on the changing economy of tribal because of Industrializationin the area. In two papers (1961, 63) he discussed the socio-cultural condition of Gond people of Madhya Pradesh working in coal mines. The papers also reflect upon the loss of moral values and tradition culture in industrial labourers. T R Sharma (1960, 1962) in his papers dealt with the labour issues like absentessim in factory of tribal workers. This study is interesting because it has studied the workers motivation and alienation. The study has identified that establishment of TISCO has uprooted 18 villages of Bhumij, Hos Santals and Hindus. However these people have been accommodated in newly established Bastees of mix population. These Bastees have attracted migrant workers tribal and non-<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">tribal from <\/span>neighbouring<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> district and states as well. The study highlights the disintegration of cultural life, forest ecology <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> agricultural economy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">A K Das and H N Banerjee made a study <\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Impact of Industrialisation on the life of the Tribals of West<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Bengal <\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">(1962) in the areas of Bengal where heavy industries like Chittaranjan Locomotive, Hindustan Cable Factory <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Durgapur steel plant have displaced Santal and other communities. A K Das and H N Banerjee in a further studies <\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Impact of Tea Industry on the life of the Tribals of West Bengal<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> (1964) Tribal they have discussed their findings under economic social and psychological impacts of the tea industry on the tribal <\/span>labourers<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> in four medium sized tea estates of North Bengal Region. These early studies set the trend for future work in industrial anthropology. Prof. L P Vidhyarthi pioneered the study of Industrial complexes in middile India at anthropology department of Ranchi University and many of his students took initiative to study and restudy the industrial Growth in Tribal dominated Chota Nagpur Region. This region was one of the areas which showed industrial potential as early as 1856 when the British started coal mining in Jharia, Bokaro, Karnpura and Dhanbad region. Several <\/span>PhD<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> were produced in Ranchi University Anthropology department which dealt with the impact of industrialization on tribal and village people of those days Bihar. The study of Heavy Electric Corporation in Ranchi (Vidhyarthi, 1970; P K Roy, 1974; G N Chaudhury, 1978) Patrartu Industrial Complex( R Singh, 1966), Bokaro steel city (Jayant Sarkar 1970; AC Mishra, 1981), Jamsedpur Steel City, Jharia Coalfield ( G R sharma,1971)were prominent among them. Vidhyarthi in his study of HEC industrial complex described the situation in terms of \u201cchanging <\/span>style<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of life\u201d from rural to urban, homogenous to hetrogenous. He identifies that initially when <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> project took up the tribal have to face several <\/span>difficulty<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of displacement but after <\/span>establishment<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of <\/span>firm<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> they have discovered economic opportunity and hope for urban industrial life. Reufel a German Research Scholar studied the impact of Rourkela on tribals for his doctoral thesis at <\/span>University<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of Bonn was associated with the department during this period.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">P K Das Gupta (1964) studied the nature of displacement by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works. He identified that 330 santhal families were displaced from 6 villages and resettled with <\/span>very<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> small patch of land for making huts. Agricultural Lands were not provided. Many of displaced tribal settled themselves back into the industrial area and started living in <\/span>labour<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> jhuggees to find work with contractors. They were not employed by the CLW directly. Choudhury N C &amp; P K Das Gupta (1970) conducted a preliminary survey of iron ore mines like noamundi, Barajmda, and Gua of Singhbhum Region of Jharkhand. It was found that the major <\/span>labour<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> forces in mines were Ho tribals of the region. Both men and women work in mines and they formed a small work unit of husband wife or brother sister to carry out difficult and unsafe work in mines. The tribals adopted dual economy of industrial work in mines and of agricultural work in <\/span>field<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> to support their families. P K Das Gupta published <\/span>a book <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u201cImpact of<\/em> <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Industrialization on Tribal life of South Bihar<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> 1978) from AnSI. The book discussed\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">the role of Chaibasa Cement Work, Jhinkpanion the Ho Tribal ofSinghbhum area of present day Jharkhand. The majority of <\/span>labour<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> force composed of Ho people. He has called his village of inquiry \u201cIndustrial Village\u201d from where the <\/span>labourer<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> has migrated to \u201cIndustrial town\u201d. The migration from egalitarian tribe village to multi caste town put them in the lower stratum of society. He has observed that villagers have taken up the opportunity to go beyond subsistence production and engage in vegetable gardening for <\/span>town<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> market. Many of the daily commuters divide their time between field and factory. He also highlighted the lack of educated Ho members who can take top jobs in the factory and are confined to the unskilled and semiskilled work. Naskar and Das Gupta studied the Bison Horn Maria of Bailadila mine in Bastar region of Chattishgarh and found similar impacts on tribal <\/span>labourers<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> in mines. Das Gupta and Ali took a very interesting study of migrant laboureres from Chotta Nagpur and Madhya Pradesh in the tea plantation industry of North Bengal. The work force constituted mixed ethnic identity and the traditional identity was maintained through rules of commensality and adherence to own dialects.