{"id":213,"date":"2019-03-25T06:06:42","date_gmt":"2019-03-25T06:06:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/antp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=213"},"modified":"2019-03-25T06:28:21","modified_gmt":"2019-03-25T06:28:21","slug":"religious-conversion-among-tribes","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/chapter\/religious-conversion-among-tribes\/","title":{"rendered":"Religious Conversion among Tribes"},"content":{"raw":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/o4M_OqJ5F0w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Content<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Introduction.\r\n\r\n<strong>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Concept of Religion\r\n\r\n<strong>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Conversion.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Summary.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Conclusion.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nObjective of the study:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Student will be able to learn the Religious conversion.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Student will be able to learn the factors of religious conversion.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0 \u00a0 1.<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Introduction:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The religion of the tribal people of India. Has face many up and down to get <\/span>better life style<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> and economically. The tribal community which is under study had their own traditional, ancestral religion. Involve the worship of the supernatural powers. Their religion is animism religion. Worshipping of the spirit and belief in <\/span>spirit<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> existence. But now the tribal people are living <\/span>the a<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> converted <\/span>religion .<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> That is <\/span>Christian<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> religion, Hindu, Buddhism religion. Conversion to another religion swept to <\/span>entire<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> part of <\/span>the India<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> among the tribal community. Had embraced Hinduism, Christianity yet the traditional belief system, <\/span>cultural<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> system had <\/span>changes<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> to this time.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2.<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Concept of Religion:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The first advocate, as <\/span>power<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of the arguments that religion may not be <\/span>universal were 1st<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> classical evolutionist. Who believe that both magic and religion are the characteristics of the simple society. With the prevalence and advancement of science both religion and magic was declined. According to the E.B. <\/span>Tylor<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> classic evolution belief are three systems. That is magic; religion and science are <\/span>system<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of knowledge. All three are used the term from <\/span>contemporary<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> course, <\/span>cognitive<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> system of knowledge. Both magic and religion are founded belief which is <\/span>invariables<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, assumptions untested. Simply matter of belief and hence they are would not able <\/span>with stand<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> scientific scrutiny. Because of the <\/span>scrutiny<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> both system magic and religion will be exploited. It will exploit the myth once the myth is exploited. It will never regain it back.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">According to <\/span>the Marx<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Religion was characters of <\/span>simple<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> class are divided into society. Where they were rich\/ poor people. Marx believes that religion as <\/span>ideology<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> used for oppressive and exploiting people. Religion assured people of the next worth in which they would happy. Religion justifies the fatalism. It\u2019s all have faith because of <\/span>destiny<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of people. Religion <\/span>justify<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> their exploitation, powered people <\/span>there<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> existence.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Religion <\/span>therefore<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> deprived people <\/span>off<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> their revolutionary <\/span>favour<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, spirit. And Hence Marx Believe that class divided <\/span>the society<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Society religion was nothing but the \u201copium of the masses\u201d. Religion made people <\/span>to<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> accept their state of life. \u201cReligion is <\/span>as as<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> if real. Real for people who believe.\u201d By Clifford Gertz.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Anthropological approach is different from the theological approach. The study of <\/span>the communist<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> society. <\/span>Study<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> reveals that <\/span>althought<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the state did not <\/span>subscribe<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> any religion. It\u2019s people who continue to have faith in <\/span>there<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> respective Pantheon. The state did not <\/span>subscribe<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> any religion. But people continue to worship there pantheon. Cults and sects are increasing in numbers. Money is <\/span>building<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of a new\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">religion. Amount kept in <\/span>building<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of temples, Gurudwara, church. E.B. Tylor (1871) gave \u201cprimitive culture\u201d. It\u2019s <\/span>shortest<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> definition of religion.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2.1. Definition of Religion:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">According to E.B. <\/span>Tylor<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> one can make <\/span>distinction<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> between the material and spiritual aspects of life. He considered this distinction of Universal value. All societies make <\/span>distinction<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> between the materialistic and spiritual aspects. Spiritual aspects are concerned with the domain of supernatural (Supernatural things beyond <\/span>the nature<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">).<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">According to <\/span>the Robert<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Smith. Religion is concerned with beliefs, value, rituals, and practices. Emile Durkheim says Religion is <\/span>unified<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> set of belief and practices. <\/span>Main<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> breakthrough in definitions of religion came with the Emile Durkheim work in French that is \u201cThe Elementary forms of religious life\u201d 1912. This work devoted to an understanding of \u201cTotemism\u201d, Durkheim regard thus is <\/span>earliest<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> form of religion. Durkheim rejected two definitions which <\/span>was often refer<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> to. a) Defining the religious in terms of <\/span>supernatural<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. B). He rejected <\/span>definition<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of <\/span>religious<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> in terms of God and Goddess.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Paul Rodin Do we find God in primitive religion. God is omnipresent, omniscient, omnipotent. So three characters attribute to God. The concept of God in terms of the property one who present everywhere. The idea of God is <\/span>distinct<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> identity. This notion <\/span>which<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> is not found in primitive religion. He said the concept of the \u201c<\/span>Juedo<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Christian\u201d concept in western. Primitive society divine being. Where God is seen as Patriarchal, male all are powerful knowing. But Emile Durkheim <\/span>discuss<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the religion in his book in detail.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Buddhism lack the concept of God. But has the novel truth, sacred path, which ones <\/span>has<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> to follow. The aim of the life as <\/span>define<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> by the Buddha a permanent relief from the cycle from <\/span>live<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> and death. Such relief called by the Buddha as Nirvana. Nirvana concept is closer to the Hinduism concept of \u201cMoksha\u201d. Buddhism one must follow <\/span>aim<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of life. The noble truth is superior to everything. There <\/span>are<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> four noble truth.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\ni). The world is full of suffering that is \u201cDukh\u201d.\r\n\r\nii). Desire is cause of suffering.\r\n\r\niii). Attain the state of desirelessness.\r\n\r\niv). Follow the path of righteous.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Buddhism doesn\u2019t have the concept of deity. No worship of Buddha. But <\/span>still<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> truth was revealed through Buddha that one must keep faith in Buddha. But noble truth is superior to everything. Jainism also not has the concept of God and worship. But <\/span>whole<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> concept is following a particular life.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Undertaking the comparative study Emile Durkheim says all society divided universe around them into two categories from a comparative study of <\/span>religious<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> from the world into two parts.