{"id":31,"date":"2019-03-19T06:28:01","date_gmt":"2019-03-19T06:28:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=31"},"modified":"2019-05-08T12:46:25","modified_gmt":"2019-05-08T12:46:25","slug":"indian-people-racial-ethnic-linguistic-and-religious-elements-and-distribution-of-people","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/chapter\/indian-people-racial-ethnic-linguistic-and-religious-elements-and-distribution-of-people\/","title":{"rendered":"Indian People: racial, ethnic, linguistic and religious elements and distribution of people"},"content":{"raw":"<div><span style=\"float: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/6y7qD6G7YYg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>CONTENTS<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<em>1.\u00a0<\/em>Introduction.\r\n\r\n<em>\u00a0<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em>2.\u00a0<\/em>Racial elements in India.\r\n\r\n<em>\u00a0<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em>3.\u00a0<\/em>Ethnic elements in India.\r\n\r\n<em>\u00a0<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em>4.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>Religious element in India.\r\n\r\n<em>\u00a0<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em>5.\u00a0<\/em>Linguistic element of India.\r\n\r\n<em>\u00a0<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em>6.\u00a0<\/em>Languages specified to schedule viii to the constitution of India.\r\n\r\n<em>\u00a0<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em>7.\u00a0<\/em>Conclusion.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>OBJECTIVES<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<em>1.\u00a0<\/em>To determine the racial element of India.\r\n\r\n<em>\u00a0<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em>2.\u00a0<\/em>To determine the ethnic element of India.\r\n\r\n<em>\u00a0<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em>3.\u00a0<\/em>To determine the religious element of India.\r\n\r\n<em>\u00a0<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em>4.\u00a0<\/em>To determine the linguistic element of India.\r\n\r\n<em>\u00a0<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em>5.\u00a0<\/em>To understand the variation in people of India in different geographical regions.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Introduction<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>INDIA <\/strong>is a Multicultural country.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">The study of different socio-cultural and genetic variability defined the population of India more appropriately.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">India is the world's second most populous nation (after China). Its ethnic composition is complex, but two major strains predominate: the Aryan, in the north, and the Dravidian, in the south. India is a land of great cultural diversity, as is evidenced by the enormous number of different languages spoken throughout the country. Although Hindi (spoken in the north) and English (the language of politics and commerce) are used officially, more than 1,500 languages and dialects are spoken. The Indian constitution recognizes 15 regional languages (Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu).<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">About 80% of the population is Hindu, and 14% is Muslim. Other significant religions include Christians, Sikhs, and Buddhists. There is no state religion.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">India is a fascinating country where people of many different communities and religions live together in unity. Indian Population is polygenetic and is an amazing amalgamation of various races and cultures.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">People of different groups in India living here for hundreds or even thousands of years and correspondingly try to maintain their individual identity even by living side by side.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Also, Anthropologist\u2018s commitment towards the grasping of different information and the dynamics of communities and populations.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">India with 1000 million people is one of the world\u2018s top twelve mega diversity countries.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Different groups are present in India, like from stone-age food gatherers to agriculturists. They also engaged in mechanized and chemicalised agriculture, mechanized fishing, tapping off shore oil and natural gas, running atomic power plants and producing computer software.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">According to Bhasin and Walter (2001); India is a homeland of over 4000 populations, 3700 endogamous groups are structured in Hindu caste system as \u2017JATIS\u2018 and a 1000 of Mendelian Population which are autochthonous and religious communities.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thus, India offers a cauldron where the processes of unification as well as fragmentisation are unceasingly taking place.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Racial elements of India<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Racial groups<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Although, there are no strict rules to diversify different races; but Anthropologists distinguish groups on the basis of common origin, living in certain defined regions and different characteristic features on the basis of geographical regions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Modern man, biologically uniform in basic features (for example; upright posture, well-developed hand and feet, absence of bony eyebrow etc.). Scientists depict all human beings into single species i.e. Homo sapiens.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">However, differentiation in groups can be seen on the basis of different geographical regions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Complexity of Indian population by the continuous influence of other new racial elements from outside can be manifested by the classification of different racial elements by different Anthropologists.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT RACIAL ELEMENTS OF INDIA<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-34\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-6.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"648\" height=\"210\" \/><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-35\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-7.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"654\" height=\"469\" \/><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-36\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-8.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"649\" height=\"299\" \/><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-37\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-9.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"649\" height=\"407\" \/><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-38\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-10.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"645\" height=\"366\" \/><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-11.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"649\" height=\"492\" \/><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-12.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"653\" height=\"262\" \/><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-41\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-13.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"648\" height=\"529\" \/><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-14.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"647\" height=\"233\" \/><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-15.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"655\" height=\"558\" \/><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-16.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"648\" height=\"218\" \/><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-45\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-17.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"653\" height=\"553\" \/><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-46\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-18.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"654\" height=\"221\" \/><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-47\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-19.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"647\" height=\"561\" \/><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-20.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"646\" height=\"198\" \/><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-49\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-21.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"652\" height=\"395\" \/><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-22.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"649\" height=\"381\" \/><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-51\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-23.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"651\" height=\"460\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Criticisms of classifications<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n1.\u00a0 RISLEY\u2018S CLASSIFICATION.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Risley\u2018s Classification faced criticism especially in the case of Scytho-Dravidians and the Mongolo-Dravidian.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Speakers\u00a0 of\u00a0 Aryan\u00a0 Language\u00a0 Found\u00a0 in\u00a0 vast\u00a0 majority\u00a0 in\u00a0 Indian\u00a0 subcontinent;\u00a0 whereas\u00a0 in Risley\u2018s Classification is distributed only in Punjab, Rajputana and Kashmir Valley.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>According to Risley, Broad-headed elements in Bengal have been influenced by Mongolian People; but in reality it is not found in people living in Bengal.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Also, Risley conducted that the people of South India speak Dravidian language but actually they do not speak Dravidian language and distinct features from Dravidian.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Risley didn\u2018t mention about Negrito element in India.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">2.\u00a0 GIUFRIDA-RUGGERI\u2018S CLASSIFICATION.<\/span>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">His classification was not briefly explained to understand the enormous variation of physical types among the people of India.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n3.\u00a0 HADDON\u2018S CLASSIFICATION.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The main drawback of Haddon\u2018s classification was that he didn\u2018t mention about anything about Pre-Aryans of India.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n4.\u00a0 EICKSTEDT\u2018S CLASSIFICATION.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It also faces some criticism from different authorities but it shows a great scope and it can be more convincing by B.S. Guha\u2018s Classification.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n5.\u00a0 GUHA\u2018S CLASSIFICATION.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Negrito element of Guha\u2018s Classification faces criticism almost from all Anthropologists.