{"id":324,"date":"2019-04-09T06:53:07","date_gmt":"2019-04-09T06:53:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ae01.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=324"},"modified":"2019-04-09T07:13:28","modified_gmt":"2019-04-09T07:13:28","slug":"mobile-learning","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/ae01\/chapter\/mobile-learning\/","title":{"rendered":"Mobile Learning"},"content":{"raw":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/tFl3Ge9pVFU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a>\r\n<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Unit Structure<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n30.1\u00a0 Introduction\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n30.2\u00a0 Meaning of Mobile Learning\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n30.3\u00a0 Difference between E- Learning and Mobile Learning\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n30.4\u00a0 Applications of Mobile Learning\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n30.5\u00a0 Essentials for Mobile Learning\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n30.6\u00a0 Advantages of Mobile Learning\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n30.7\u00a0 Challenges of Mobile Learning\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n30.8\u00a0 Let us sum up\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>LEARNING OBJECTIVES<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nBy the end of the lesson, students should be able to understand:\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n1)\u00a0 To understand the meaning of Mobile Learning\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n2)\u00a0 To comprehend the difference between E- Learning and Mobile Learning\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n3)\u00a0 To understand the Applications of Mobile Learning\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n4)\u00a0 To find out the Essentials for Mobile Learning\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n5)\u00a0 To be aware of Advantages of Mobile Learning\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n6)\u00a0 To understand the Challenges of Mobile Learning\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>30.1 INTRODUCTION<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">With the recent developments in science and technology the standard of quality education has also raised multiple times. There is a demand to increase access to educational opportunities and resources, provide direct instruction in formal, non-formal and informal educational settings, enhance teachers\u2019 competency and professional development, and enrich educational quality for all students. To cater to all these needs e learning has widespread its wings. Its multifaceted role in all sectors in the society has made it omnipresent. The current generation has taken one more leap by harnessing mobile devices for mobile learning. There is an extension of e-learning into wireless\/handheld (W\/H) computing devices with the help of a mobile learning (m-learning) framework. Rather than acquiring another technology to receive learning materials, the world want to access learning materials on their existing mobile devices, through the use of mobile technology. Wireless data communications in form of Short Message Service (SMS) and Wireless Access Protocols (WAP) browsers have gained global popularity.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>MEANING OF MOBILE LEARNING<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Mobile learning or m-learning is the design and delivery of eLearning course through mobile devices, such as tablet computers, MP3 players and Smartphone. Thus we can say m-learning is the ability to obtain or provide educational content on personal pocket devices such as PDAs, Smartphone and mobile phones. Educational content refers to digital learning assets which includes any form of content or media made available on a personal device.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">M-learning offers unique and modern ways to support learning process. It presents distinctive attributes compared to conventional e-learning: personal, interactive, contextual, portable, collaborative and situated, it emphasizes \"just-in-time-learning\" as instruction can be delivered anywhere and at any time through it. Moreover, it boosts formal, non-formal and informal learning and thus holds good potential to transform the delivery of education and training.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>30.2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN E- LEARNING AND MOBILE LEARNING<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">E-learning can be real-time or self-paced, also known as \"synchronous\" or \"asynchronous\" learning. Additionally, e-learning is considered to be \u201ctethered\u201d (connected to something). In contrast, mobile learning is often self- paced, un- tethered and informal in its presentation.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<table class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 60%;height: 112px\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 28px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 28px\"><strong>E- learning<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.9394%;height: 28px\"><strong>Mobile learning<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 28px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 28px\">lecture in classroom or internet labs<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.9394%;height: 28px\">learning anytime, anywhere<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 28px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 28px\">e-mail-to-e-mail<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.9394%\">immediate messaging<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">private location<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.9394%\">no geographic boundaries<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">travel time to reach to internet site<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.9394%\">no portable time with wireless internet connectivity<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nFurther Mobile learning differs from e-Learning in the following ways:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>More personal<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Immediate response, Spontaneous<\/li>\r\n \t<li>More connected<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fast learning<\/li>\r\n \t<li>More fun<\/li>\r\n \t<li>More interactive<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Networked<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">30.3 APPLICATIONS OF MOBILE LEARNING<\/span><\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: justify;font-size: 1em\">Miniature but portable e-learning \u2013 Mobile, wireless, and handheld technologies are flexible and good replacement for desktop technologies. Their unique miniature feature makes it very convenient for the user to travel with it at any time and any place. They are used as Virtual Learning Environment (VLE).