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">i)\u00a0<\/span>Every day<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> mundane world for which Emile Durkheim used the word profane. Profane does not imply impurity, inauspiciousness, dirt, soil or something dealing with <\/span>lower<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> entity. In <\/span>fact<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the word profane implies everyday life. Thus economic institution is part of profane.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">ii) Other components <\/span>is<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> things, objects place event things which are used as \u201ca set <\/span>a part<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u201d and \u201cforbidden\u201d. Those which are forbidden meaning have taboos with <\/span>respect<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> their approach. One cannot approach them just like them. This thing forbidden Emile Durkheim called \u201cSacred\u201d. They could be ordinary, things, objects, ordinary being. \u201cThing without any distinctive <\/span>extra ordinary<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> property\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Marvin Harris sacred cow. Things which are sacred neither regards as inspiring nor utilitarian but kept for sacred. People <\/span>stricted<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> adopted <\/span>stricted<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> rule with regarded to approaches them. Religion deals with <\/span>the sacred<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> things. Thus Emile Durkheim said Buddhism does not have sacred. But four noble truth Buddhism followers are sacred.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">3.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Conversion: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u201cHindu\u201d <\/span>are<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> traced to ancient Persian who employs and refers to the inhabitant of India. Who were are <\/span>belief<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> to be not in one single set of religious. Hindu systems are by membership in hierarchically arranged called caste \u201cJati\u201d. Those who are born in caste alone qualifies to consider as the Hindu. Traditionally the process of Hinduisation of non-Hindu is gradual fashion. The process of cultural transformation is also old fashioned. Hindu caste system doesn\u2019t <\/span>required<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> any set of beliefs and customs as <\/span>pre condition<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. The gradual process of changing to Hindu is by the creation missionary of Hindus called the \u201cShudi Karan\u201d (Purification rituals or conversion ceremony). Hindu conversion in India generally <\/span>take<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the mass conversion. Not individual process but it\u2019s entire jati process of conversion. Arya-samaj, arrangement to convert into Hindu for both <\/span>individual as well as mass conversion is make<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> by the neo-Hindu Arya <\/span>samaj<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Meaning to conversion is completely cut off their ties with their caste. For <\/span>example<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the <\/span>tantis<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> (weavers) of Bihar began to call themselves Ansari after becoming Muslims.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In Punjab, the Musallis Bhangi (sweepers) adopted the more respectable title of Musallis. This is endogamy caste unit was prior existence to conversion. By this how <\/span>muslims<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> society in India has <\/span>characterised<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> by the multiplicity of endogamous caste group.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Lower caste in India started to convert into Hindu by the \u201cShuddhi\u201d (Purity) process. It refers to a state of ritual \u201cpurity\u201d needed for the performance of one\u2019s Dharma. Dharma has both rituals \u201cpurity\u201d needed<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">For <\/span>performance<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of one\u2019s dharma. It observes the duties assigned by the Brahmin scripture for social <\/span>well<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> dimension. Performance of religious rites and social intercourse.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Mass conversion of certain Muslim groups by the Arya <\/span>samaj<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> and also <\/span>instance<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of isolated individual <\/span>muslim<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> undergone the Arya Sudhi <\/span>karan<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> ceremony.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">There are several studies which <\/span>says<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the tribal has converted to other religion in the need of better life, economically, status etc. For <\/span>instance<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the Bhumij of the Madhya Pradesh <\/span>have<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> been influenced by the <\/span>Kshtriya<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> caste of Hindu. And they <\/span>sanskritized<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> their \u201c<\/span>life style<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u201d as <\/span>Kshtriya<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. They also formed the Bhumij <\/span>Kshtriya Associtaionin<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> 1935. Gaddi Tribes are closely associated with Rajput culture Hinduism. <\/span>Cheros<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> and Kharwars have long assimilated as Rajput caste in <\/span>regional<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> caste hierarchy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Inhabitants of <\/span>oraon<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> tribes village accepted the worship of Hindu Goddess Parvati and God Shiva. <\/span>Also<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> observe at many places these convert peoples also having the temple priest. They have given up the eating of Beef and drinking of alcohol. They also <\/span>knows<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the story of <\/span>Mahabharta<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, Ramanayana, <\/span>chalisa<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of <\/span>god<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> like Hanuman and Shiva.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The Mundas have been influenced by the bhakti cult. They have adopted the <\/span>panchang<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of <\/span>hindi<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> calendar and pandit. They started <\/span>loss<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> their faith in own Bonga religion. Brahmin was adopted and invited for marriages and <\/span>other ceremony purpose<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. A study was conducted by the (Vidyarthi, 1966) on Munda tribes from Ghaghra Village. He found the emergence of \u201cManjhis\u201d caste <\/span>have<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> adopted Hindu <\/span>life style<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The process of the <\/span>sanskritization<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> was started among the tribals by <\/span>bhagat<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> movement in middle India.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The aim of <\/span>movement<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> was to purify the religious and social life and higher form of <\/span>Hunduism<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In western <\/span>India<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> among the <\/span>Bhill tribe<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Mahadev is the supreme deity. <\/span>Other deity<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> like Indira raj, Hanuman, Ganesh. In Gujarat social reforms has occurred to raise the higher level of the communities. Some of them <\/span>utilise<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the service of Brahmin like Naikas, Dablu. Under the impact of the Bhagat\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Movement other also started to take place for social reforms like Tana Bhagat movement, <\/span>kamru<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Bhagat movement, Mahadev Bhagat and Vishnu Bhagat movement.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In southern India scene was similar. Tribe such as Chenchus, Muthavan <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Kadars have started the belief in Hindu practices adopted Lingaya as their deity. Kali is <\/span>deity<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of Kadar tribe also adopted from the <\/span>neighbouring<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Hindu caste belief and practice. Along with the practices of the Hinduisation. It was reported that Hindu residing near the tribal village. They have started the accepted the morals and values and practices of tribal belief. This is called \u201cTribalization\u201d. According to the study of the Rai (<\/span>1963)<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Gops is Hindu caste adopted the tribal way of <\/span>life style<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> in Singhbhum. He reported that no one can distinguish between the GOP caste and Ho Tribal people in the village.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">3.1. Effect of the Modern Factors:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Christianity: Since the British rule Christianity have <\/span>play<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> an important role <\/span>for<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> cultural changes among the tribes. The process of the proselytization was seen first in Assam Tribes among the Khasis Tribes in 1813. Then it\u2019s also observed in Madhya Pradesh <\/span>Bhill<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> tribe and in Chotanagpur Oraons tribe. Missionary along with the co-operation of <\/span>British<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Government. Started to convert people into Christianity. Firstly conversion was on individually the started on masses level.