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Furthermore, Guha tried to prove that all racial elements in India are of foreign origin.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n6.\u00a0 SARKAR\u2018S CLASSIFICATION.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Although S.S. Sarkar\u2018s classification was more convincing than any other classification but contemporary Anthropologists are still tried to solve the problem of racial classification of India.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Thus, as a whole, each Race is Dynamic, instead of static group. The stability of a race can be achieved by practicing marriage within racial group. Any change in any one of the factors depicts a new change in the race as a whole<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nETHNIC ELEMENTS OF INDIA\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Aggregation of biological and socio-cultural characteristics can be defined as an ETHNIC GROUPS.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>It comprises CASTE, SCHEDULED CASTE, SCHEDULED TRIBE and COMMUNITIES.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>According to Bhasin and Walter; \u2015COMMUNITY\u2016 can be defined as a group of people having occupational, religious, linguistic or regional characteristics.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>CASTE<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nCaste in India, is an exclusively Indian phenomenon. The word \u2017caste\u2018 derives from the Portuguese word \u2017casta\u2018, denoting breed, race or kind. Risley (1915) defines it as \u2015a collection of families or groups of families bearing a common name; claiming a common descent from a mythical ancestor, human or divine; professing to follow the same hereditary calling; and regarded by those who are competent to give an opinion as forming a single homogeneous community\u2018 is generally associated with a specific occupation\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: 1em; text-align: initial;\">A caste is highly endogamous, into smaller circles each of which is endogamous which is referred to as Jati and the endogamous division is \u2017Gotra\u2018.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">DIFERENT TERMS USED IN DIFFERENT REGIONS<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Northern India, \u2017Jat\u2018 (breed) and \u2017Qaum\u2018 (tribe) are the synonyms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0 \u2017Biradari\u2018 or \u2017Bhaiband\u2018 (brotherhood) who lives in a particular neighborhood.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Caste referred to as the social classes from which an individual are confined to their original socially allotted position and are also called as CLOSE SYSTEM.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>M.N. Srinivas (1969) stated caste as \u2015the idea of hierarchy is central to caste. The customs, rites and way of life were different among higher and lower castes.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nVARNA OR JATI\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The term \u2017Varna\u2018 appears in the earliest Rig-Veda in its tenth book called \u2015PURUSHASUKTA\u2016.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">According to Manu, there are four Varnas; Brahmin, Kshtriya, Vaishyas and Sudras. Therefore, all the JATIS were arisen by the interaction between the members of four Varna and also, after that, between the descendants of initial unions. However, the UNTOUCHABLES are not included in this.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Brahmin, Vaishyas and Kshtriyas are also called DVIJAS (twice born), whereas sudra are not at all included in it.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Comparatively, Varna and Caste or Jati are two different things. Caste or Jati refers to the occupational groups and also internally segmented.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nCHARACTERISTICS OF CASTE\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThe fundamental features of Caste are;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong><em>1.\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><strong>Hereditary identity<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0An individual born to particular caste are not allowed to move up and down along the social ladder.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This means that an individual can\u2018t escape from his\/her caste identity for his\/her whole life.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\"><em>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">Endogamy<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>An individual of particular caste can marry within its own caste.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>According to Manu, a higher caste man is not allowed to marry the lower caste woman.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong><em>3. <\/em><\/strong><strong>Hereditary occupation<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Each Caste is associated with its particular hereditary occupation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Like Muchis are shoemakers, Chamars are the leather workers, Lohars are the Blacksmiths.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong><em>4. <\/em><\/strong><strong>Hierarchy<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Each Caste cites an evidence of its superiority; with reference to the rituals it performs, the customs it observes, or the myth of the origin.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong><em>5. <\/em><\/strong><strong>Purity and pollution<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em; text-align: initial;\">It is a concept of pollution to maintain between different castes. Occupational specializations among castes are because of the degree of purity and pollution.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong><em>6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><strong>Restriction on food, drink and smoking<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThe membership norm of each caste determines what a person may eat and with whom he\/she may sit for a meal.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong><em>7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><strong>Distinction in customs, dress and speech<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The members of higher caste are supposed to wear fine clothes and gold ornaments, while the members of lower caste wear coarse materials and silver ornaments.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Scheduled caste (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs).<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were enumerated from 1951 census onwards. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes have been specified by 15 Presidential Orders issued under the provisions of Articles 341 and 342 of the Constitution. They are listed in Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act 1976.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the Census of India 2001, 16.2 % of the population was \u2017Scheduled Castes\u2018 or another 8.2 % as belong to \u2017Scheduled Tribes\u2018.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Occupational specialization:<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n(1)\u00a0\u00a0 Landless agricultural laborers,\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n(2)\u00a0\u00a0 Cultivators with small holdings,\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n(3)\u00a0\u00a0 Small commodity producers or artisans,\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n(4)\u00a0\u00a0 Services particularly of \u2017polluting\u2018 kind.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Table 1: Percentages of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to total population 1961-2001 <\/strong><\/p>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-24.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"677\" height=\"150\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In addition, some state governments also included other categories of people known as \u2017Other Backward Classes\u2018 (OBCs) and Denotified Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic communities.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Communities<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">According to Bhasin and Walter (2001), \u2015COMMUNITY\u2016 can be defined as a group of people having occupational, religious, linguistic or regional characteristics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Those population groups which cannot be included in caste system or are not denoted as tribes, i.e. Punjabis, Bengalese etc., by others on religion basis like Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs etc., by others on language basis like Telugus, Tamils etc. These authors have not specified or defined explicitly their caste and\/or specific groups.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Religious elements of India<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThe major religious distribution in India is as follows;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-25.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"377\" height=\"339\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Hindus (Hinduism)<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>CHARACTERISTICS<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Hinduism is the doctrine of an eternal soul and its rebirth.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>It also shows an astonishing variety of doctrines and cultures.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>DISTRIBUTION<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">Hindus form over 80 per cent of the total population.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">The entire Orissa state, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, where the population is approximately 90 per cent made up of Hindus. Also, distinct area of Himalayan region (Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>2.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Muslims (Islam)<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Beginning of Islam is around 7th century.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Founder: Prophet Muhammad. Muslims are predominantly rural community.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-26.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"583\" height=\"239\" \/>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0According to Blunt (1931); \u2015they are neither castes nor tribes but are merely names given to groups of tribes supposed to be of similar blood.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Two major religious, endogamous sections of Muslims are - Shia and Sunni and several minor groups like Momins, Domon, Khoja, Bohra, Moplahic<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In addition, there are interior and exterior castes among Muslims<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-55\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-27.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"567\" height=\"174\" \/>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>DISTRIBUTION: Kashmir valley and adjacent Kargil Tehsil, Mewat, Rohilkhand and upper Doab, Ganga Delta, Malasar and the Lakshadweep.