<\/span>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Just-in-time training \u2013Mobile learning has transcended time and space. Learning has become quick and immediate. There is no time lag and that is why it is possible in training with updated latest knowledge and expertise.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Informal, personalized, situated mobile learning \u2013 Technologies are further enhanced with additional functionality, for example location awareness through GPS (the Global Positioning System uses satellites to help users to navigate with accuracy) or video-capture, and arranged to deliver educational experiences that would otherwise be difficult or impossible. This makes it more informal, personalized and enhances situated learning.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Cater to rural and remote areas \u2013 The technologies are used to overcome environmental and infrastructural challenges to delivering and supporting education where conventional e-learning technologies would fail.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Gamification \u2013Learning when delivered through fun becomes all the more interesting. Through mobile learning game-like tools and mechanics can be used to make learning more engaging. It has the potential of delivering significant experiences to students. Students are then rewarded and given appropriate re-enforcement for their hard work and effort. In incorporating Gamification it increases the potential of better retention.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Flash surveys\u2014Mobile learning helps in flash surveys. It has a strong monitoring and evaluation system that provides timely feedback on project progress and impact. It is quick in its service in taking speedy feedback.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>30.4 ESSENTIALS FOR MOBILE LEARNING<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">To check the authenticity and reliability Mobile Learning has to be evaluated rigorously. Following factors have to be kept in mind before and during the process of mobile learning;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Mobile learning must be trustworthy and transferable<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Consistent with the teaching and learning philosophy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ethical in terms of standards from legal to normative<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Appropriate to the specific learning technologies and the ethos of the learning<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Efficient, in terms of cost, effort and time<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Authentic Content should be presented before the learners<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Aligned to the chosen medium and technology of learning<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>30.6 ADVANTAGES OF MOBILE LEARNING<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nEncourage \u2018anywhere, anytime\u2019 learning\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A major advantage of using wireless mobile technology is to reach people who live in remote locations where there is little or no access to schools, teachers, laboratories and libraries. Mobile technology can be used to send instruction and information to these remote regions without having people to leave their geographic areas. This will help communities in such places since students and workers will not have to leave their families and jobs to go to a different location to learn or to access information.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Just-in-time learning<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Just-in-time learning boosts high level learning since learner\u2019s access and applies the information right away rather than learns the information and then applies the information at a later time. Educators are empowered since they can use the mobile technology to communicate with learners immediately. It allows for more rapid and dynamic update of course content.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Reach differently able children<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Students with learning difficulties and differently able students benefit greatly from mobile learning. It gives them opportunities to feel more like their peers, and foster a sense of normalcy which thereby promotes integrated learning. In the social context it helps to mainstream all categories of children.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Improve twenty-first century social interactions<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Mobile technologies have the power to promote and foster collaboration and communication, which are essential for twenty-first century success. The instructional focus is shifted to new pedagogical strategies that emphasize the learner rather than the teacher. This shift in pedagogy is an important step in maximizing the potential benefits of mobile learning.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">Fit with learning environments<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Mobile devices can help overcome many of the challenges related with larger technologies, as they fit more naturally within various learning environments. For instance, one can use the dictionary and thesaurus on <em>Dictionary.com<\/em>, or plan equations with <em>Quick Graph<\/em>, explore the world with <em>Google Earth<\/em> make your own stories with <em>Story Kit,<\/em> and explore the latest space missions with the <em>NASA app<\/em>. These, and many others, are free downloads that are ideal for educators to use with their students in school.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Reach economically backward children<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Because of their relatively low cost and user-friendliness in low-income communities, handheld devices can help advance digital equity, reaching and inspiring populations \u2018at the edges\u2019 \u2013 children from economically disadvantaged communities and those from developing countries. It is affordable and user friendly.