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In Bihar total one-tenth of the tribal population is Christian. The impact of Christianity has less covered in part western India Gujarat, Rajasthan <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Maharashtra. And Major conversion was seen and reported from <\/span>the south<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> India. It was reported that Toda Tribes have converted about half of the population. Christianity has replaced original religion and loss of the faith from own religion. The Conversion has basically started because of the poor miserable condition of the tribes. They are very low and backward in terms of economically, they were exploited by the zamindars and upper caste. Upper caste people don\u2019t allow them to touch the water-well, untouchability <\/span>were<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> high.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Conversion in North-east: The reason for the conversion is the traditional practices of <\/span>the sacrificing<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the animals during rituals and ceremony. In Manipur conversion started from 1918. Christian Missionary was opposed to the sacrificing animals. They <\/span>attracts<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the people to adopt the western family structure, lifestyle <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> education system, music and dance. Among the <\/span>Kachars<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Nagas tribes. Tribes living in north Lushais. <\/span>Messaic<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> movement <\/span>raise<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> and promised to liberate the nagas from <\/span>kuki<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> tribes and British.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Bhakti movement also led to conversion in the religion. By the twenty <\/span>century<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> there are many devotional cults are developed. Religious expression. Such puranic tradition cults are <\/span>Shivanism<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> cult and Vishnuism cult. <\/span>Shivanism<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> cult does not follow any rules and regulation so it can <\/span>be perform<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> by\u00a0<\/span>any one<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. While Vishnu cult <\/span>have<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> rules and regulation so <\/span>only<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> priest can follow. Cults were God <\/span>centred<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> rather <\/span>then<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> man-centered. So it led departure of there own religion to god cult. The ritual of the sacrificing was left and worshipping devoted to the icons of the temple.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Impact of urbanization and industrialization:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Industralization<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> process came up with the \u201cpull factor\u201d. Because industries <\/span>was<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> exploiting the natural resources, forested area and hilly areas of tribal areas. <\/span>Population<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> was growing near the <\/span>industry<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> area. Numbers of the city and urban area are increasing in numbers as well. This led to changes in tribal culture patterns. Under the influences of Industry.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In <\/span>chotanagpur<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> tribal areas were exploited for coal mining. <\/span>Mining<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> industry was set up in Bokaro and Dhanbad district. The twin industry coal and iron have done large numbers of exploitation of natural <\/span>resouces<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Chotanagpur industry attracted lots of tribal people from the village. <\/span>Industry based<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> area also led to <\/span>develop<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the urbanization process. Now tribal people got employment industry. Tribal people and outsider started to live in <\/span>same<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> area. This led to <\/span>process<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of assimilation cultural shocked. Tribal people learned other cultures, customs <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> belief. When some of them not get absorbed by the acculturation process. They got in frustration and cultural socked. Tribal local culture was disintegrated during the formulation of the industry.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The income of the villagers has gone high and they learn heterogeneous <\/span>life style<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Heterogenous <\/span>life style<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> means <\/span>variety<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of the religion, language and social norms, values.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Younger generation attracted <\/span>toward s<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the industry. But this younger generation is not skilled as industry required for jobs. So they were getting lower salaries in comparison to skilled and engineers from the outsider. They also have <\/span>the curiosity<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> for learning. Industrialization also led to isolation. They were isolated in terms of family, culture. <\/span>Traditional<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> family has become very weak. Because family moving in another area in search <\/span>for<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> jobs. The case of the relationship of the tribal with non-tribal <\/span>are<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> coming in light in <\/span>new<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> dimension.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Religious Conversion also took place because of the political dramas. Oraon tribes of the <\/span>odisha<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. According to many <\/span>studies<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Christian missionaries converted families in a village. Political parties have <\/span>large invested<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> in <\/span>the free<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> education, free medicines <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> free food. This show the tribal also required money. Church offers the incentive to convert into <\/span>christanity<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Which included <\/span>the rice<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> and milk. Some of the tribes converted to Hindu. They established Lord Ram idols in their home. Begins to <\/span>go<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> temple. This led to changes <\/span>into life style<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Some of them depend on the job rather than on agriculture economy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In Gujarat 2014 a controversy arises had erupted. When <\/span>right wing<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> has <\/span>organised<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> a \u201cGhar-<\/span>wapsi<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u201d drive. It was reported that about 100 Muslims in Agra Uttar Pradesh converted. Another incident was seen when claimed that 39 tribal Christians were re-converted to Hinduism in <\/span>Maosit<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">- hit Bastar district of Chhattisgarh.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-217\" src=\"http:\/\/antp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-41.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"759\" height=\"422\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/images.indianexpress.com\/2015\/01\/religious-conversion-l.jpg\">http:\/\/images.indianexpress.com\/2015\/01\/religious-conversion-l.jpg<\/a><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-218\" src=\"http:\/\/antp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-42.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"513\" height=\"398\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/multimedia\/dynamic\/02251\/20in_thsri_christi_2251320f.jpg\">http:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/multimedia\/dynamic\/02251\/20in_thsri_christi_2251320f.jpg.<\/a><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-219\" src=\"http:\/\/antp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-43.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"650\" height=\"473\" \/>\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Sources:http:\/\/media2.intoday.in\/indiatoday\/images\/stories\/\/2014December\/conversion-1_650_121914124941.jpg<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-220\" src=\"http:\/\/antp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-44.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"530\" \/>\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/multimedia\/dynamic\/02251\/conversion_2251383f.jpg\">http:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/multimedia\/dynamic\/02251\/conversion_2251383f.jpg.<\/a><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">4.<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Summary:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Tribal<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> religious conversion had begun after the entry of the Christian missionary in the hilly area such as north-east. <\/span>Missionary<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> came with <\/span>the western<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> education and Christianity and thus led to suddenly exposes to the outside of the world. The missionary brought the changes in tribal people life living standard and the people to complete abandon of their religion. By this people started to convert in Christianity religion gave them peace, new hope. Christianity has <\/span>changes the every<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> aspect of <\/span>the life<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> such as social aspect, political and economical aspects. Social changes <\/span>has<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> observed not only on the statistics bases but also has <\/span>feel<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> on <\/span>minds<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of the people. The Value, beliefs <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> customs of the tribal people <\/span>has<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> fast changed. Due to <\/span>process<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of the sanskritization, Modernization, Westernization, Industrialization. The process of the acculturation and cultural shocked also observed during the Industrialization and Urbanization. Difference s was highly reflected from simple society to complex society, individualization, frustration, conflicts. These all led to the de-sanskritization. Different part of <\/span>the India<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> was passing from the different changes and conversion of religious. Christian faith is strongly rooted so people have no intention of changing back to their traditional religion. Some of them transformed themselves due to <\/span>situation<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> like pulling factors. Influenced by the other culture and beliefs for betterment. Just because it\u2019s more acceptable by the higher caste and societies.