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0 Lakshadweep (94.84 %).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Jammu and Kashmir (64.19 %).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>West Bengal (21.51 %), Kerala (21.25 %), Uttar Pradesh (15.93 %) and Bihar (14.13%).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>3.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Christians (Christianity)<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-56\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-28.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"434\" height=\"111\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Endogamy is found in both the groups i.e. Catholics can marry among its own group and same can be found in Protestants.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Christians: 3rd major religious community in the country.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>DISTRIBUTION: Southern and North-eastern regions of the country.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh: 60 %.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>4.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Sikhs (Sikhism)<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The word Sikh is the Punjabi form of the Sanskrit word \u2017Shishya\u2018 which means disciple.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>They are the followers of Guru Nanak Dev and nine other Gurus of whom the last was Shri Guru Govind Singh.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Sikhism was based on the teachings of UNITY OF GOD; rejection of caste and ritualism and brotherhood of man.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-57\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-29.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"725\" height=\"221\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0The Sardars include Jat and Kamboh (Landowners), Tarkhan (Carpenter), Kumhar (Potter), Mehra (Water carrier) and Cimbma (Washer man). The first two castes regard themselves as superior to the others.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There are some other religious sects among the Sikhs like Nihangs, Namdharis and Ramgarhias.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">DISTRIBUTION<\/span>\r\n<div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Punjab - 60.75 % and Chandigarh - 21.11 %<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Haryana - 6.21 % and Delhi - 6.33 %.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>However, in any other states or Union Territory, they constitute 5% of the country\u2018s population.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>5.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Buddhists (Buddhism)<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Evolution of Buddhism was because of the revolt against Vedic religion or Brahmanism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>FOUNDER: Kshatriya Prince Siddartha.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PRINCIPLES: Nonviolence and simple living instead of ritualism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Buddhism is further divided into two sections:<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n(i)\u00a0\u00a0 Hinayan (The Small Vehicle) - Believed in Buddha as a Guru.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n(ii)\u00a0\u00a0 Mahayanas (The Great Vehicle) - raised Buddha to the position of a savior god.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>DISTRIBUTION: North Eastern states - 28.71 per cent in Sikkim, 13.69 in Arunachal Pradesh and 8.19 per cent in Mizoram.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>6.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Jains (Jainism)<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Jains are basically Urban Dwellers.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>FOUNDER: Kshatriya Prince Vardhaman.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PRINCIPLES: Stresses on right actions and good deeds instead of sacrifices and prayers.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Jains are further divided into two sects\u2014<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n(i)\u00a0\u00a0 Svetambara - clothed in white.\r\n\r\n(ii)\u00a0\u00a0 Digambara - clothed in atmosphere, because their Munis wear no clothes.\r\n\r\nv\u00a0\u00a0 DISTRIBUTION: Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Delhi.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>7.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Parsis<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>An endogamous group migrated from Iran and settled primarily in West India.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>They follow the principle of INBREEDING.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>8.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Jews<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-58\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-30.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"558\" height=\"235\" \/><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-59\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-31.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"484\" height=\"79\" \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>LINGUISTIC ELEMENT OF INDIA<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>A high degree of diversity in their languages and dialects is the striking most feature of India.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A linguistic group is an entity of social significance. The language and the dialect thus play a significant role in defining the elements of regional identity.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>According to Grierson (1903-1928), India has 179 languages and 544 dialects.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>According to the 1961 Census of India there were 187 languages spoken by different sections of our society.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Classification of Indian Languages<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-60\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-32.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"181\" \/>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">According to 1961 Census of India over 73.3 % of the Indian people spoke languages belonging to the Aryan family. Dravidian came next representing 24.47 %. There are only 1.5 % for the Austric languages and still less for the Tibeto-Chinese languages 0.73%<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>1.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>The Austro Asiatic Language Family<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-61\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-33.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"528\" height=\"157\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n(i)\u00a0\u00a0 Mon-Khmer Branch: This includes the two groups-\r\n\r\n1.\u00a0 Khasi group of languages of Assam, and\r\n\r\n2.\u00a0 Nicobarese of the Nicobar Islands.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1em; text-align: initial;\">(ii)\u00a0\u00a0 Munda Branch: Speakers belonging to the Central and Eastern regions of India.<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">DISTRIBUTION: Hills and jungles of Bihar, Chota Nagpur, Orissa and Central India. Larger in number is Santhali speakers.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>SPEECHES OF THIS BRANCH<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n1.\u00a0 Kherwari\r\n\r\n2.\u00a0 Santali\r\n\r\n3.\u00a0 Mundari\r\n\r\n4.\u00a0 Bhumij\r\n\r\n5.\u00a0 Birhor\r\n\r\n6.\u00a0 Koda\/Kora, Ho etc.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>2. The Tibeto-Chinese Language Family<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-62\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-34.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"672\" height=\"562\" \/><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-63\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-35.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"446\" height=\"58\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>DESCRIPTION of the CHART<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n(<strong>a) TIBETO-HIMLAYAN BRANCH<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n(i)\u00a0\u00a0 Bhotia Group (Tibetan Group)\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>SPEAKERS: Ladakhi, Lahuli, Sikkim,Bhotia, Balti.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>LANGUAGES: Tibetan, Balti, Ladakhi, Lahauli, Spiti, Jad, Sherpa, Sikkim, Bhotia, Bhutani, Kagate.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n(ii)\u00a0\u00a0 Himalayan Group (Pronominalized\/Non-pronominalized Himalayan Groups\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>SPEAKERS: Lahauli of Chamba, Kanashi, Kanauri, Jangali, Dhimal, Limbu, Khambu, Rai, Gurung, Tamang, Sunwar, Mangari, Newari, Lepcha, Kami, Toto.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>(b)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>NORTH-ASSAM BRANCH<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nNorth-East Frontier Group: Languages- Aka\/Hrusso, Dalfa, Abor\/Adi, Miri, Mishmi.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>(c) ASSAM-BURMESE BRANCH<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n(i)\u00a0\u00a0 Bodo Group (Bara or Bodo Group)\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>LANGUAGES: Bodo\/Boro, Lalung, Dimasa, Garo, Koch, Rabha, Tripuri, Deori, Mikir.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n(ii)\u00a0\u00a0 Naga Group\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0LANGUAGES:\u00a0 Angami, Sema, Rengma, Khezha, Ao, Lotha, Tableng, Chang-Naga Kacha\u00a0 Naga,\u00a0 Zemi\u00a0 Naga,\u00a0 Kabui,\u00a0 Khoirao,\u00a0 Mao,\u00a0 Maram,\u00a0 Tangkhul,\u00a0 Maring,\u00a0 Pochury, Phom, Yimchungre, Khiemnungam, Nocte, Wancho, Makware, Tangsa.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">(iii)Kachin Group<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">LANGUAGES:\u00a0 Kawri,\u00a0 Singpho.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n(iv)\u00a0\u00a0 Kuki-Chin Group\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>SPEAKERS: Manipuri\/Meithei, Thodo, Ralte, Paite, Tlangtlang, Pawi, Lakher, Lushai\/Mizo,\u00a0 Rangkhol,\u00a0 Halam,\u00a0 Langrong,\u00a0 Aimol,\u00a0 Chiru,\u00a0 Kom,\u00a0 Hmar,\u00a0 Lamgang,\u00a0 Chote, Purum, Anal, Gangte, Vaiphei, Khami, Khawathlang, Simte.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n(v)\u00a0\u00a0 Burma Group\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>SPEAKERS: Mru, Arkanese<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>DISTRIBUTION OF TIBETO-CHINESE LANGUAGE FAMILY IN INDIA<\/strong>: The Tibeto-Himalayan branch is spoken in Ladakh and parts of Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim. The Assam-Burmese Branch is concentrated inthe states of North-east India along the Indo-Burmese border. Among these, Naga dialects are spoken in Nagaland; Lushai is concentrated in Mizo Hills, Garo in Garo Hills and Meithei in Manipur.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>3. The Dravidian Language Family (Dravida)<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">(i)\u00a0\u00a0 South Dravidian Group: It consists of the speeches: 1. Tamil 2. Malayalam 3. Kannada 4. Coorgi\/Kodagu 5. Tulu 6. Toda 7. Kota 8. Telugu.