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Caters to individual difference<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Each child has a unique learning style. Instruction should be catering and adaptable to individual and diverse learners. Mobile learning has significant opportunities for genuinely supporting differentiated and individualized learning through mobile devices. It enhances learning and dramatically improves retention.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<em>Some Interesting Fact: Mobile Training can reduce classroom training costs by up to 80%<\/em>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>30.7CHALLENGES OF MOBILE LEARNING<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Though Mobile learning usage is increasing in leaps and bounds to cater to all sections of the society still there are few challenges which need to be overcome.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Negative aspects of mobile learning<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">When mobile devices are integrated into children\u2019s learning; cognitive and physical challenges must be addressed. It has the potential for distraction, physical health issues and unethical behavior.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Differentiated access and technology<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">There is wide range among mobile technologies. This brings a challenge for teachers and learners who wish to keep pace with the changing technology.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Limiting physical attributes<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Physical aspects of mobile technologies that may prevent an optimal learning experience include: limited text entry, small screen size, and limited battery life. Poorly designed mobile technologies badly affect usability and can sidetrack children from learning goals. There is a limitation with respect to the volume of content also that can be sent.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Mobile Devices not designed for education<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">At present, most mobile devices are designed for commerce and other industry related use rather than for use in education, teaching and training. Hence, it is need of the hour that educators and trainers work with developers of mobile devices to build an \u201cideal\u201d mobile device for education. The device must adapt to the learners\u2019 needs and requirements rather than getting the learner to adapt to the mobile device.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Deviation of Cultural norms and attitudes<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Though many experts believe that mobile devices have significant possibility to enhance children\u2019s learning, parents and teachers are not yet convinced. Most teachers see cell phones as distractions and feel that they have no place in school. The devices are used for more fun than learning. Nowadays children are very sensitive and have less resistance. It ends up in having overprotected friendship and deviation of cultural norms and attitudes.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>No mobile theory of learning<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Currently, no widely accepted learning theory for mobile technologies has been established, hampering the effective evaluation, pedagogy, and design of new applications for learning.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nTechnical challenges include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Copyright issue from authoring group<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Limited data transfer rate and processing power<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Limited memory<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Challenge to cope up with new technology<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Screen size and key size<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Connectivity and battery life<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Though there are few challenges but importance of mobile learning cannot be overlooked. It has to be remembered that mobile phones are not the only means of delivering content but are used in combination with other delivery methods like books, reference materials, audio-visual aids and other learning materials. This integrated use of resources and technology helps contribute to more meaningful learning experiences among teachers and learners.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<em>Future of Mobile devices:<\/em>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<em>In 2017, it is expected that tablets will outsell PCs and Laptops<\/em>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>30.8 LET US SUM UP<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Mobile learning or m-learning is the design and delivery of eLearning course through mobile devices, such as handheld and tablet computers, MP3 players, Smartphone and mobile phones. m-learning offers modern ways to support learning process It presents unique attributes compared to conventional e-learning: personal, portable, collaborative, interactive, contextual and situated, it emphasizes \"just-in-time-learning\" as instruction can be delivered anywhere and at anytime through it.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Difference between E- Learning and Mobile Learning<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-325\" src=\"http:\/\/ae01.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2019\/04\/2-101.