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Modernization has its positive aspects too. Modernization has brought the level of literacy and awareness of <\/span>the education<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. This help tribes to get better conditions of living. <\/span>Government<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> has also <\/span>place a important<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> role by putting up the several developmental and welfare scheme for Tribal.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Employment level has raised. Earlier days tribal used to practice agriculture and herding of cattle. Now working in factories have become <\/span>trend<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Now no more agriculture cultivation <\/span>are<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> practiced. Due to industrialization tribal have low land holding with them.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Conversion of the religion is due to the materialistic approach. It\u2019s not only evolutionary changes but the possibility of economic and <\/span>politics<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Tribal people are facing the serious transition both socially and politicals. Christianity missionary to maintain their cultural hegemony over the changes in outlook. The Christian converts within their community interpreted their indigenous <\/span>life style<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> benefiting to the rational without giving negative to impact of westernization and proselytization.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">5.<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Conclusion:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Christian missionary has been very active in tribal areas. <\/span>Still<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> indigenous tribes <\/span>are merge<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> with the homogenous structure of caste system with advancement in social and economically. Tribal people constantly have faced trauma and exploitation from the upper caste. To be <\/span>the part<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of society and grow up into social and economical. They started to Bhakti movement, moving upward in the caste system.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Recently education related awareness has helped the tribes to come up. From the <\/span>industalization<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> and <\/span>urbanization<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> tribal are exposed and more exploited by the non-tribals. The modernization process is slowly killing the tribal life. And it\u2019s also disintegrating the cultural resources of the tribal community.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>you can view video on Religious Conversion among Tribes<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/o4M_OqJ5F0w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">GLOSSARY:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Sanskritiation: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">It\u2019s process of upward movement from down ward. For Instance Tribal people started to adopt the Hindu value and belief.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Proselytization<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">: It attempt of any religion to change in to another religion.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Sect: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Group protest against the main religion.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Cult<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">: Always founded by the person. Group of the follower and particular teacher. One who always supported to spread the particular message.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Profane<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">: Happens in everyday life.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 DO YOU KNOW FACTS?<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Over 2500 women converted to Islam in Kerala Since 2006. Till 2012.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Hinduism is dominant religion of many exotic regions such as Mauritius, Nepal Bali. It\u2019s second largest religion of Sri Lanka and Fiji. It covers almost southeast India. Cambodia, Malaysia and Indonesia.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">There is more Muslims in India than the combined population of Jordan, Iraq, Syria and Palestine and Arabian<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Peninsula.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">There is a sect of Christianity Indigenous to India since the 1st century A.D.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Golden Temple in India feeds thousands of people. Shows randomly regardless to<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Religion, race <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> class.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">There was a headhunting tribe of Feral Jews discovered in the jungles if Mizoram state in India. Claims to be lost tribes of Israel.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 SUGGESTED READINGS:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Religious and Renunciation of a pastoral people. V.K. Srivastava. 1997<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Religion and Culture of North-East India. R.Sinha. 1977.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Religion as a cultural system: Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion. C. Geertz, M. Bantam. 1996.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Religion and Society among the Coorgs of South India. M.N. Srinivas.1952.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Understanding\u00a0 religious<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> conversions. Lewis R. Rambo.1993.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The idea of indigenous people. A. Beteille. 1998.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Authoring (in) Authenticity, regulation religious Tolerance: The Implication of Anti-Conversion Legislation for Indian Secularism. J. Coleman.2008.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Conversion: A Hindu\/ Gandhian Perspective in C.Lamb and M.D. Bryant (eds.). K.L.S. RAo<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. 1999.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Bhagat Movement: A study of Cultural Transformation of teh<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Bhils of Southern <\/span>Rajashtan ,<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Jaipur. V.K. Vashishtha. 1997<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Tribal Culture of India. L.P. Vidyarthi.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 REFERENCES:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Samra, Mayer.1991. The Tribe of Manasseh: Judaism in the Hills of Manipur and Mizoram. Man in India.71:183-202.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Weil, Shallva<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. 2003. Dual Conversion Among the Shinlung of North-East India.Stud. Tribes Tribals, Kamla Raj.1(1):43-57.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Long, E. Theodore and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Hadden K. <\/span>Jaffery<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. 1983. Religious Conversion and the concept of <\/span>Socilalization<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">: Integrating the Brainwashing and drift models. Journal of <\/span>scientific<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> study of religion.22(1):1-14.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Zinnabauer. J. Brian, and Pargament, I. Kenneth. 1998. Spiritual Conversion: MA study of Religious change among college students. Journal for scientific<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> study of religion.37(1):161-180.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Srivastava, Vinay Kumar. 1997. Religious Renunciation of a pastrol people, Oxford University, Jai Singh, road. New Delhi.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Weber, Marx.1965. The Sociology of Religion, Methuen &amp; Co.Ltd. 11. New Fetter lane EC 4, London.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Tylor, E, B. 1929. Primitive Culture.(<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">1). John Muray, Albemarle Street. London<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Vidyarthi, L.P. 1966. \u201cGhagra- A village of Chotanagpur\u201d, Census of India 1961. Delhi, Manager of Publication.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Rai,\u00a0 B.K.\u00a0 1963.\u00a0 Population and\u00a0 vital stastics\u00a0 of<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> a\u00a0 <\/span>Ho\u00a0 village<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">.\u00a0 <\/span>Master\u2019s\u00a0 field\u00a0 report<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">.\u00a0 Ranchi\u00a0<\/span>University.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Weil, Shalva. 1996. Double Conversion among the Children of Menasse in G. Pferrer and D.K. Behera (eds). Contemporary society Tribal Studies. New Delhi. Concept. 84-102.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 Web Reference:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">http:\/\/media2.intoday.in\/indiatoday\/images\/stories\/\/2014December\/conversion-1_650_121914124941.jpg<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>http:\/\/images.indianexpress.com\/2015\/01\/religious-conversion-l.jpg<\/li>\r\n \t<li>http:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/multimedia\/dynamic\/02251\/20in_thsri_christi_2251320f.jpg.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>http:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/multimedia\/dynamic\/02251\/conversion_2251383f.jpg.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/o4M_OqJ5F0w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Content<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Introduction.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Concept of Religion<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Conversion.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Summary.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Conclusion.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Objective of the study:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Student will be able to learn the Religious conversion.<\/li>\n<li>Student will be able to learn the factors of religious conversion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0 \u00a0 1.