<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">(ii)\u00a0\u00a0 Central Dravidian Group: It includes 1. Kui 2. Kolami 3. Gondi 4. Parji 5. Koya\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">6.\u00a0 Khond\/Kondh 7. Konda.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n(iii) North Dravidian Group: It includes 1. Kurukh\/Oraon and 2. Malto.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Unspecified Dravidian Tongues: A few (6742) persons belong to unspecified Dravidian Tongues, which are 1. Dravidian, 2. Madrasi, 3. Ladhadi and 4. Bharia.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">\u00a0DISTRIBUTION OF DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGE FAMILY: Languages of the Dravidian family are concentrated in the plateau region and the adjoining coastal plains. Telugu is spoken in Andhra, Tamil in Tamil Nadu, and Kannada in Karnataka and Malayalam in Kerala. The Tribal groups include the Gonds of Madhya Pradesh, CentralIndia and the Oraons of Chota Nagpur Plateau.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>4.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>The Indo-European Language Family (Aryan)<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nIt is divided into;\r\n\r\n<strong>I.<\/strong> Aryan Sub-Family\r\n\r\nThe Aryan sub-family is further divided into 3 branches:\r\n\r\n<strong>(a)\u00a0 <\/strong>Iranian Branch: It is represented by languages like Persian, Pashto and Balochi considered of foreign origin.\r\n\r\n<strong>(b)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Dardic (or Pisasha) Branch: It is represented by following groups of languages:\r\n\r\n(i)\u00a0\u00a0 Kafir Group : Wai Ala.\r\n\r\n(ii)\u00a0\u00a0 Khowar Group: Khowar.\r\n\r\n(iii)\u00a0\u00a0 Dard Group: Dardi, Shina, Kashmiri, Kohistani.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>(c)\u00a0 <\/strong>Indo-Aryan Branch: The Indo-Aryan Branch can be divided into two sub-branches as follows:<\/p>\r\n1. Outer Sub-Branch:\r\n\r\nThis consists of the following\r\n\r\n(i)\u00a0\u00a0 North-Western Group: Lahnda or Western Punjabi Dialects and Sindhi.\r\n\r\n(ii)\u00a0\u00a0 Southern Group: This group includes 1. Marathi; 2. Konkani.\r\n\r\n(iii)\u00a0\u00a0 Eastern Group: This includes 1. Oriya; 2. Bihari with sub-groups- Bhojpuri, Maghi\/Magadhi, Maithili; 3. Bengali; 4. Assamese.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>2. Mediate Sub-Branch\/Inner Sub-Branch<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(i) Mediate Group\/Central Group: This includes\u20141. Hindi; 2. Hindustani; 3. Urdu; 4. Punjabi; 5. Gujarati; 6. Bhili; 7. Khandeshi; 8. Rajasthani.<\/p>\r\n(ii)\u00a0\u00a0 Pahari Group\r\n\r\n(1) Eastern Pahari: It consists of Nepali.\r\n\r\n(2) Central Pahari: It includes Kumauni, Garhwali.\r\n\r\n(3) Western Pahari: Jaunsari, Sirmauri, Baghati, Kiunthali, Handuri, Siraji, Soracholi, Bashahri, Siraji-Inner-Siraji, Sodochi, Kului, Mandi, Mandeali, Suketi.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>II.\u00a0 <\/strong>Unspecified Indo-Aryan Tongues Mahasu Pahari, Tharu, Kewati.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>III\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Old Middle-Indo-Aryan Languages:\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n1. Ardhamagadhi; 2. Pali; 3. Prakrit; 4. Sanskrit\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>IV. <\/strong>Mother Tongue with Unspecified Family Affiliation\r\n\r\n1. Kisan; 2. English\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong style=\"font-size: 1em; text-align: initial;\">DISTRIBUTION OF INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE FAMILY: <\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em; text-align: initial;\">Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and the Union Territory of Delhi. The Himalayan and the sub-Himalayan areas are inhabited by the speakers of the various forms of Pahari speeches.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<strong>Broadly speaking the principal languages of India constitutes the following linguistic regions:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>1.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Kashmiri,<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>2.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Punjabi,<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>3.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Hindi\/Urdu,<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>4.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Bengali,<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>5.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Assamese,<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>6.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Oriya,<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>7.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Gujarati,<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>8.Marathi,<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>9.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Kannada,<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>10.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Telugu,<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>11.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Tamil and<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>12.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Malayalam<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Languages Specified in Schedule VIII to the Constitution of India<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe Schedule VIII recognizes fifteen languages in India (CENSUS OF INDIA, 1971).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Part \u2018A\u2019<\/strong>\r\n\r\n1.\u00a0 Assamese.\r\n\r\n2.\u00a0 Bengali: Chakma; Haijong\/Hajong; Malpaharia; Rajbansi.\r\n\r\n3.\u00a0 Gujarati: Saurashtra.\r\n\r\n4.\u00a0 Hindi: Awadhi, Baghelkhandi, Bagri-Rajasthani; Banjari; Bhadrawahi. Bharmauri\/Gaddi; Bhojpuri; Braj Bhasha; Budelkhandi; Chambeali; Chattisgarhi etc.\r\n\r\n5.\u00a0 Kannada: Badaga.\r\n\r\n6.\u00a0 Kashmiri: Kishtwari, Siraji.\r\n\r\n7.\u00a0 Malayalam: Yerava.\r\n\r\n8.\u00a0 Marathi: Karami.\r\n\r\n9.\u00a0 Oriya: Bhatri, Relli.\r\n\r\n10.\u00a0 Punjabi: Bagri, Bilaspuri\/Kahluri.\r\n\r\n11.\u00a0 Sanskrit.\r\n\r\n12.\u00a0 Sindhi: Kachchhi.\r\n\r\n13.\u00a0 Tamil: Kaikadi; Yerukala\/Yerukula.\r\n\r\n14.\u00a0 Telugu: Vadari.\r\n\r\n15.\u00a0 Urdu.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Part \u2018B\u2019<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nAdi: Adi Gallong\/Gallong; Adi Minyong\/Minyong.\r\n\r\nAngami: Chakra\/Chokri.\r\n\r\nBhili\/Bhilodi Barel; Bhilai; Chodhari; Dhodia etc.\r\n\r\nBodo\/Boro: Kachari; Mech.\r\n\r\nGondi: Dorli; Maria; Muria.\r\n\r\nKhandeshi: Ahirani; Dangi; Gujari-Khandeshi.\r\n\r\nKhasi: Pnar\/Synteng; War.\r\n\r\nKonda: Kodo.\r\n\r\nKorku: Muwasi.\r\n\r\nLahnda: Multani, Punchhi.\r\n\r\nMunda: Kol.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>CONCLUSION<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Thus; India\u2018s languages, religions, racial classification and ethnic element differ from place to place within country.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>It often labeled as an amalgamation of several cultures, and has been influenced by a history that is several millennia old.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Also, India is one of the most religiously diverse nation in the world and some of the most deeply religious societies and cultures.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PEOPLE OF INDIA, therefore, manifested several features varied in different geographical regions but it cannot be understand under few contexts.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>you can view video on Indian People: racial, ethnic, linguistic and religious elements and distribution of people<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/6y7qD6G7YYg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n<strong>References<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Indrani Basu, 2008. Anthropology -The Study of Man. S. Chand Publications.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>M. K. Bhasin; Indian Anthropology Racial, Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Elements in Indian Population. http:\/\/nsdl.niscair.res.in\/jspui\/bitstream\/123456789\/339\/1\/pdf%204.4%20NISCAIR-Racial-Ethnic-Relgious-Linguistic-Groups-India-Text-Revised.pdf<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<div><span style=\"float: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/6y7qD6G7YYg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>CONTENTS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>1.\u00a0<\/em>Introduction.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>2.\u00a0<\/em>Racial elements in India.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>3.\u00a0<\/em>Ethnic elements in India.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>4.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>Religious element in India.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>5.\u00a0<\/em>Linguistic element of India.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>6.\u00a0<\/em>Languages specified to schedule viii to the constitution of India.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>7.\u00a0<\/em>Conclusion.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>OBJECTIVES<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>1.\u00a0<\/em>To determine the racial element of India.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>2.\u00a0<\/em>To determine the ethnic element of India.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>3.\u00a0<\/em>To determine the religious element of India.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>4.\u00a0<\/em>To determine the linguistic element of India.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>5.\u00a0<\/em>To understand the variation in people of India in different geographical regions.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>INDIA <\/strong>is a Multicultural country.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">The study of different socio-cultural and genetic variability defined the population of India more appropriately.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">India is the world&#8217;s second most populous nation (after China). Its ethnic composition is complex, but two major strains predominate: the Aryan, in the north, and the Dravidian, in the south. India is a land of great cultural diversity, as is evidenced by the enormous number of different languages spoken throughout the country. Although Hindi (spoken in the north) and English (the language of politics and commerce) are used officially, more than 1,500 languages and dialects are spoken. The Indian constitution recognizes 15 regional languages (Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu).<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">About 80% of the population is Hindu, and 14% is Muslim. Other significant religions include Christians, Sikhs, and Buddhists. There is no state religion.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">India is a fascinating country where people of many different communities and religions live together in unity. Indian Population is polygenetic and is an amazing amalgamation of various races and cultures.