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"552\" height=\"116\" \/>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nApplications of Mobile Learning\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Miniature but portable e-learning<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Just-in-time training<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Informal, personalized, situated mobile learning<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cater to rural and remote areas<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Gamification<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Flash surveys<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nEssentials of Mobile Learning\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Trustworthy and transferable<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Efficient, in terms of cost, effort and time<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ethical<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Appropriate to the specific learning technologies and the ethos of the learning<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Consistent with the teaching and learning philosophy and conceptions of teaching and learning of all the participants<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Authentic Content<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Aligned to the chosen medium and technology of learning<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Advantages of Mobile Learning<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Encourage \u2018anywhere, anytime\u2019 learning<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Just-in-time learning<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reach differently able children<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Improve twenty-first century social interactions<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fit with learning environments<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reach economically backward children<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Caters to individual difference<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nChallenges of Mobile Learning\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Negative aspects of mobile learning<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Differentiated access and technology<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Limiting physical attributes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mobile Devices not designed for education<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Deviation of Cultural norms and attitudes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>No mobile theory of learning<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>you can view video on Current Trends in E Learning<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/tFl3Ge9pVFU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<strong>REFERENCE<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n1.\u00a0http:\/\/elearninginfographics.com\/10-mind-blowing-mobile-learning-statistics-infographic\/\r\n\r\n2.\u00a0http:\/\/www.scholastic.com\/browse\/article.jsp?id=3754742\r\n\r\n3.\u00a0http:\/\/www.educause.edu\/ero\/article\/exploring-students-mobile-learning-practices-higher-education\r\n\r\n4.\u00a0http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-955\/papers\/paper_37.pdf\r\n\r\n5. http:\/\/www.educause.edu\/ero\/article\/exploring-students-mobile-learning-practices-higher-education\r\n\r\n6. https:\/\/www.alumniportal-deutschland.org\/en\/study-continuing-education\/continuing-education\/article\/mobile-learning-1.html\r\n\r\n7. http:\/\/www.learndash.com\/9-surprising-mobile-learning-facts\/\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div><span style=\"float: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/tFl3Ge9pVFU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"epgp books\" width=\"75px\" height=\"75px;\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Unit Structure<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>30.1\u00a0 Introduction<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>30.2\u00a0 Meaning of Mobile Learning<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>30.3\u00a0 Difference between E- Learning and Mobile Learning<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>30.4\u00a0 Applications of Mobile Learning<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>30.5\u00a0 Essentials for Mobile Learning<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>30.6\u00a0 Advantages of Mobile Learning<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>30.7\u00a0 Challenges of Mobile Learning<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>30.8\u00a0 Let us sum up<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>LEARNING OBJECTIVES<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>By the end of the lesson, students should be able to understand:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1)\u00a0 To understand the meaning of Mobile Learning<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>2)\u00a0 To comprehend the difference between E- Learning and Mobile Learning<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3)\u00a0 To understand the Applications of Mobile Learning<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>4)\u00a0 To find out the Essentials for Mobile Learning<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>5)\u00a0 To be aware of Advantages of Mobile Learning<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>6)\u00a0 To understand the Challenges of Mobile Learning<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>30.1 INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">With the recent developments in science and technology the standard of quality education has also raised multiple times. There is a demand to increase access to educational opportunities and resources, provide direct instruction in formal, non-formal and informal educational settings, enhance teachers\u2019 competency and professional development, and enrich educational quality for all students. To cater to all these needs e learning has widespread its wings. Its multifaceted role in all sectors in the society has made it omnipresent. The current generation has taken one more leap by harnessing mobile devices for mobile learning. There is an extension of e-learning into wireless\/handheld (W\/H) computing devices with the help of a mobile learning (m-learning) framework. Rather than acquiring another technology to receive learning materials, the world want to access learning materials on their existing mobile devices, through the use of mobile technology. Wireless data communications in form of Short Message Service (SMS) and Wireless Access Protocols (WAP) browsers have gained global popularity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>MEANING OF MOBILE LEARNING<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Mobile learning or m-learning is the design and delivery of eLearning course through mobile devices, such as tablet computers, MP3 players and Smartphone. Thus we can say m-learning is the ability to obtain or provide educational content on personal pocket devices such as PDAs, Smartphone and mobile phones. Educational content refers to digital learning assets which includes any form of content or media made available on a personal device.