<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Introduction:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The religion of the tribal people of India. Has face many up and down to get <\/span>better life style<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> and economically. The tribal community which is under study had their own traditional, ancestral religion. Involve the worship of the supernatural powers. Their religion is animism religion. Worshipping of the spirit and belief in <\/span>spirit<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> existence. But now the tribal people are living <\/span>the a<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> converted <\/span>religion .<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> That is <\/span>Christian<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> religion, Hindu, Buddhism religion. Conversion to another religion swept to <\/span>entire<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> part of <\/span>the India<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> among the tribal community. Had embraced Hinduism, Christianity yet the traditional belief system, <\/span>cultural<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> system had <\/span>changes<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> to this time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2.<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Concept of Religion:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The first advocate, as <\/span>power<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of the arguments that religion may not be <\/span>universal were 1st<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> classical evolutionist. Who believe that both magic and religion are the characteristics of the simple society. With the prevalence and advancement of science both religion and magic was declined. According to the E.B. <\/span>Tylor<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> classic evolution belief are three systems. That is magic; religion and science are <\/span>system<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of knowledge. All three are used the term from <\/span>contemporary<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> course, <\/span>cognitive<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> system of knowledge. Both magic and religion are founded belief which is <\/span>invariables<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, assumptions untested. Simply matter of belief and hence they are would not able <\/span>with stand<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> scientific scrutiny. Because of the <\/span>scrutiny<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> both system magic and religion will be exploited. It will exploit the myth once the myth is exploited. It will never regain it back.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">According to <\/span>the Marx<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Religion was characters of <\/span>simple<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> class are divided into society. Where they were rich\/ poor people. Marx believes that religion as <\/span>ideology<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> used for oppressive and exploiting people. Religion assured people of the next worth in which they would happy. Religion justifies the fatalism. It\u2019s all have faith because of <\/span>destiny<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of people. Religion <\/span>justify<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> their exploitation, powered people <\/span>there<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> existence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Religion <\/span>therefore<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> deprived people <\/span>off<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> their revolutionary <\/span>favour<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, spirit. And Hence Marx Believe that class divided <\/span>the society<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Society religion was nothing but the \u201copium of the masses\u201d. Religion made people <\/span>to<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> accept their state of life. \u201cReligion is <\/span>as as<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> if real. Real for people who believe.\u201d By Clifford Gertz.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Anthropological approach is different from the theological approach. The study of <\/span>the communist<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> society. <\/span>Study<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> reveals that <\/span>althought<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the state did not <\/span>subscribe<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> any religion. It\u2019s people who continue to have faith in <\/span>there<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> respective Pantheon. The state did not <\/span>subscribe<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> any religion. But people continue to worship there pantheon. Cults and sects are increasing in numbers. Money is <\/span>building<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of a new\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">religion. Amount kept in <\/span>building<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of temples, Gurudwara, church. E.B. Tylor (1871) gave \u201cprimitive culture\u201d. It\u2019s <\/span>shortest<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> definition of religion.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2.1. Definition of Religion:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">According to E.B. <\/span>Tylor<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> one can make <\/span>distinction<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> between the material and spiritual aspects of life. He considered this distinction of Universal value. All societies make <\/span>distinction<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> between the materialistic and spiritual aspects. Spiritual aspects are concerned with the domain of supernatural (Supernatural things beyond <\/span>the nature<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">According to <\/span>the Robert<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Smith. Religion is concerned with beliefs, value, rituals, and practices. Emile Durkheim says Religion is <\/span>unified<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> set of belief and practices. <\/span>Main<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> breakthrough in definitions of religion came with the Emile Durkheim work in French that is \u201cThe Elementary forms of religious life\u201d 1912. This work devoted to an understanding of \u201cTotemism\u201d, Durkheim regard thus is <\/span>earliest<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> form of religion. Durkheim rejected two definitions which <\/span>was often refer<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> to. a) Defining the religious in terms of <\/span>supernatural<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. B). He rejected <\/span>definition<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of <\/span>religious<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> in terms of God and Goddess.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Paul Rodin Do we find God in primitive religion. God is omnipresent, omniscient, omnipotent. So three characters attribute to God. The concept of God in terms of the property one who present everywhere. The idea of God is <\/span>distinct<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> identity. This notion <\/span>which<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> is not found in primitive religion. He said the concept of the \u201c<\/span>Juedo<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Christian\u201d concept in western. Primitive society divine being. Where God is seen as Patriarchal, male all are powerful knowing. But Emile Durkheim <\/span>discuss<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the religion in his book in detail.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Buddhism lack the concept of God. But has the novel truth, sacred path, which ones <\/span>has<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> to follow. The aim of the life as <\/span>define<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> by the Buddha a permanent relief from the cycle from <\/span>live<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> and death. Such relief called by the Buddha as Nirvana. Nirvana concept is closer to the Hinduism concept of \u201cMoksha\u201d. Buddhism one must follow <\/span>aim<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of life. The noble truth is superior to everything. There <\/span>are<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> four noble truth.<\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>i). The world is full of suffering that is \u201cDukh\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>ii). Desire is cause of suffering.<\/p>\n<p>iii). Attain the state of desirelessness.<\/p>\n<p>iv). Follow the path of righteous.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Buddhism doesn\u2019t have the concept of deity. No worship of Buddha. But <\/span>still<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> truth was revealed through Buddha that one must keep faith in Buddha. But noble truth is superior to everything. Jainism also not has the concept of God and worship. But <\/span>whole<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> concept is following a particular life.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Undertaking the comparative study Emile Durkheim says all society divided universe around them into two categories from a comparative study of <\/span>religious<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> from the world into two parts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">i)\u00a0<\/span>Every day<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> mundane world for which Emile Durkheim used the word profane. Profane does not imply impurity, inauspiciousness, dirt, soil or something dealing with <\/span>lower<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> entity. In <\/span>fact<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the word profane implies everyday life. Thus economic institution is part of profane.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">ii) Other components <\/span>is<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> things, objects place event things which are used as \u201ca set <\/span>a part<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u201d and \u201cforbidden\u201d. Those which are forbidden meaning have taboos with <\/span>respect<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> their approach. One cannot approach them just like them. This thing forbidden Emile Durkheim called \u201cSacred\u201d. They could be ordinary, things, objects, ordinary being. \u201cThing without any distinctive <\/span>extra ordinary<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> property\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Marvin Harris sacred cow. Things which are sacred neither regards as inspiring nor utilitarian but kept for sacred. People <\/span>stricted<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> adopted <\/span>stricted<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> rule with regarded to approaches them. Religion deals with <\/span>the sacred<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> things. Thus Emile Durkheim said Buddhism does not have sacred. But four noble truth Buddhism followers are sacred.