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">People of different groups in India living here for hundreds or even thousands of years and correspondingly try to maintain their individual identity even by living side by side.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Also, Anthropologist\u2018s commitment towards the grasping of different information and the dynamics of communities and populations.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">India with 1000 million people is one of the world\u2018s top twelve mega diversity countries.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Different groups are present in India, like from stone-age food gatherers to agriculturists. They also engaged in mechanized and chemicalised agriculture, mechanized fishing, tapping off shore oil and natural gas, running atomic power plants and producing computer software.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">According to Bhasin and Walter (2001); India is a homeland of over 4000 populations, 3700 endogamous groups are structured in Hindu caste system as \u2017JATIS\u2018 and a 1000 of Mendelian Population which are autochthonous and religious communities.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thus, India offers a cauldron where the processes of unification as well as fragmentisation are unceasingly taking place.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Racial elements of India<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Racial groups<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Although, there are no strict rules to diversify different races; but Anthropologists distinguish groups on the basis of common origin, living in certain defined regions and different characteristic features on the basis of geographical regions.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Modern man, biologically uniform in basic features (for example; upright posture, well-developed hand and feet, absence of bony eyebrow etc.). Scientists depict all human beings into single species i.e. Homo sapiens.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">However, differentiation in groups can be seen on the basis of different geographical regions.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Complexity of Indian population by the continuous influence of other new racial elements from outside can be manifested by the classification of different racial elements by different Anthropologists.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT RACIAL ELEMENTS OF INDIA<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-34\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-6.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"648\" height=\"210\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-6.png 648w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-6-300x97.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-6-65x21.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-6-225x73.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-6-350x113.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-35\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-7.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"654\" height=\"469\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-7.png 654w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-7-300x215.png 300w, 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https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-9-350x219.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 649px) 100vw, 649px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-38\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-10.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"645\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-10.png 645w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-10-300x170.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-10-65x37.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-10-225x128.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-10-350x199.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 645px) 100vw, 645px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" 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https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-15-225x192.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-15-350x298.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 655px) 100vw, 655px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-16.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"648\" height=\"218\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-16.png 648w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-16-300x101.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-16-65x22.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-16-225x76.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-16-350x118.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-45\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-17.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"653\" height=\"553\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-17.png 653w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-17-300x254.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-17-65x55.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-17-225x191.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-17-350x296.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 653px) 100vw, 653px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-46\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-18.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"654\" height=\"221\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-18.png 654w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-18-300x101.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-18-65x22.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-18-225x76.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-18-350x118.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 654px) 100vw, 654px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-47\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-19.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"647\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-19.png 647w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-19-300x260.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-19-65x56.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-19-225x195.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-19-350x303.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 647px) 100vw, 647px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-20.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"646\" height=\"198\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-20.png 646w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-20-300x92.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-20-65x20.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-20-225x69.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-20-350x107.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 646px) 100vw, 646px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-49\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-21.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"652\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-21.png 652w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-21-300x182.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-21-65x39.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-21-225x136.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-21-350x212.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 652px) 100vw, 652px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-22.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"649\" height=\"381\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-22.png 649w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-22-300x176.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-22-65x38.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-22-225x132.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-22-350x205.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 649px) 100vw, 649px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-51\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-23.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"651\" height=\"460\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-23.png 651w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-23-300x212.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-23-65x46.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-23-225x159.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-23-350x247.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 651px) 100vw, 651px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Criticisms of classifications<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0 RISLEY\u2018S CLASSIFICATION.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Risley\u2018s Classification faced criticism especially in the case of Scytho-Dravidians and the Mongolo-Dravidian.<\/li>\n<li>Speakers\u00a0 of\u00a0 Aryan\u00a0 Language\u00a0 Found\u00a0 in\u00a0 vast\u00a0 majority\u00a0 in\u00a0 Indian\u00a0 subcontinent;\u00a0 whereas\u00a0 in Risley\u2018s Classification is distributed only in Punjab, Rajputana and Kashmir Valley.<\/li>\n<li>According to Risley, Broad-headed elements in Bengal have been influenced by Mongolian People; but in reality it is not found in people living in Bengal.<\/li>\n<li>Also, Risley conducted that the people of South India speak Dravidian language but actually they do not speak Dravidian language and distinct features from Dravidian.<\/li>\n<li>Risley didn\u2018t mention about Negrito element in India.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">2.\u00a0 GIUFRIDA-RUGGERI\u2018S CLASSIFICATION.<\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">His classification was not briefly explained to understand the enormous variation of physical types among the people of India.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0 HADDON\u2018S CLASSIFICATION.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The main drawback of Haddon\u2018s classification was that he didn\u2018t mention about anything about Pre-Aryans of India.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>4.\u00a0 EICKSTEDT\u2018S CLASSIFICATION.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It also faces some criticism from different authorities but it shows a great scope and it can be more convincing by B.S. Guha\u2018s Classification.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>5.\u00a0 GUHA\u2018S CLASSIFICATION.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Negrito element of Guha\u2018s Classification faces criticism almost from all Anthropologists.<\/li>\n<li>Furthermore, Guha tried to prove that all racial elements in India are of foreign origin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>6.\u00a0 SARKAR\u2018S CLASSIFICATION.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Although S.S. Sarkar\u2018s classification was more convincing than any other classification but contemporary Anthropologists are still tried to solve the problem of racial classification of India.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Thus, as a whole, each Race is Dynamic, instead of static group. The stability of a race can be achieved by practicing marriage within racial group. Any change in any one of the factors depicts a new change in the race as a whole<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>ETHNIC ELEMENTS OF INDIA<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Aggregation of biological and socio-cultural characteristics can be defined as an ETHNIC GROUPS.