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">M-learning offers unique and modern ways to support learning process. It presents distinctive attributes compared to conventional e-learning: personal, interactive, contextual, portable, collaborative and situated, it emphasizes &#8220;just-in-time-learning&#8221; as instruction can be delivered anywhere and at any time through it. Moreover, it boosts formal, non-formal and informal learning and thus holds good potential to transform the delivery of education and training.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>30.2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN E- LEARNING AND MOBILE LEARNING<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">E-learning can be real-time or self-paced, also known as &#8220;synchronous&#8221; or &#8220;asynchronous&#8221; learning. Additionally, e-learning is considered to be \u201ctethered\u201d (connected to something). In contrast, mobile learning is often self- paced, un- tethered and informal in its presentation.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 60%;height: 112px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 28px\"><strong>E- learning<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 49.9394%;height: 28px\"><strong>Mobile learning<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 28px\">lecture in classroom or internet labs<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 49.9394%;height: 28px\">learning anytime, anywhere<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 28px\">e-mail-to-e-mail<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 49.9394%\">immediate messaging<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">private location<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 49.9394%\">no geographic boundaries<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">travel time to reach to internet site<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 49.9394%\">no portable time with wireless internet connectivity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Further Mobile learning differs from e-Learning in the following ways:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>More personal<\/li>\n<li>Immediate response, Spontaneous<\/li>\n<li>More connected<\/li>\n<li>Fast learning<\/li>\n<li>More fun<\/li>\n<li>More interactive<\/li>\n<li>Networked<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">30.3 APPLICATIONS OF MOBILE LEARNING<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;font-size: 1em\">Miniature but portable e-learning \u2013 Mobile, wireless, and handheld technologies are flexible and good replacement for desktop technologies. Their unique miniature feature makes it very convenient for the user to travel with it at any time and any place. They are used as Virtual Learning Environment (VLE).<\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Just-in-time training \u2013Mobile learning has transcended time and space. Learning has become quick and immediate. There is no time lag and that is why it is possible in training with updated latest knowledge and expertise.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Informal, personalized, situated mobile learning \u2013 Technologies are further enhanced with additional functionality, for example location awareness through GPS (the Global Positioning System uses satellites to help users to navigate with accuracy) or video-capture, and arranged to deliver educational experiences that would otherwise be difficult or impossible. This makes it more informal, personalized and enhances situated learning.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Cater to rural and remote areas \u2013 The technologies are used to overcome environmental and infrastructural challenges to delivering and supporting education where conventional e-learning technologies would fail.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Gamification \u2013Learning when delivered through fun becomes all the more interesting. Through mobile learning game-like tools and mechanics can be used to make learning more engaging. It has the potential of delivering significant experiences to students. Students are then rewarded and given appropriate re-enforcement for their hard work and effort. In incorporating Gamification it increases the potential of better retention.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Flash surveys\u2014Mobile learning helps in flash surveys. It has a strong monitoring and evaluation system that provides timely feedback on project progress and impact. It is quick in its service in taking speedy feedback.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>30.4 ESSENTIALS FOR MOBILE LEARNING<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">To check the authenticity and reliability Mobile Learning has to be evaluated rigorously. Following factors have to be kept in mind before and during the process of mobile learning;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Mobile learning must be trustworthy and transferable<\/li>\n<li>Consistent with the teaching and learning philosophy<\/li>\n<li>Ethical in terms of standards from legal to normative<\/li>\n<li>Appropriate to the specific learning technologies and the ethos of the learning<\/li>\n<li>Efficient, in terms of cost, effort and time<\/li>\n<li>Authentic Content should be presented before the learners<\/li>\n<li>Aligned to the chosen medium and technology of learning<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>30.6 ADVANTAGES OF MOBILE LEARNING<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Encourage \u2018anywhere, anytime\u2019 learning<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A major advantage of using wireless mobile technology is to reach people who live in remote locations where there is little or no access to schools, teachers, laboratories and libraries. Mobile technology can be used to send instruction and information to these remote regions without having people to leave their geographic areas. This will help communities in such places since students and workers will not have to leave their families and jobs to go to a different location to learn or to access information.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Just-in-time learning<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Just-in-time learning boosts high level learning since learner\u2019s access and applies the information right away rather than learns the information and then applies the information at a later time. Educators are empowered since they can use the mobile technology to communicate with learners immediately. It allows for more rapid and dynamic update of course content.