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">Anthropological Survey of India also gave its attention to Industrialization and few studies were published in relation to <\/span>industrialization<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> of tribals in Bengal. Sukumar Banerjee in his study Impact of Industrialization on the tribal population of Jharia-Raniganj Coal field Areas has given <\/span>detailed<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> account of Santal community affected and incorporated by collieries. The data discuss the division of <\/span>labour<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> inside <\/span>factory<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> and contribution made by Santhals in <\/span>different<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> kind of work. He classified the tribal workers as daily commuters, original inhabitants and migrants depending upon their mobility. B K Roy Burman conducted a study on Rourkela Steel plant of Orissa. He conducted a survey of <\/span>tribal<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> economy and assessed the deployment of tribals in <\/span>industrial<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> sector. He described the challenges of resettlement of tribal that were displaced because of <\/span>steel<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> plant. ARN Srivastava in his book <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1em\">Tribal<\/em> <em style=\"font-size: 1em\">Encounter with Industry: A case Study from Central India <\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">(1990), has studied Bailadila Mining Complex in Chhattisgarh for understanding the impact of mining in areas. The study was conducted under a project of <\/span>ministry<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> of home affairs to assess the impact of mines on <\/span>tribal<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> economy. The report detailed the census and household economy data and the impact it bears because of industrial growth in the region. Gerard Heuze a French scholar who did his fieldwork in 1986-87 in the Dhanbad colleries published <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1em\">Workers of another World: Miners the Countryside and Coalfields in Dhanbad<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> (1989\/96). This book is dedicated ethnographic work which attempts to highlight the life of mine workers in and out of mine in Marxist wane. It problematizes the <\/span>labour<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> as <\/span>important<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> aspect of mining ethnography and revolves around workers struggle within the mine establishments.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Regional perspective<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">If we look from the regional perspective there is <\/span>uneven<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> spread of Industrialization in different parts of India. <\/span>The Central<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> India is dominated by extraction based industries because of early exploration of\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">minerals in this area. The major industrial development took place in this tribal dominated region. The demographic features of the region changed because of migration of caste communities from neighboring areas and different parts of <\/span>country<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. In North East India plantation industry started as early as 1835 in Assam region by east India company. This resulted into <\/span>migration<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of tribe from central India into the region for plantation <\/span>labour<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. The industry was <\/span>labour<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> intensive and generates demployment for more than 11 lakh people. After independence steadily many <\/span>industry<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> like plywood aluminum, tea, rubber, fertilizer, etc. have also come up. The Garo hills of Meghalaya have seen <\/span>growth<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of <\/span>mineral<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> industry, hydel power projects, and handicraft and handloom industry in recent years. Very few studies of industrialization have been conducted in the context of tribals of South India. The states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Karnataka have seen industrialization in its various pockets. <\/span>However<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> their impacts on tribal communities have not been assessed properly. In western <\/span>India<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Rajasthan have seen recent industrial growth. Special economic Zones have been created in these states to facilitate industrialization. The tribal groups have suffered problems but anthropologists have paid scant attention to enquire the impact on <\/span>tribal<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> population in these areas.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>6. IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON TRIBE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The studies in industrialization have largely discussed the hope for positive changes in tribal life. These studies mostly focused upon the industrial benefits of mining projects on tribal communities, who needed to be developed to be fully integrated in main stream India. The studies highlighted the problems of displaced but the intent was to look at the changing dynamics of tribal economy which will ultimately bring the prosperity in the tribal areas. However the anthropological studies also highlighted the disorganization of tribal life and negative impacts of industrialization. We can highlight the following impacts of industrialization from these studies:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Economic changes: <\/strong>The tribal economy has largely been affected by industrial growth in the form of them being pulled to unskilled labour work to industries. Some scholars have emphasized the compulsion on part of tribals to take these jobs for getting money. The monetized economy has change the consumption pattern and materialistic possessions of tribal communities. The dependence on agriculture has decreased to considerable extent. There is tendency towards the cultivation of vegetables and collection of forest produce for selling at the markets nearby industrial towns<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Socio-cultural impacts: <\/strong>The family value has changed. The religious rituals have also been compromised. Some of the industrial workers living in town have become attracted to Christianity. Tribal women have also suffered lots of problems because of industrial growth.