<\/li>\n<li>It comprises CASTE, SCHEDULED CASTE, SCHEDULED TRIBE and COMMUNITIES.<\/li>\n<li>According to Bhasin and Walter; \u2015COMMUNITY\u2016 can be defined as a group of people having occupational, religious, linguistic or regional characteristics.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>CASTE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Caste in India, is an exclusively Indian phenomenon. The word \u2017caste\u2018 derives from the Portuguese word \u2017casta\u2018, denoting breed, race or kind. Risley (1915) defines it as \u2015a collection of families or groups of families bearing a common name; claiming a common descent from a mythical ancestor, human or divine; professing to follow the same hereditary calling; and regarded by those who are competent to give an opinion as forming a single homogeneous community\u2018 is generally associated with a specific occupation<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1em; text-align: initial;\">A caste is highly endogamous, into smaller circles each of which is endogamous which is referred to as Jati and the endogamous division is \u2017Gotra\u2018.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">DIFERENT TERMS USED IN DIFFERENT REGIONS<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Northern India, \u2017Jat\u2018 (breed) and \u2017Qaum\u2018 (tribe) are the synonyms.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0 \u2017Biradari\u2018 or \u2017Bhaiband\u2018 (brotherhood) who lives in a particular neighborhood.<\/li>\n<li>Caste referred to as the social classes from which an individual are confined to their original socially allotted position and are also called as CLOSE SYSTEM.<\/li>\n<li>M.N. Srinivas (1969) stated caste as \u2015the idea of hierarchy is central to caste. The customs, rites and way of life were different among higher and lower castes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>VARNA OR JATI<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The term \u2017Varna\u2018 appears in the earliest Rig-Veda in its tenth book called \u2015PURUSHASUKTA\u2016.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">According to Manu, there are four Varnas; Brahmin, Kshtriya, Vaishyas and Sudras. Therefore, all the JATIS were arisen by the interaction between the members of four Varna and also, after that, between the descendants of initial unions. However, the UNTOUCHABLES are not included in this.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Brahmin, Vaishyas and Kshtriyas are also called DVIJAS (twice born), whereas sudra are not at all included in it.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Comparatively, Varna and Caste or Jati are two different things. Caste or Jati refers to the occupational groups and also internally segmented.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>CHARACTERISTICS OF CASTE<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The fundamental features of Caste are;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>1.\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><strong>Hereditary identity<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0An individual born to particular caste are not allowed to move up and down along the social ladder.<\/li>\n<li>This means that an individual can\u2018t escape from his\/her caste identity for his\/her whole life.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\"><em>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">Endogamy<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>An individual of particular caste can marry within its own caste.<\/li>\n<li>According to Manu, a higher caste man is not allowed to marry the lower caste woman.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>3. <\/em><\/strong><strong>Hereditary occupation<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Each Caste is associated with its particular hereditary occupation.<\/li>\n<li>Like Muchis are shoemakers, Chamars are the leather workers, Lohars are the Blacksmiths.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>4. <\/em><\/strong><strong>Hierarchy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Each Caste cites an evidence of its superiority; with reference to the rituals it performs, the customs it observes, or the myth of the origin.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>5. <\/em><\/strong><strong>Purity and pollution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em; text-align: initial;\">It is a concept of pollution to maintain between different castes. Occupational specializations among castes are because of the degree of purity and pollution.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><strong>Restriction on food, drink and smoking<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The membership norm of each caste determines what a person may eat and with whom he\/she may sit for a meal.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><strong>Distinction in customs, dress and speech<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The members of higher caste are supposed to wear fine clothes and gold ornaments, while the members of lower caste wear coarse materials and silver ornaments.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Scheduled caste (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were enumerated from 1951 census onwards. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes have been specified by 15 Presidential Orders issued under the provisions of Articles 341 and 342 of the Constitution. They are listed in Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act 1976.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the Census of India 2001, 16.2 % of the population was \u2017Scheduled Castes\u2018 or another 8.2 % as belong to \u2017Scheduled Tribes\u2018.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Occupational specialization:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(1)\u00a0\u00a0 Landless agricultural laborers,<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(2)\u00a0\u00a0 Cultivators with small holdings,<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(3)\u00a0\u00a0 Small commodity producers or artisans,<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(4)\u00a0\u00a0 Services particularly of \u2017polluting\u2018 kind.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Table 1: Percentages of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to total population 1961-2001 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-24.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"677\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-24.png 677w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-24-300x66.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-24-65x14.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-24-225x50.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-24-350x78.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 677px) 100vw, 677px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In addition, some state governments also included other categories of people known as \u2017Other Backward Classes\u2018 (OBCs) and Denotified Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic communities.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Communities<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">According to Bhasin and Walter (2001), \u2015COMMUNITY\u2016 can be defined as a group of people having occupational, religious, linguistic or regional characteristics.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Those population groups which cannot be included in caste system or are not denoted as tribes, i.e. Punjabis, Bengalese etc., by others on religion basis like Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs etc., by others on language basis like Telugus, Tamils etc. These authors have not specified or defined explicitly their caste and\/or specific groups.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Religious elements of India<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The major religious distribution in India is as follows;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-25.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"377\" height=\"339\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-25.png 377w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-25-300x270.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-25-65x58.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-25-225x202.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-25-350x315.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 377px) 100vw, 377px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Hindus (Hinduism)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>CHARACTERISTICS<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hinduism is the doctrine of an eternal soul and its rebirth.<\/li>\n<li>It also shows an astonishing variety of doctrines and cultures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>DISTRIBUTION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">Hindus form over 80 per cent of the total population.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">The entire Orissa state, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, where the population is approximately 90 per cent made up of Hindus. Also, distinct area of Himalayan region (Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Muslims (Islam)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Beginning of Islam is around 7th century.<\/li>\n<li>Founder: Prophet Muhammad. Muslims are predominantly rural community.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-26.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"583\" height=\"239\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-26.png 583w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-26-300x123.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-26-65x27.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-26-225x92.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-26-350x143.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 583px) 100vw, 583px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0According to Blunt (1931); \u2015they are neither castes nor tribes but are merely names given to groups of tribes supposed to be of similar blood.<\/li>\n<li>Two major religious, endogamous sections of Muslims are &#8211; Shia and Sunni and several minor groups like Momins, Domon, Khoja, Bohra, Moplahic<\/li>\n<li>In addition, there are interior and exterior castes among Muslims<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-55\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-27.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"567\" height=\"174\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-27.png 567w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-27-300x92.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-27-65x20.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-27-225x69.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-27-350x107.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 567px) 100vw, 567px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>DISTRIBUTION: Kashmir valley and adjacent Kargil Tehsil, Mewat, Rohilkhand and upper Doab, Ganga Delta, Malasar and the Lakshadweep.