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Reach differently able children<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Students with learning difficulties and differently able students benefit greatly from mobile learning. It gives them opportunities to feel more like their peers, and foster a sense of normalcy which thereby promotes integrated learning. In the social context it helps to mainstream all categories of children.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Improve twenty-first century social interactions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Mobile technologies have the power to promote and foster collaboration and communication, which are essential for twenty-first century success. The instructional focus is shifted to new pedagogical strategies that emphasize the learner rather than the teacher. This shift in pedagogy is an important step in maximizing the potential benefits of mobile learning.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">Fit with learning environments<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Mobile devices can help overcome many of the challenges related with larger technologies, as they fit more naturally within various learning environments. For instance, one can use the dictionary and thesaurus on <em>Dictionary.com<\/em>, or plan equations with <em>Quick Graph<\/em>, explore the world with <em>Google Earth<\/em> make your own stories with <em>Story Kit,<\/em> and explore the latest space missions with the <em>NASA app<\/em>. These, and many others, are free downloads that are ideal for educators to use with their students in school.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Reach economically backward children<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Because of their relatively low cost and user-friendliness in low-income communities, handheld devices can help advance digital equity, reaching and inspiring populations \u2018at the edges\u2019 \u2013 children from economically disadvantaged communities and those from developing countries. It is affordable and user friendly.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Caters to individual difference<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Each child has a unique learning style. Instruction should be catering and adaptable to individual and diverse learners. Mobile learning has significant opportunities for genuinely supporting differentiated and individualized learning through mobile devices. It enhances learning and dramatically improves retention.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Some Interesting Fact: Mobile Training can reduce classroom training costs by up to 80%<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>30.7CHALLENGES OF MOBILE LEARNING<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Though Mobile learning usage is increasing in leaps and bounds to cater to all sections of the society still there are few challenges which need to be overcome.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Negative aspects of mobile learning<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">When mobile devices are integrated into children\u2019s learning; cognitive and physical challenges must be addressed. It has the potential for distraction, physical health issues and unethical behavior.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Differentiated access and technology<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">There is wide range among mobile technologies. This brings a challenge for teachers and learners who wish to keep pace with the changing technology.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Limiting physical attributes<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Physical aspects of mobile technologies that may prevent an optimal learning experience include: limited text entry, small screen size, and limited battery life. Poorly designed mobile technologies badly affect usability and can sidetrack children from learning goals. There is a limitation with respect to the volume of content also that can be sent.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mobile Devices not designed for education<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">At present, most mobile devices are designed for commerce and other industry related use rather than for use in education, teaching and training. Hence, it is need of the hour that educators and trainers work with developers of mobile devices to build an \u201cideal\u201d mobile device for education. The device must adapt to the learners\u2019 needs and requirements rather than getting the learner to adapt to the mobile device.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Deviation of Cultural norms and attitudes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Though many experts believe that mobile devices have significant possibility to enhance children\u2019s learning, parents and teachers are not yet convinced. Most teachers see cell phones as distractions and feel that they have no place in school. The devices are used for more fun than learning. Nowadays children are very sensitive and have less resistance. It ends up in having overprotected friendship and deviation of cultural norms and attitudes.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>No mobile theory of learning<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Currently, no widely accepted learning theory for mobile technologies has been established, hampering the effective evaluation, pedagogy, and design of new applications for learning.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Technical challenges include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Copyright issue from authoring group<\/li>\n<li>Limited data transfer rate and processing power<\/li>\n<li>Limited memory<\/li>\n<li>Challenge to cope up with new technology<\/li>\n<li>Screen size and key size<\/li>\n<li>Connectivity and battery life<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Though there are few challenges but importance of mobile learning cannot be overlooked. It has to be remembered that mobile phones are not the only means of delivering content but are used in combination with other delivery methods like books, reference materials, audio-visual aids and other learning materials. This integrated use of resources and technology helps contribute to more meaningful learning experiences among teachers and learners.