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">3.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Conversion: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u201cHindu\u201d <\/span>are<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> traced to ancient Persian who employs and refers to the inhabitant of India. Who were are <\/span>belief<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> to be not in one single set of religious. Hindu systems are by membership in hierarchically arranged called caste \u201cJati\u201d. Those who are born in caste alone qualifies to consider as the Hindu. Traditionally the process of Hinduisation of non-Hindu is gradual fashion. The process of cultural transformation is also old fashioned. Hindu caste system doesn\u2019t <\/span>required<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> any set of beliefs and customs as <\/span>pre condition<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. The gradual process of changing to Hindu is by the creation missionary of Hindus called the \u201cShudi Karan\u201d (Purification rituals or conversion ceremony). Hindu conversion in India generally <\/span>take<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the mass conversion. Not individual process but it\u2019s entire jati process of conversion. Arya-samaj, arrangement to convert into Hindu for both <\/span>individual as well as mass conversion is make<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> by the neo-Hindu Arya <\/span>samaj<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Meaning to conversion is completely cut off their ties with their caste. For <\/span>example<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the <\/span>tantis<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> (weavers) of Bihar began to call themselves Ansari after becoming Muslims.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In Punjab, the Musallis Bhangi (sweepers) adopted the more respectable title of Musallis. This is endogamy caste unit was prior existence to conversion. By this how <\/span>muslims<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> society in India has <\/span>characterised<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> by the multiplicity of endogamous caste group.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Lower caste in India started to convert into Hindu by the \u201cShuddhi\u201d (Purity) process. It refers to a state of ritual \u201cpurity\u201d needed for the performance of one\u2019s Dharma. Dharma has both rituals \u201cpurity\u201d needed<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">For <\/span>performance<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of one\u2019s dharma. It observes the duties assigned by the Brahmin scripture for social <\/span>well<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> dimension. Performance of religious rites and social intercourse.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Mass conversion of certain Muslim groups by the Arya <\/span>samaj<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> and also <\/span>instance<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of isolated individual <\/span>muslim<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> undergone the Arya Sudhi <\/span>karan<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> ceremony.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">There are several studies which <\/span>says<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the tribal has converted to other religion in the need of better life, economically, status etc. For <\/span>instance<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the Bhumij of the Madhya Pradesh <\/span>have<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> been influenced by the <\/span>Kshtriya<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> caste of Hindu. And they <\/span>sanskritized<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> their \u201c<\/span>life style<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u201d as <\/span>Kshtriya<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. They also formed the Bhumij <\/span>Kshtriya Associtaionin<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> 1935. Gaddi Tribes are closely associated with Rajput culture Hinduism. <\/span>Cheros<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> and Kharwars have long assimilated as Rajput caste in <\/span>regional<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> caste hierarchy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Inhabitants of <\/span>oraon<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> tribes village accepted the worship of Hindu Goddess Parvati and God Shiva. <\/span>Also<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> observe at many places these convert peoples also having the temple priest. They have given up the eating of Beef and drinking of alcohol. They also <\/span>knows<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the story of <\/span>Mahabharta<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, Ramanayana, <\/span>chalisa<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of <\/span>god<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> like Hanuman and Shiva.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The Mundas have been influenced by the bhakti cult. They have adopted the <\/span>panchang<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of <\/span>hindi<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> calendar and pandit. They started <\/span>loss<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> their faith in own Bonga religion. Brahmin was adopted and invited for marriages and <\/span>other ceremony purpose<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. A study was conducted by the (Vidyarthi, 1966) on Munda tribes from Ghaghra Village. He found the emergence of \u201cManjhis\u201d caste <\/span>have<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> adopted Hindu <\/span>life style<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The process of the <\/span>sanskritization<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> was started among the tribals by <\/span>bhagat<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> movement in middle India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The aim of <\/span>movement<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> was to purify the religious and social life and higher form of <\/span>Hunduism<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In western <\/span>India<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> among the <\/span>Bhill tribe<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Mahadev is the supreme deity. <\/span>Other deity<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> like Indira raj, Hanuman, Ganesh. In Gujarat social reforms has occurred to raise the higher level of the communities. Some of them <\/span>utilise<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the service of Brahmin like Naikas, Dablu. Under the impact of the Bhagat\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Movement other also started to take place for social reforms like Tana Bhagat movement, <\/span>kamru<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Bhagat movement, Mahadev Bhagat and Vishnu Bhagat movement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In southern India scene was similar. Tribe such as Chenchus, Muthavan <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Kadars have started the belief in Hindu practices adopted Lingaya as their deity. Kali is <\/span>deity<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of Kadar tribe also adopted from the <\/span>neighbouring<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Hindu caste belief and practice. Along with the practices of the Hinduisation. It was reported that Hindu residing near the tribal village. They have started the accepted the morals and values and practices of tribal belief. This is called \u201cTribalization\u201d. According to the study of the Rai (<\/span>1963)<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Gops is Hindu caste adopted the tribal way of <\/span>life style<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> in Singhbhum. He reported that no one can distinguish between the GOP caste and Ho Tribal people in the village.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">3.1. Effect of the Modern Factors:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Christianity: Since the British rule Christianity have <\/span>play<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> an important role <\/span>for<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> cultural changes among the tribes. The process of the proselytization was seen first in Assam Tribes among the Khasis Tribes in 1813. Then it\u2019s also observed in Madhya Pradesh <\/span>Bhill<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> tribe and in Chotanagpur Oraons tribe. Missionary along with the co-operation of <\/span>British<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Government. Started to convert people into Christianity. Firstly conversion was on individually the started on masses level.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In Bihar total one-tenth of the tribal population is Christian. The impact of Christianity has less covered in part western India Gujarat, Rajasthan <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Maharashtra. And Major conversion was seen and reported from <\/span>the south<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> India. It was reported that Toda Tribes have converted about half of the population. Christianity has replaced original religion and loss of the faith from own religion. The Conversion has basically started because of the poor miserable condition of the tribes. They are very low and backward in terms of economically, they were exploited by the zamindars and upper caste. Upper caste people don\u2019t allow them to touch the water-well, untouchability <\/span>were<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> high.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Conversion in North-east: The reason for the conversion is the traditional practices of <\/span>the sacrificing<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the animals during rituals and ceremony. In Manipur conversion started from 1918. Christian Missionary was opposed to the sacrificing animals. They <\/span>attracts<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the people to adopt the western family structure, lifestyle <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> education system, music and dance. Among the <\/span>Kachars<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Nagas tribes. Tribes living in north Lushais. <\/span>Messaic<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> movement <\/span>raise<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> and promised to liberate the nagas from <\/span>kuki<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> tribes and British.