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0 Lakshadweep (94.84 %).<\/li>\n<li>Jammu and Kashmir (64.19 %).<\/li>\n<li>West Bengal (21.51 %), Kerala (21.25 %), Uttar Pradesh (15.93 %) and Bihar (14.13%).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Christians (Christianity)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-56\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-28.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"434\" height=\"111\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-28.png 434w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-28-300x77.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-28-65x17.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-28-225x58.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-28-350x90.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 434px) 100vw, 434px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Endogamy is found in both the groups i.e. Catholics can marry among its own group and same can be found in Protestants.<\/li>\n<li>Christians: 3rd major religious community in the country.<\/li>\n<li>DISTRIBUTION: Southern and North-eastern regions of the country.<\/li>\n<li>Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh: 60 %.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>4.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Sikhs (Sikhism)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The word Sikh is the Punjabi form of the Sanskrit word \u2017Shishya\u2018 which means disciple.<\/li>\n<li>They are the followers of Guru Nanak Dev and nine other Gurus of whom the last was Shri Guru Govind Singh.<\/li>\n<li>Sikhism was based on the teachings of UNITY OF GOD; rejection of caste and ritualism and brotherhood of man.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-57\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-29.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"725\" height=\"221\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-29.png 725w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-29-300x91.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-29-65x20.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-29-225x69.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-29-350x107.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 725px) 100vw, 725px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0The Sardars include Jat and Kamboh (Landowners), Tarkhan (Carpenter), Kumhar (Potter), Mehra (Water carrier) and Cimbma (Washer man). The first two castes regard themselves as superior to the others.<\/li>\n<li>There are some other religious sects among the Sikhs like Nihangs, Namdharis and Ramgarhias.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">DISTRIBUTION<\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li>Punjab &#8211; 60.75 % and Chandigarh &#8211; 21.11 %<\/li>\n<li>Haryana &#8211; 6.21 % and Delhi &#8211; 6.33 %.<\/li>\n<li>However, in any other states or Union Territory, they constitute 5% of the country\u2018s population.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>5.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Buddhists (Buddhism)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Evolution of Buddhism was because of the revolt against Vedic religion or Brahmanism.<\/li>\n<li>FOUNDER: Kshatriya Prince Siddartha.<\/li>\n<li>PRINCIPLES: Nonviolence and simple living instead of ritualism.<\/li>\n<li>Buddhism is further divided into two sections:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(i)\u00a0\u00a0 Hinayan (The Small Vehicle) &#8211; Believed in Buddha as a Guru.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(ii)\u00a0\u00a0 Mahayanas (The Great Vehicle) &#8211; raised Buddha to the position of a savior god.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>DISTRIBUTION: North Eastern states &#8211; 28.71 per cent in Sikkim, 13.69 in Arunachal Pradesh and 8.19 per cent in Mizoram.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>6.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Jains (Jainism)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Jains are basically Urban Dwellers.<\/li>\n<li>FOUNDER: Kshatriya Prince Vardhaman.<\/li>\n<li>PRINCIPLES: Stresses on right actions and good deeds instead of sacrifices and prayers.<\/li>\n<li>Jains are further divided into two sects\u2014<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(i)\u00a0\u00a0 Svetambara &#8211; clothed in white.<\/p>\n<p>(ii)\u00a0\u00a0 Digambara &#8211; clothed in atmosphere, because their Munis wear no clothes.<\/p>\n<p>v\u00a0\u00a0 DISTRIBUTION: Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Delhi.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>7.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Parsis<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>An endogamous group migrated from Iran and settled primarily in West India.<\/li>\n<li>They follow the principle of INBREEDING.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>8.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Jews<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-58\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-30.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"558\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-30.png 558w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-30-300x126.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-30-65x27.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-30-225x95.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-30-350x147.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 558px) 100vw, 558px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-59\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-31.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"484\" height=\"79\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-31.png 484w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-31-300x49.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-31-65x11.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-31-225x37.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-31-350x57.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 484px) 100vw, 484px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>LINGUISTIC ELEMENT OF INDIA<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A high degree of diversity in their languages and dialects is the striking most feature of India.<\/li>\n<li>A linguistic group is an entity of social significance. The language and the dialect thus play a significant role in defining the elements of regional identity.<\/li>\n<li>According to Grierson (1903-1928), India has 179 languages and 544 dialects.<\/li>\n<li>According to the 1961 Census of India there were 187 languages spoken by different sections of our society.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Classification of Indian Languages<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-60\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-32.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"181\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-32.png 640w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-32-300x85.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-32-65x18.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-32-225x64.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-32-350x99.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">According to 1961 Census of India over 73.3 % of the Indian people spoke languages belonging to the Aryan family. Dravidian came next representing 24.47 %. There are only 1.5 % for the Austric languages and still less for the Tibeto-Chinese languages 0.73%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>The Austro Asiatic Language Family<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-61\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-33.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"528\" height=\"157\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-33.png 528w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-33-300x89.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-33-65x19.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-33-225x67.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-33-350x104.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(i)\u00a0\u00a0 Mon-Khmer Branch: This includes the two groups-<\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0 Khasi group of languages of Assam, and<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0 Nicobarese of the Nicobar Islands.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1em; text-align: initial;\">(ii)\u00a0\u00a0 Munda Branch: Speakers belonging to the Central and Eastern regions of India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">DISTRIBUTION: Hills and jungles of Bihar, Chota Nagpur, Orissa and Central India. Larger in number is Santhali speakers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>SPEECHES OF THIS BRANCH<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0 Kherwari<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0 Santali<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0 Mundari<\/p>\n<p>4.\u00a0 Bhumij<\/p>\n<p>5.\u00a0 Birhor<\/p>\n<p>6.\u00a0 Koda\/Kora, Ho etc.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. The Tibeto-Chinese Language Family<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-62\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-34.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"672\" height=\"562\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-34.png 672w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-34-300x251.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-34-65x54.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-34-225x188.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-34-350x293.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-63\" src=\"http:\/\/antp04.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-35.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"446\" height=\"58\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-35.png 446w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-35-300x39.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-35-65x8.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-35-225x29.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/185\/2019\/03\/2-35-350x46.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 446px) 100vw, 446px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>DESCRIPTION of the CHART<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(<strong>a) TIBETO-HIMLAYAN BRANCH<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(i)\u00a0\u00a0 Bhotia Group (Tibetan Group)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>SPEAKERS: Ladakhi, Lahuli, Sikkim,Bhotia, Balti.<\/li>\n<li>LANGUAGES: Tibetan, Balti, Ladakhi, Lahauli, Spiti, Jad, Sherpa, Sikkim, Bhotia, Bhutani, Kagate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(ii)\u00a0\u00a0 Himalayan Group (Pronominalized\/Non-pronominalized Himalayan Groups<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>SPEAKERS: Lahauli of Chamba, Kanashi, Kanauri, Jangali, Dhimal, Limbu, Khambu, Rai, Gurung, Tamang, Sunwar, Mangari, Newari, Lepcha, Kami, Toto.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>(b)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>NORTH-ASSAM BRANCH<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>North-East Frontier Group: Languages- Aka\/Hrusso, Dalfa, Abor\/Adi, Miri, Mishmi.