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Future of Mobile devices:<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>In 2017, it is expected that tablets will outsell PCs and Laptops<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>30.8 LET US SUM UP<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Mobile learning or m-learning is the design and delivery of eLearning course through mobile devices, such as handheld and tablet computers, MP3 players, Smartphone and mobile phones. m-learning offers modern ways to support learning process It presents unique attributes compared to conventional e-learning: personal, portable, collaborative, interactive, contextual and situated, it emphasizes &#8220;just-in-time-learning&#8221; as instruction can be delivered anywhere and at anytime through it.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Difference between E- Learning and Mobile Learning<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-325\" src=\"http:\/\/ae01.epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2019\/04\/2-101.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"552\" height=\"116\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/ae01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2019\/04\/2-101.png 552w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/ae01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2019\/04\/2-101-300x63.png 300w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/ae01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2019\/04\/2-101-65x14.png 65w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/ae01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2019\/04\/2-101-225x47.png 225w, https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/ae01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2019\/04\/2-101-350x74.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 552px) 100vw, 552px\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Applications of Mobile Learning<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Miniature but portable e-learning<\/li>\n<li>Just-in-time training<\/li>\n<li>Informal, personalized, situated mobile learning<\/li>\n<li>Cater to rural and remote areas<\/li>\n<li>Gamification<\/li>\n<li>Flash surveys<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Essentials of Mobile Learning<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Trustworthy and transferable<\/li>\n<li>Efficient, in terms of cost, effort and time<\/li>\n<li>Ethical<\/li>\n<li>Appropriate to the specific learning technologies and the ethos of the learning<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Consistent with the teaching and learning philosophy and conceptions of teaching and learning of all the participants<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Authentic Content<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Aligned to the chosen medium and technology of learning<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Advantages of Mobile Learning<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Encourage \u2018anywhere, anytime\u2019 learning<\/li>\n<li>Just-in-time learning<\/li>\n<li>Reach differently able children<\/li>\n<li>Improve twenty-first century social interactions<\/li>\n<li>Fit with learning environments<\/li>\n<li>Reach economically backward children<\/li>\n<li>Caters to individual difference<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Challenges of Mobile Learning<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Negative aspects of mobile learning<\/li>\n<li>Differentiated access and technology<\/li>\n<li>Limiting physical attributes<\/li>\n<li>Mobile Devices not designed for education<\/li>\n<li>Deviation of Cultural norms and attitudes<\/li>\n<li>No mobile theory of learning<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>you can view video on Current Trends in E Learning<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/tFl3Ge9pVFU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"http:\/\/epgpbooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>REFERENCE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0http:\/\/elearninginfographics.com\/10-mind-blowing-mobile-learning-statistics-infographic\/<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0http:\/\/www.scholastic.com\/browse\/article.jsp?id=3754742<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0http:\/\/www.educause.edu\/ero\/article\/exploring-students-mobile-learning-practices-higher-education<\/p>\n<p>4.\u00a0http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-955\/papers\/paper_37.pdf<\/p>\n<p>5. http:\/\/www.educause.edu\/ero\/article\/exploring-students-mobile-learning-practices-higher-education<\/p>\n<p>6. https:\/\/www.alumniportal-deutschland.org\/en\/study-continuing-education\/continuing-education\/article\/mobile-learning-1.html<\/p>\n<p>7. http:\/\/www.learndash.com\/9-surprising-mobile-learning-facts\/<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":31,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["ms-sunita-jain"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[62],"license":[],"class_list":["post-324","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-ms-sunita-jain"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/ae01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/324","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/ae01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/ae01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/ae01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/ae01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/324\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":331,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/ae01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/324\/revisions\/331"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/ae01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/ae01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/324\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/ae01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=324"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/ae01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=324"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/ae01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=324"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in\/ae01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=324"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}