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Migration from Rural to Urban-Industrial Centre: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The migration of tribal from <\/span>rural<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> area to urban-industrial <\/span>centre<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> was <\/span>important change<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. The advent of industry brought township with it. Many tribals kept living in the industrial land in jhuggees even after being evacuated. The life in jhuggees was pitiable though tribal were forced to live nearby settlements to work in <\/span>industry<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Some tribals also migrated from one industrial site to <\/span>other<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> along with their contractors and a situation of bounded industrial <\/span>labourer<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> existed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Exploitation as labour class in industry: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The tribal mostly got <\/span>job<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> as labourere and have been paid <\/span>less<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> wages by contractors. The sense of alienation prevailed in <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> set up and tribals felt demotivated to work for <\/span>industry<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. The exploitation of <\/span>labourers<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> by contractors has been reported in several studies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Displacement from land: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The industrialization has been one of the primary reasons for the displacement of the tribals from their land. The loss of land means loss of livelihood. <\/span>Tribal<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> economy has largely been dependent upon land based activities. There is no accurate data that how many tribal has been displaced because of industrial growth but studies mentioned above have highlighted the dispossession of land and poor rehabilitation and resettlement policies towards tribal. Most of the studies have given primary attention to the problem of displacements but voices against industrialization have never been documented. The studies have mostly outlined the lacunae in resettlement policies and remedies have been suggested for smooth displacement strategy.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>7. INDUSTRIALIZATION AND AFTER<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The industrialization as process has changed itself in its form. The industrialization is entering into the era of globalization. The industries which were largely public sector undertakings are now mostly privatized. The liberalization of economy has opened the gate for foreign based corporations to operate in country. The government has affirmative policy of reservation in jobs, but private sector undertakings are not incorporating 7.5%reservation policy in recruitment of tribals. The nature of industrial work is very much transformed and service based industries are on the rise in different part of country. The IT and BPO sector are on the growth and many of manufacturing industries in India are struggling to sustain its economic viability. The sociologist Denial Bell has called the new service based industrial society as Post \u2013Industrial society. The post \u2013industrial situation is posing other kind of dilemma for tribal people of India. The educated tribal are getting jobs in these industries at the cost of migration from homeland to urban spaces like Delhi, Bangalore and Mumbai. Present movement of tribals to urban industrial centre is different from industries reaching to tribal areas.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Then there are scholars who have highlighted the negative impact of industrial growth on local environments. The agenda of industrial waste and industrial pollution is echoing from every industrial center. The world is facing unprecedented challenges of industry-induced environmental change. The industrial production processes are spilling hazardous gas, sewage, and several non-decomposable wastes polluting <\/span>air<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, water <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> food. The industrial waste management practices and promises are unsustainable and unreliable. The anthropologist Kim Fortune who studied Bhopal Gas Disaster calls this phase <\/span>as<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> late industrialism. She advocates for <\/span>different<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> ethnographic approach to deal with emergent complexities of late industrialism. Tribal people who were always at the receiving end of industrial challenges with very little benefit accruing to them are now disillusioned by promises of industrial growth. The tribals empowered by <\/span>global<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> network of civil society and indigenous consciousness are challenging any new industrial projects in their area. This has become possible because of increased awareness of industrial damage caused to local economy and ecology. The civil society has played <\/span>prominent<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> role in providing forums to the tribals to raise their concern against industries. The Government has made it mandatory to conduct Environmental Impact Assessment and Social Impact Assessment before acquiring land for <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> project. The corporates have also taken several initiatives to amend policies and practices for sustainable industrial growth. The GoI has reformed laws to protect the interest of tribals in land and forest. However to increase the job opportunity and economic progress the GoI has also identified SEZ for creating <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> hub. This would be interesting to find out how many SEZ directly impacts the tribal population. The most important thing to understand is that most of the industrialization in India has been designed under the aspiration of larger political economy to benefit the whole country as a nation which will also integrate the tribals in its fold. <\/span>However<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> this policy has largely resulted <\/span>into<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> marginalization of tribals further. The tribal directed industrial planning has never been part of GoI strategy. The issues of tribal rights to the natural resources have become prominent in the tribal belts and people have started to oppose the forced industrialization in the regions. The tribal communities are challenging the industries for better compensation and job opportunities and sometimes even for no industrialization at all. Felix Padel and Samarendra Das wrote <\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Out of this Earth (2011)<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> on issues of <\/span>Bauxite<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> mining project in Odisha is <\/span>best<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> example of <\/span>tribal<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> challenge to further industrialization in the area.