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>(c) ASSAM-BURMESE BRANCH<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(i)\u00a0\u00a0 Bodo Group (Bara or Bodo Group)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>LANGUAGES: Bodo\/Boro, Lalung, Dimasa, Garo, Koch, Rabha, Tripuri, Deori, Mikir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(ii)\u00a0\u00a0 Naga Group<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0LANGUAGES:\u00a0 Angami, Sema, Rengma, Khezha, Ao, Lotha, Tableng, Chang-Naga Kacha\u00a0 Naga,\u00a0 Zemi\u00a0 Naga,\u00a0 Kabui,\u00a0 Khoirao,\u00a0 Mao,\u00a0 Maram,\u00a0 Tangkhul,\u00a0 Maring,\u00a0 Pochury, Phom, Yimchungre, Khiemnungam, Nocte, Wancho, Makware, Tangsa.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">(iii)Kachin Group<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">LANGUAGES:\u00a0 Kawri,\u00a0 Singpho.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(iv)\u00a0\u00a0 Kuki-Chin Group<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>SPEAKERS: Manipuri\/Meithei, Thodo, Ralte, Paite, Tlangtlang, Pawi, Lakher, Lushai\/Mizo,\u00a0 Rangkhol,\u00a0 Halam,\u00a0 Langrong,\u00a0 Aimol,\u00a0 Chiru,\u00a0 Kom,\u00a0 Hmar,\u00a0 Lamgang,\u00a0 Chote, Purum, Anal, Gangte, Vaiphei, Khami, Khawathlang, Simte.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(v)\u00a0\u00a0 Burma Group<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>SPEAKERS: Mru, Arkanese<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>DISTRIBUTION OF TIBETO-CHINESE LANGUAGE FAMILY IN INDIA<\/strong>: The Tibeto-Himalayan branch is spoken in Ladakh and parts of Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim. The Assam-Burmese Branch is concentrated inthe states of North-east India along the Indo-Burmese border. Among these, Naga dialects are spoken in Nagaland; Lushai is concentrated in Mizo Hills, Garo in Garo Hills and Meithei in Manipur.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. The Dravidian Language Family (Dravida)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">(i)\u00a0\u00a0 South Dravidian Group: It consists of the speeches: 1. Tamil 2. Malayalam 3. Kannada 4. Coorgi\/Kodagu 5. Tulu 6. Toda 7. Kota 8. Telugu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">(ii)\u00a0\u00a0 Central Dravidian Group: It includes 1. Kui 2. Kolami 3. Gondi 4. Parji 5. Koya\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">6.\u00a0 Khond\/Kondh 7. Konda.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(iii) North Dravidian Group: It includes 1. Kurukh\/Oraon and 2. Malto.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Unspecified Dravidian Tongues: A few (6742) persons belong to unspecified Dravidian Tongues, which are 1. Dravidian, 2. Madrasi, 3. Ladhadi and 4. Bharia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">\u00a0DISTRIBUTION OF DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGE FAMILY: Languages of the Dravidian family are concentrated in the plateau region and the adjoining coastal plains. Telugu is spoken in Andhra, Tamil in Tamil Nadu, and Kannada in Karnataka and Malayalam in Kerala. The Tribal groups include the Gonds of Madhya Pradesh, CentralIndia and the Oraons of Chota Nagpur Plateau.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>4.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>The Indo-European Language Family (Aryan)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>It is divided into;<\/p>\n<p><strong>I.<\/strong> Aryan Sub-Family<\/p>\n<p>The Aryan sub-family is further divided into 3 branches:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(a)\u00a0 <\/strong>Iranian Branch: It is represented by languages like Persian, Pashto and Balochi considered of foreign origin.<\/p>\n<p><strong>(b)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Dardic (or Pisasha) Branch: It is represented by following groups of languages:<\/p>\n<p>(i)\u00a0\u00a0 Kafir Group : Wai Ala.<\/p>\n<p>(ii)\u00a0\u00a0 Khowar Group: Khowar.<\/p>\n<p>(iii)\u00a0\u00a0 Dard Group: Dardi, Shina, Kashmiri, Kohistani.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>(c)\u00a0 <\/strong>Indo-Aryan Branch: The Indo-Aryan Branch can be divided into two sub-branches as follows:<\/p>\n<p>1. Outer Sub-Branch:<\/p>\n<p>This consists of the following<\/p>\n<p>(i)\u00a0\u00a0 North-Western Group: Lahnda or Western Punjabi Dialects and Sindhi.<\/p>\n<p>(ii)\u00a0\u00a0 Southern Group: This group includes 1. Marathi; 2. Konkani.<\/p>\n<p>(iii)\u00a0\u00a0 Eastern Group: This includes 1. Oriya; 2. Bihari with sub-groups- Bhojpuri, Maghi\/Magadhi, Maithili; 3. Bengali; 4. Assamese.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Mediate Sub-Branch\/Inner Sub-Branch<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(i) Mediate Group\/Central Group: This includes\u20141. Hindi; 2. Hindustani; 3. Urdu; 4. Punjabi; 5. Gujarati; 6. Bhili; 7. Khandeshi; 8. Rajasthani.<\/p>\n<p>(ii)\u00a0\u00a0 Pahari Group<\/p>\n<p>(1) Eastern Pahari: It consists of Nepali.<\/p>\n<p>(2) Central Pahari: It includes Kumauni, Garhwali.<\/p>\n<p>(3) Western Pahari: Jaunsari, Sirmauri, Baghati, Kiunthali, Handuri, Siraji, Soracholi, Bashahri, Siraji-Inner-Siraji, Sodochi, Kului, Mandi, Mandeali, Suketi.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>II.\u00a0 <\/strong>Unspecified Indo-Aryan Tongues Mahasu Pahari, Tharu, Kewati.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>III\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Old Middle-Indo-Aryan Languages:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1. Ardhamagadhi; 2. Pali; 3. Prakrit; 4. Sanskrit<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>IV. <\/strong>Mother Tongue with Unspecified Family Affiliation<\/p>\n<p>1. Kisan; 2. English<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong style=\"font-size: 1em; text-align: initial;\">DISTRIBUTION OF INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE FAMILY: <\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em; text-align: initial;\">Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and the Union Territory of Delhi. The Himalayan and the sub-Himalayan areas are inhabited by the speakers of the various forms of Pahari speeches.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><strong>Broadly speaking the principal languages of India constitutes the following linguistic regions:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>1.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Kashmiri,<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>2.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Punjabi,<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>3.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Hindi\/Urdu,<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>4.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Bengali,<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>5.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Assamese,<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>6.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Oriya,<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>7.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Gujarati,<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>8.Marathi,<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>9.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Kannada,<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>10.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Telugu,<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>11.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Tamil and<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>12.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Malayalam<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Languages Specified in Schedule VIII to the Constitution of India<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Schedule VIII recognizes fifteen languages in India (CENSUS OF INDIA, 1971).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Part \u2018A\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0 Assamese.<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0 Bengali: Chakma; Haijong\/Hajong; Malpaharia; Rajbansi.<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0 Gujarati: Saurashtra.<\/p>\n<p>4.\u00a0 Hindi: Awadhi, Baghelkhandi, Bagri-Rajasthani; Banjari; Bhadrawahi. Bharmauri\/Gaddi; Bhojpuri; Braj Bhasha; Budelkhandi; Chambeali; Chattisgarhi etc.<\/p>\n<p>5.\u00a0 Kannada: Badaga.<\/p>\n<p>6.\u00a0 Kashmiri: Kishtwari, Siraji.<\/p>\n<p>7.\u00a0 Malayalam: Yerava.<\/p>\n<p>8.\u00a0 Marathi: Karami.<\/p>\n<p>9.\u00a0 Oriya: Bhatri, Relli.<\/p>\n<p>10.\u00a0 Punjabi: Bagri, Bilaspuri\/Kahluri.<\/p>\n<p>11.\u00a0 Sanskrit.<\/p>\n<p>12.\u00a0 Sindhi: Kachchhi.<\/p>\n<p>13.\u00a0 Tamil: Kaikadi; Yerukala\/Yerukula.<\/p>\n<p>14.\u00a0 Telugu: Vadari.<\/p>\n<p>15.\u00a0 Urdu.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Part \u2018B\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Adi: Adi Gallong\/Gallong; Adi Minyong\/Minyong.<\/p>\n<p>Angami: Chakra\/Chokri.<\/p>\n<p>Bhili\/Bhilodi Barel; Bhilai; Chodhari; Dhodia etc.<\/p>\n<p>Bodo\/Boro: Kachari; Mech.<\/p>\n<p>Gondi: Dorli; Maria; Muria.<\/p>\n<p>Khandeshi: Ahirani; Dangi; Gujari-Khandeshi.<\/p>\n<p>Khasi: Pnar\/Synteng; War.<\/p>\n<p>Konda: Kodo.<\/p>\n<p>Korku: Muwasi.<\/p>\n<p>Lahnda: Multani, Punchhi.<\/p>\n<p>Munda: Kol.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>CONCLUSION<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Thus; India\u2018s languages, religions, racial classification and ethnic element differ from place to place within country.<\/li>\n<li>It often labeled as an amalgamation of several cultures, and has been influenced by a history that is several millennia old.<\/li>\n<li>Also, India is one of the most religiously diverse nation in the world and some of the most deeply religious societies and cultures.<\/li>\n<li>PEOPLE OF INDIA, therefore, manifested several features varied in different geographical regions but it cannot be understand under few contexts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>you can view video on Indian People: racial, ethnic, linguistic and religious elements and distribution of people<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/6y7qD6G7YYg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Indrani Basu, 2008. Anthropology -The Study of Man. S. Chand Publications.<\/li>\n<li>M. K. Bhasin; Indian Anthropology Racial, Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Elements in Indian Population. http:\/\/nsdl.niscair.res.in\/jspui\/bitstream\/123456789\/339\/1\/pdf%204.4%20NISCAIR-Racial-Ethnic-Relgious-Linguistic-Groups-India-Text-Revised.pdf<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["prof-anup-kumar-kapoor"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[58],"license":[],"class_list":["post-31","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-prof-anup-kumar-kapoor"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/31","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/31\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":384,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/31\/revisions\/384"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/31\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=31"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=31"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/antp04\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=31"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}