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Bhakti movement also led to conversion in the religion. By the twenty <\/span>century<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> there are many devotional cults are developed. Religious expression. Such puranic tradition cults are <\/span>Shivanism<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> cult and Vishnuism cult. <\/span>Shivanism<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> cult does not follow any rules and regulation so it can <\/span>be perform<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> by\u00a0<\/span>any one<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. While Vishnu cult <\/span>have<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> rules and regulation so <\/span>only<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> priest can follow. Cults were God <\/span>centred<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> rather <\/span>then<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> man-centered. So it led departure of there own religion to god cult. The ritual of the sacrificing was left and worshipping devoted to the icons of the temple.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Impact of urbanization and industrialization:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Industralization<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> process came up with the \u201cpull factor\u201d. Because industries <\/span>was<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> exploiting the natural resources, forested area and hilly areas of tribal areas. <\/span>Population<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> was growing near the <\/span>industry<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> area. Numbers of the city and urban area are increasing in numbers as well. This led to changes in tribal culture patterns. Under the influences of Industry.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In <\/span>chotanagpur<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> tribal areas were exploited for coal mining. <\/span>Mining<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> industry was set up in Bokaro and Dhanbad district. The twin industry coal and iron have done large numbers of exploitation of natural <\/span>resouces<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Chotanagpur industry attracted lots of tribal people from the village. <\/span>Industry based<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> area also led to <\/span>develop<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the urbanization process. Now tribal people got employment industry. Tribal people and outsider started to live in <\/span>same<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> area. This led to <\/span>process<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of assimilation cultural shocked. Tribal people learned other cultures, customs <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> belief. When some of them not get absorbed by the acculturation process. They got in frustration and cultural socked. Tribal local culture was disintegrated during the formulation of the industry.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The income of the villagers has gone high and they learn heterogeneous <\/span>life style<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Heterogenous <\/span>life style<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> means <\/span>variety<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of the religion, language and social norms, values.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Younger generation attracted <\/span>toward s<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> the industry. But this younger generation is not skilled as industry required for jobs. So they were getting lower salaries in comparison to skilled and engineers from the outsider. They also have <\/span>the curiosity<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> for learning. Industrialization also led to isolation. They were isolated in terms of family, culture. <\/span>Traditional<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> family has become very weak. Because family moving in another area in search <\/span>for<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> jobs. The case of the relationship of the tribal with non-tribal <\/span>are<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> coming in light in <\/span>new<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> dimension.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Religious Conversion also took place because of the political dramas. Oraon tribes of the <\/span>odisha<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. According to many <\/span>studies<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Christian missionaries converted families in a village. Political parties have <\/span>large invested<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> in <\/span>the free<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> education, free medicines <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> free food. This show the tribal also required money. Church offers the incentive to convert into <\/span>christanity<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Which included <\/span>the rice<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> and milk. Some of the tribes converted to Hindu. They established Lord Ram idols in their home. Begins to <\/span>go<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> temple. This led to changes <\/span>into life style<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Some of them depend on the job rather than on agriculture economy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In Gujarat 2014 a controversy arises had erupted. When <\/span>right wing<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> has <\/span>organised<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> a \u201cGhar-<\/span>wapsi<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u201d drive. It was reported that about 100 Muslims in Agra Uttar Pradesh converted. Another incident was seen when claimed that 39 tribal Christians were re-converted to Hinduism in <\/span>Maosit<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">&#8211; hit Bastar district of Chhattisgarh.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-217\" src=\"http:\/\/antp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-41.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"759\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-41.png 759w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-41-300x167.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-41-65x36.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-41-225x125.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-41-350x195.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 759px) 100vw, 759px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/images.indianexpress.com\/2015\/01\/religious-conversion-l.jpg\">http:\/\/images.indianexpress.com\/2015\/01\/religious-conversion-l.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-218\" src=\"http:\/\/antp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-42.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"513\" height=\"398\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-42.png 513w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-42-300x233.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-42-65x50.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-42-225x175.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-42-350x272.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 513px) 100vw, 513px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/multimedia\/dynamic\/02251\/20in_thsri_christi_2251320f.jpg\">http:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/multimedia\/dynamic\/02251\/20in_thsri_christi_2251320f.jpg.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-219\" src=\"http:\/\/antp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-43.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"650\" height=\"473\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-43.png 650w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-43-300x218.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-43-65x47.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-43-225x164.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-43-350x255.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Sources:http:\/\/media2.intoday.in\/indiatoday\/images\/stories\/\/2014December\/conversion-1_650_121914124941.jpg<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-220\" src=\"http:\/\/antp05.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-44.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-44.png 636w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-44-300x250.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-44-65x54.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-44-225x188.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/186\/2019\/03\/Untitled-44-350x292.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/multimedia\/dynamic\/02251\/conversion_2251383f.jpg\">http:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/multimedia\/dynamic\/02251\/conversion_2251383f.jpg.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">4.<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Tribal<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> religious conversion had begun after the entry of the Christian missionary in the hilly area such as north-east. <\/span>Missionary<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> came with <\/span>the western<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> education and Christianity and thus led to suddenly exposes to the outside of the world. The missionary brought the changes in tribal people life living standard and the people to complete abandon of their religion. By this people started to convert in Christianity religion gave them peace, new hope. Christianity has <\/span>changes the every<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> aspect of <\/span>the life<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> such as social aspect, political and economical aspects. Social changes <\/span>has<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> observed not only on the statistics bases but also has <\/span>feel<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> on <\/span>minds<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of the people. The Value, beliefs <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> customs of the tribal people <\/span>has<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> fast changed. Due to <\/span>process<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of the sanskritization, Modernization, Westernization, Industrialization. The process of the acculturation and cultural shocked also observed during the Industrialization and Urbanization. Difference s was highly reflected from simple society to complex society, individualization, frustration, conflicts. These all led to the de-sanskritization. Different part of <\/span>the India<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> was