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">Thus the nature of tribe industry encounter has changed drastically over the years. The expectation of <\/span>industry led<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> growth has not been fulfilled and there is <\/span>strong<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> protest of any new industrial project in tribal areas. Very few tribal elites have benefitted from industrialization and majority of tribal communities are at the receiving end of <\/span>industrial<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> blow to the local ecology and economy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">SUMMARY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Industrialization is a process of increased emphasis on mechanized production of goods and services through <\/span>industry<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. For Anthropological purpose, Industrialization implies to the socio-economic changes arising out of <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> mode of economic production. Anthropologists <\/span>inquire<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the impact of <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> economy on traditional subsistence economy and how it transcends the other aspect of culture. The major advancement in <\/span>industrialization<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of <\/span>country<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> was possible only after independence in 1947. The government of India took <\/span>mixed<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> economy as its policy for <\/span>five year<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> planning model to embark upon the road of economic progress. Both public and private sector were involved in setting up industries to increase production. Anthropologists have taken considerable interest in the study of industrialization as <\/span>socio-cultural<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> process and its impact upon the tribal population. The industrial anthropology as a specialization emphasizes the <\/span>first hand<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> fieldwork tradition to grasp the complexity of industrial life.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">If we look from the regional perspective there is <\/span>uneven<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> spread of Industrialization in different parts of India. <\/span>The Central<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> India is dominated by extraction based industries because of early exploration of minerals in this area. The studies in industrialization have largely discussed the hope for positive changes in tribal life. These studies mostly focused upon the industrial benefits of mining projects on tribal communities, who needed to be developed to be fully integrated <\/span>in main stream<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> India. The studies highlighted the problems of displaced but the intent was to look at the changing dynamics of <\/span>tribal<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> economy which will ultimately bring the prosperity in the tribal areas. <\/span>However<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the anthropological studies also highlighted the disorganization of tribal life and negative impacts of industrialization. The industrialization is entering into the era of globalization. The industries which were largely public sector undertakings are now mostly privatized. Then there are scholars who have highlighted the negative impact of industrial growth on local environments. The agenda of industrial waste and industrial pollution is echoing from every industrial center. Very few tribal elites have benefitted from industrialization and majority of tribal communities are at the receiving end of <\/span>industrial<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> blow to the local ecology and economy.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>you can view video on Industrialization and Tribe<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ZcDxInbup2c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>D.N. Thakur D. Thakur 2009 Industrialisation in Tribal Areas Deep and Deep Publications<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Felix Padel, Ajay Dandekar, JeemolUnni 2013 Ecology, Economy: Quest for a Socially Informed Connection Orient Blackswan<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Jonathan Parry 2003. Nehru&#8217;s dream and the village waiting room: long distance labour migrants to a central Indian steel town. <em>Contributions to Indian Sociology<\/em> 37(1\/2).<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Meher, Rajkishor. &#8220;The Social and Ecological Effects of Industrialisation in a Tribal Region: The Case<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of the Rourkela Steel Plant.&#8221; <\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Contributions to Indian sociology<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> 37, no. 3 (2003): 429-457.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">R. S. Joshi 1984 Impact of Industrialization on Tribal in K S Singh ed. Economies of the Tribe and Their Transformation, Concept Publishing House Delhi<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">P. K. Dasgupta 1991 Industrialization and Tribal Transformation in BaidyanathSaraswati Tribal Thought and Culture: Essays in Honour of Surajit Chandra Sinha Concept Publishing Company Delhi<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">K. Haldar 1993 Industrialization and Tribes of Chotanagpur: Problems and Remedial Measures in Buddhadeb Chaudhuri Tribal transformation in India. Vol.2. Socio-economic and ecological development Inter-India Publication Delhi<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 WEB RESOURCES<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>http:\/\/tribal.nic.in\/Content\/Ebooks.aspx<\/li>\n<li>http:\/\/www.makeinindia.com\/<\/li>\n<li>http:\/\/www.ficci.com\/<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":34,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["rajnikant-pandey"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[72],"license":[],"class_list":["post-294","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-rajnikant-pandey"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/294","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/294\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":299,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/294\/revisions\/299"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/294\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=294"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=294"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=294"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=294"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}