passing from the different changes and conversion of religious. Christian faith is strongly rooted so people have no intention of changing back to their traditional religion. Some of them transformed themselves due to <\/span>situation<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> like pulling factors. Influenced by the other culture and beliefs for betterment. Just because it\u2019s more acceptable by the higher caste and societies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Modernization has its positive aspects too. Modernization has brought the level of literacy and awareness of <\/span>the education<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. This help tribes to get better conditions of living. <\/span>Government<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> has also <\/span>place a important<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> role by putting up the several developmental and welfare scheme for Tribal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Employment level has raised. Earlier days tribal used to practice agriculture and herding of cattle. Now working in factories have become <\/span>trend<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Now no more agriculture cultivation <\/span>are<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> practiced. Due to industrialization tribal have low land holding with them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Conversion of the religion is due to the materialistic approach. It\u2019s not only evolutionary changes but the possibility of economic and <\/span>politics<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. Tribal people are facing the serious transition both socially and politicals. Christianity missionary to maintain their cultural hegemony over the changes in outlook. The Christian converts within their community interpreted their indigenous <\/span>life style<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> benefiting to the rational without giving negative to impact of westernization and proselytization.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">5.<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Conclusion:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Christian missionary has been very active in tribal areas. <\/span>Still<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> indigenous tribes <\/span>are merge<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> with the homogenous structure of caste system with advancement in social and economically. Tribal people constantly have faced trauma and exploitation from the upper caste. To be <\/span>the part<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of society and grow up into social and economical. They started to Bhakti movement, moving upward in the caste system.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Recently education related awareness has helped the tribes to come up. From the <\/span>industalization<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> and <\/span>urbanization<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> tribal are exposed and more exploited by the non-tribals. The modernization process is slowly killing the tribal life. And it\u2019s also disintegrating the cultural resources of the tribal community.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>you can view video on Religious Conversion among Tribes<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/o4M_OqJ5F0w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">GLOSSARY:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Sanskritiation: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">It\u2019s process of upward movement from down ward. For Instance Tribal people started to adopt the Hindu value and belief.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Proselytization<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">: It attempt of any religion to change in to another religion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Sect: <\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Group protest against the main religion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Cult<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">: Always founded by the person. Group of the follower and particular teacher. One who always supported to spread the particular message.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Profane<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">: Happens in everyday life.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 DO YOU KNOW FACTS?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Over 2500 women converted to Islam in Kerala Since 2006. Till 2012.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Hinduism is dominant religion of many exotic regions such as Mauritius, Nepal Bali. It\u2019s second largest religion of Sri Lanka and Fiji. It covers almost southeast India. Cambodia, Malaysia and Indonesia.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">There is more Muslims in India than the combined population of Jordan, Iraq, Syria and Palestine and Arabian<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Peninsula.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">There is a sect of Christianity Indigenous to India since the 1st century A.D.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Golden Temple in India feeds thousands of people. Shows randomly regardless to<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Religion, race <\/span>and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> class.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">There was a headhunting tribe of Feral Jews discovered in the jungles if Mizoram state in India. Claims to be lost tribes of Israel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 SUGGESTED READINGS:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Religious and Renunciation of a pastoral people. V.K. Srivastava. 1997<\/li>\n<li>Religion and Culture of North-East India. R.Sinha. 1977.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Religion as a cultural system: Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion. C. Geertz, M. Bantam. 1996.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Religion and Society among the Coorgs of South India. M.N. Srinivas.1952.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Understanding\u00a0 religious<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> conversions. Lewis R. Rambo.1993.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The idea of indigenous people. A. Beteille. 1998.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Authoring (in) Authenticity, regulation religious Tolerance: The Implication of Anti-Conversion Legislation for Indian Secularism. J. Coleman.2008.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Conversion: A Hindu\/ Gandhian Perspective in C.Lamb and M.D. Bryant (eds.). K.L.S. RAo<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. 1999.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Bhagat Movement: A study of Cultural Transformation of teh<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Bhils of Southern <\/span>Rajashtan ,<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Jaipur. V.K. Vashishtha. 1997<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Tribal Culture of India. L.P. Vidyarthi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 REFERENCES:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Samra, Mayer.1991. The Tribe of Manasseh: Judaism in the Hills of Manipur and Mizoram. Man in India.71:183-202.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Weil, Shallva<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. 2003. Dual Conversion Among the Shinlung of North-East India.Stud. Tribes Tribals, Kamla Raj.1(1):43-57.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Long, E. Theodore and<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Hadden K. <\/span>Jaffery<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. 1983. Religious Conversion and the concept of <\/span>Socilalization<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">: Integrating the Brainwashing and drift models. Journal of <\/span>scientific<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> study of religion.22(1):1-14.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Zinnabauer. J. Brian, and Pargament, I. Kenneth. 1998. Spiritual Conversion: MA study of Religious change among college students. Journal for scientific<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> study of religion.37(1):161-180.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Srivastava, Vinay Kumar. 1997. Religious Renunciation of a pastrol people, Oxford University, Jai Singh, road. New Delhi.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Weber, Marx.1965. The Sociology of Religion, Methuen &amp; Co.Ltd. 11. New Fetter lane EC 4, London.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Tylor, E, B. 1929. Primitive Culture.(<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">1). John Muray, Albemarle Street. London<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Vidyarthi, L.P. 1966. \u201cGhagra- A village of Chotanagpur\u201d, Census of India 1961. Delhi, Manager of Publication.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Rai,\u00a0 B.K.\u00a0 1963.\u00a0 Population and\u00a0 vital stastics\u00a0 of<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> a\u00a0 <\/span>Ho\u00a0 village<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">.\u00a0 <\/span>Master\u2019s\u00a0 field\u00a0 report<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">.\u00a0 Ranchi\u00a0<\/span>University.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Weil, Shalva. 1996. Double Conversion among the Children of Menasse in G. Pferrer and D.K. Behera (eds). Contemporary society Tribal Studies. New Delhi. Concept. 84-102.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 Web Reference:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">http:\/\/media2.intoday.in\/indiatoday\/images\/stories\/\/2014December\/conversion-1_650_121914124941.jpg<\/span><\/li>\n<li>http:\/\/images.indianexpress.com\/2015\/01\/religious-conversion-l.jpg<\/li>\n<li>http:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/multimedia\/dynamic\/02251\/20in_thsri_christi_2251320f.jpg.<\/li>\n<li>http:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/multimedia\/dynamic\/02251\/conversion_2251383f.jpg.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":23,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["prof-anup-kumar-kapoor","ms-kiran-singh"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[65,60],"license":[],"class_list":["post-213","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-ms-kiran-singh","contributor-prof-anup-kumar-kapoor"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/213","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/213\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":222,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/213\/revisions\/222"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/213\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=213"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=213"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=213"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp05\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=213"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}